Jaundice causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}
 
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{FA}}
{{Jaundice}}
{{Jaundice}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
When  [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]].
Common causes of jaundice are classified under conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either increased [[bilirubin]] production in the body, impaired [[hepatic]] [[bilirubin]] uptake in the [[liver]] or impaired [[bilirubin]] uptake in the [[liver]], all of which causes pooling of unconjugated bilirubin in the body leading to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. On the other hand, intra or extra hepatic [[cholestasis]] lead to accumulation of conjugated [[bilirubin]] causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
==Causes==
Jaundice may be caused by:<ref name="pmid28145671">{{cite journal| author=Fargo MV, Grogan SP, Saguil A| title=Evaluation of Jaundice in Adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2017 | volume= 95 | issue= 3 | pages= 164-168 | pmid=28145671 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28145671  }} </ref><ref name="pmid256472092">{{cite journal| author=VanWagner LB, Green RM| title=Evaluating elevated bilirubin levels in asymptomatic adults. | journal=JAMA | year= 2015 | volume= 313 | issue= 5 | pages= 516-7 | pmid=25647209 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.12835 | pmc=4424929 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25647209  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29187150">{{cite journal| author=Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E| title=Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 735 | pmid=29187150 | doi=10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8 | pmc=5707826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29187150  }} </ref>
 
=== '''Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia''' ===
Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubenemia includes:<ref name="pmid20808649">{{cite journal| author=Arora V, Kulkarni RK, Cherian S, Pillai R, Shivali M| title=Hyperbilirubinemia in normal healthy donors. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2009 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-2 | pmid=20808649 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.53875 | pmc=2920475 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20808649  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14013759">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM| title=Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1962 | volume= 41 | issue=  | pages= 2233-45 | pmid=14013759 | doi=10.1172/JCI104682 | pmc=291158 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14013759  }}</ref>
 
==== Common Causes ====
* Increased [[bilirubin]] production:
** Extravascular [[hemolysis]]
** Extravasation of [[blood]] into tissues
**[[Intravascular]] [[hemolysis]]
**[[Wilson's disease|Wilson's disease]]
*Impaired hepatic [[bilirubin]] uptake:
**[[Heart failure]]
**Portosystemic shunts
**Drugs - [[Rifampin]], [[Probenecid]]
*Impaired [[bilirubin]] conjugation:<ref name="pmid12198827">{{cite journal| author=Drenth JP, Peters WH, Jansen JB| title=[From gene to disease; unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar types I and II]. | journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | year= 2002 | volume= 146 | issue= 32 | pages= 1488-90 | pmid=12198827 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12198827  }}</ref>
**[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1|Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II]]
**[[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]
**[[Ethinylestradiol|Ethinyl estradiol]]
**Liver diseases - [[chronic hepatitis]], advanced [[cirrhosis]]
 
==== Less Common Causes ====
*Increased [[bilirubin]] production:
**[[Dyserythropoiesis]]
*Impaired hepatic [[bilirubin]] uptake:
**Some patients with [[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]
**[[Drugs]] - Flavaspadic acid, Bunamiodyl
*Impaired [[bilirubin]] conjugation:
**[[Neonates]]
**[[Hyperthyroidism]]
 
=== '''Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia''' ===
Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinimia includes: <ref>{{cite book | last = Kasper | first = Dennis | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-07-180215-4 }}</ref>


Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
==== Common Causes ====
==Causes==
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]:
===Common Causes===
**[[Viral hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid29187150">{{cite journal| author=Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E| title=Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 735 | pmid=29187150 | doi=10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8 | pmc=5707826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29187150  }} </ref>
*[[Hepatitis]]
**[[Alcoholic hepatitis]]<ref name="LuceyMathurin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lucey|first1=Michael R.|last2=Mathurin|first2=Philippe|last3=Morgan|first3=Timothy R.|title=Alcoholic Hepatitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=360|issue=26|year=2009|pages=2758–2769|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0805786}}</ref>
*[[Liver failure]]
**[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
**[[Chronic hepatitis]]
*[[Gallstones]]
**[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]<ref name="LuceyMathurin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lucey|first1=Michael R.|last2=Mathurin|first2=Philippe|last3=Morgan|first3=Timothy R.|title=Alcoholic Hepatitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=360|issue=26|year=2009|pages=2758–2769|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0805786}}</ref>
*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
**[[Drugs]] and [[Toxin|toxins]] (eg, alkylated [[Steroid|steroids]], [[chlorpromazine]], herbal medications [eg, Jamaican bush tea], [[arsenic]])
*[[Thalassemia]]
**[[Sepsis]] and hypoperfusion states
*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
**Infiltrative diseases (eg, [[amyloidosis]], [[lymphoma]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tuberculosis]])
*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
**[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
**[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Extrahepatic cholestasis]] ([[biliary obstruction]]):
**[[Choledocholithiasis]]
**Intrinsic and extrinsic tumors (eg, [[cholangiocarcinoma]])
**[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
**[[Acute pancreatitis|Acute]] and [[chronic pancreatitis]]
 
==== Less Common Causes ====
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis|Intrahepatic cholestasis:]]
**[[Total parenteral nutrition]]
**Postoperative [[cholestasis]]
**Following [[Organ transplant|organ transplantation]]
**Hepatic crisis in [[Sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell disease]]
*[[Extrahepatic cholestasis]] ([[biliary obstruction]]):
**[[HIV AIDS|AIDS]] cholangiopathy
**Certain [[parasitic infections]] (eg, [[Ascaris lumbricoides]], [[Opisthorchis felineus|liver flukes]])
**[[Strictures]] after invasive procedures
*Defect of canalicular organic anion transport:
**[[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]
*Defect of sinusoidal re uptake of [[conjugated bilirubin]]:
**[[Rotor syndrome]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:78%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eclampsia]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Infective endocarditis   ]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Eclampsia]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Heart failure]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[1,2-Dibromoethane   ]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene   ]], [[2-Nitropropane   ]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine   ]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene   ]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone   ]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates   ]], [[Acetonitrile   ]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide   ]], [[Acrylonitrile   ]], [[Aflatoxin   ]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons   ]], [[Aliphatic Amines   ]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons   ]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons   ]], [[Allyl alcohol   ]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines   ]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons   ]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons   ]], [[Arsenic   ]], [[Arsine   ]], [[Benzene   ]], [[Benzyl chloride   ]], [[Beryllium   ]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides   ]], [[Black nightshade poisoning   ]], [[Boron   ]], [[Cadmium   ]], [[Capcitabine]] [[Carbarsone   ]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides   ]], [[Carbon Disulfide   ]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride   ]], [[Chloramphenicol   ]], [[Chlorate salts   ]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes   ]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene   ]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives   ]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane   ]], [[Chloroprene   ]], [[Chromium   ]], [[Comfrey   ]], [[Copper   ]], [[Cresol   ]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine   ]], [[Dibromochloropropane   ]], [[Diethylene Glycol   ]], [[Dimethyl sulfate   ]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine   ]], [[Dinitrobenzene   ]], [[Dinitrocresol   ]], [[Dinitrophenol   ]], [[Dinitrotoluene   ]], [[Ethanolamines   ]], [[Ethyl Acetate   ]], [[Ethyl alcohol   ]], [[Ethyl benzene   ]], [[Ethyl Ether   ]], [[Ethyl Salicylate   ]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin   ]], [[Ethylene Dibromide   ]], [[Ethylene dichloride   ]], [[Ethylene oxide   ]], [[Ethylenediamine   ]], [[Germander   ]], [[Germanium   ]], [[Gold   ]], [[Hafnium   ]], [[Horse nettle ]], [[Hydrogen bromides  ]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide  ]], [[Icterogenin]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate   ]], [[Kepone pesticides   ]], [[Lanthanides   ]], [[Lead   ]], [[Mercaptans   ]], [[Mercury   ]], [[Methoxyflurane   ]], [[Methyl acetate   ]], [[Methyl Bromide   ]], [[Methyl Chloride   ]], [[Methylene chloride   ]], [[Methylene Dianiline   ]], [[Metolachlor]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide   ]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol  ]], [[N-butyl acetate  ]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel  ]], [[Niobium  ]], [[Nitriles  ]], [[Nitrobenzene  ]], [[Nitromethane  ]], [[Nitroparaffins  ]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide  ]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine  ]], [[N-propyl acetate  ]], [[Ochratoxin   ]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene   ]], [[Phosphine   ]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride   ]], [[Picric Acid   ]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls   ]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls   ]], [[Polygonum multiflorum   ]], [[Propylene dichloride   ]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia   ]], [[Pyrogallol   ]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin   ]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder   ]], [[Sterigmatocystin   ]], [[Stibine   ]], [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene   ]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide   ]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide   ]], [[Thorotrast ]], [[Toluene   ]], [[Trichloroethylene   ]], [[Trinitrotoluene   ]], [[Uranium   ]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride   ]], [[White Phosphorus   ]], [[Xylene   ]] ,[[Favism]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |
[[1,2-Dibromoethane]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene]], [[2-Nitropropane]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates]], [[Acetonitrile]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide]], [[Acrylonitrile]], [[Aflatoxin]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic Amines]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Allyl alcohol]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Arsenic]], [[Arsine]], [[Benzene]], [[Benzyl chloride]], [[Beryllium]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides]], [[Black nightshade poisoning]], [[Boron]], [[Cadmium]], [[Capecitabine]], [[Carbarsone]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides]], [[Carbon Disulfide]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Chloramphenicol]], [[Chlorate salts]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane]], [[Chloroprene]], [[Chromium]], [[Comfrey]], [[Copper]], [[Cresol]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine]],[[Dapsone]], [[Dibromochloropropane]], [[Diethylene Glycol]], [[Dimethyl sulfate]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine]], [[Dinitrobenzene]], [[Dinitrocresol]], [[Dinitrophenol]], [[Dinitrotoluene]], [[Eltrombopag]], [[Ethanolamines]], [[Ethyl Acetate]], [[Ethyl alcohol]], [[Ethyl benzene]], [[Ethyl Ether]], [[Ethyl Salicylate]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin]], [[Ethylene Dibromide]], [[Ethylene dichloride]], [[Ethylene oxide]], [[Ethylenediamine]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Germander]], [[Germanium]], [[Gold]], [[Hafnium]], [[Horse nettle ]] , [[Hydrochlorothiazide]] ,[[Icterogenin]], [[Hydrogen bromides]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate]], [[Kepone pesticides]], [[Lanthanides]], [[Lead]], [[Mercaptans]], [[Mercury]], [[Meropenem]], [[Methoxyflurane]], [[Methyl acetate]], [[Methyl Bromide]], [[Methyl Chloride]], [[Methylene chloride]], [[Methylene Dianiline]], [[Metolachlor]], [[miltefosine]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]],[[Nabumetone]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide]], [[N-butyl acetate]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine]], [[N-propyl acetate]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel]], [[Niobium]], [[Nitriles]], [[Nitrobenzene]], [[Nitromethane]], [[Nitroparaffins]], [[Ochratoxin]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene]], [[Phosphine]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride]], [[Picric Acid]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls]], [[Polygonum multiflorum]], [[Probenecid]], [[Propylene dichloride]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia]], [[Pyrogallol]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder]], [[Sterigmatocystin]], [[Stibine]],, [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide]], [[Thorotrast ]] , [[Toluene]], [[Trichloroethylene]], [[Trinitrotoluene]], [[Uranium]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride]], [[White Phosphorus]], [[Xylene]], alkylated [[Steroid|steroids]], [[chlorpromazine]], Jamaican bush tea
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Griscelli disease   ]], [[NISCH syndrome   ]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome   ]], [[Kawasaki disease   ]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome   ]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Griscelli disease]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[5-Fluorocytosine   ]], [[Allopurinol   ]], [[Alprazolam]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amlodipine]], [[Amodiaquine   ]], [[Amphotericin   ]], [[Anabolic C-17   ]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Butyrophenones]], [[Cefaclor]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Cimetidine   ]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Co-amoxiclav]], [[Colchicine   ]], [[Cyclopropane   ]], [[Cycloserine   ]], [[Cytarabine   ]], [[Dantrolene   ]], [[Dapsone]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Deracoxib]], [[Diazepam]], [[Diflunisal   ]], [[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]], [[Disulfiram   ]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxepine]], [[Duloxetine]], [[Dydrogesterone]], [[Erythromycin estolate   ]], [[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate   ]], [[Estrogen and Progestin]], [[Ethionamide   ]], [[Fenoprofen   ]], [[Flucloxacillin]], [[Framycetin]], [[Fusidic acid]], [[Griseofulvin   ]], [[Halothane   ]], [[Hycanthone   ]], [[Ibuprofen   ]], [[Idoxuridine   ]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indomethacin   ]], [[Isoniazid   ]], [[Itraconazole]], [[Ketoconazole   ]], [[Loprazolam]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Lormetazepam]], [[Mepacrine   ]], [[Mephenytoin   ]], [[Methimazole]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Metronidazole   ]], [[Minocycline]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]], [[Naproxen   ]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nitrous Oxide   ]], [[Novobiocin   ]], [[Oxycodone]], [[p-aminosalicylic acid   ]], [[Papaverine]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Penicillin   ]], [[Phenol   ]], [[Phenothiazine]], [[Phenylbutazone   ]], [[Phenytoin   ]], [[Pyridine   ]], [[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]], [[Quinolone   ]], [[Ranitidine   ]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Salicylate   ]], [[Sibutramine]], [[Spectinomycin   ]], [[Sulindac   ]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Tegaserod]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Tetracycline   ]], [[Thiabendazole   ]], [[Trazodone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Vidarabine   ]], [[Zoxazolamine   ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[5-Fluorocytosine]], [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Alprazolam]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amlodipine]], [[Amodiaquine]], [[Amphotericin]], [[Anabolic C-17]], [[Aztreonam]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Butyrophenones]], Bunamiodyl, [[Cabozantinib]], [[Cefaclor]], [[Cefotaxime sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ceftibuten]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Chlordiazepoxide]], [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cimetidine]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Co-amoxiclav]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Colchicine]],[[crofelemer]], [[Cyclopropane]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Deracoxib]], [[Diazepam]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxepine]], [[Duloxetine]], [[Dydrogesterone]], [[Erythromycin estolate]], [[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate]], [[Estrogen and Progestin]], [[Ethionamide]], [[Fenoprofen]], Flavaspadic acid, [[Flucloxacillin]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Framycetin]], [[Fusidic acid]], [[Griseofulvin]], [[Halothane]], [[Hycanthone]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[ibuprofen lysine]], [[Idoxuridine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indinavir]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Itraconazole]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Loprazolam]], [[Loratadine]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Lormetazepam]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Mepacrine]], [[Mephenytoin]], [[Mercaptopurinr]], [[Metaxalone]], [[Methocarbamol]], [[Methimazole]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Metronidazole]], [[Minocycline]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]], [[Naproxen]], [[Niacin]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nitrous Oxide]], [[Nizatidine]], [[Novobiocin]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oxandrolone]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxycodone]], [[p-aminosalicylic acid]], [[Papaverine]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Pegaspargase]], [[Penicillin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenol]], [[Phenothiazine]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]], [[pomalidomide]], [[Promethazine]], [[Pyridine]], [[Rifampin]], [[Quinupristin dalfopristin]], [[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]], [[Quinolone]], [[Ranitidine]], [[Repaglinide]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Salicylate]], [[sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate]]  [[Sibutramine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Spectinomycin]], [[Sulindac]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Tegaserod]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Thiabendazole]], [[Trazodone]], [[Triazolam]], [[Trovafloxacin mesylate]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Vidarabine]], [[Zoxazolamine]], [[zileuton]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Gestational diabetes]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Thyroid agenesis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Gestational diabetes]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Thyroid agenesis]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Accessory pancreas]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Acute Cholecystitis]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Acute hepatitis]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Addison-Gull syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]], [[Alcoholic liver disease]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver   ]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis   ]], [[Baber's syndrome   ]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form   ]], [[Bile plug syndrome   ]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Biliary cirrhosis   ]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Byler Disease   ]], [[Caroli's Disease]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation   ]], [[Choledochal cysts]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Cholestasis   ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate   ]], [[Chronic cholecystitis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis   ]], [[Cirrhosis of  liver   ]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gallstones   ]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis   ]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome   ]], [[Hepatoma   ]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis   ]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma   ]], [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer   ]], [[Mirizzi's syndrome]], [[Mosse syndrome   ]], [[Neonatal hepatitis   ]], [[Neuroma biliary tract   ]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy   ]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatitis]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Papillary stenosis]], [[Peliosis hepatis]], [[Portal hypertension]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]], [[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]], [[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]], [[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[NISCH syndrome   ]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption   ]], [[Hemochromatosis   ]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome   ]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome   ]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma   ]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Reynolds syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome   ]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism   ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome   ]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis   ]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Accessory pancreas]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Acute Cholecystitis]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Acute hepatitis]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Addison-Gull syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]], [[Alcoholic liver disease]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Baber's syndrome]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form]], [[Bile plug syndrome]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Biliary cirrhosis]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Byler Disease]], [[Caroli's Disease]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[Choledochal cysts]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chronic cholecystitis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Cirrhosis of  liver]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gallstones]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Mirizzi's syndrome]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Neonatal hepatitis]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatitis]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Papillary stenosis]], [[Peliosis hepatis]], [[Portal hypertension]], Portosystemic shunts, [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]], [[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]], [[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]], [[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]] , [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]] , [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Reynolds syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]],  [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome   ]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis   ]],  [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption   ]], [[Galactosemia   ]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]], [[Hemochromatosis   ]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis   ]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome   ]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Niemann-Pick disease   ]], [[Porphyria]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Rotor syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman disease]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease   ]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)   ]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]],  [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]],  [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]] , [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]],  [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]] , [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Porphyria]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]] , [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Rotor syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman disease]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]],  [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Achrestic anemia]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism   ]], [[Favism   ]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome   ]], [[HELLP syndrome   ]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)   ]], [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]] ,[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma   ]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]], [[Hodgkin's Disease   ]], [[Kawasaki disease   ]], [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis   ]], [[Lymphoma   ]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis   ]] ,[[Pernicious anemia]], [[Rh deficiency syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Mosse syndrome   ]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis   ]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis   ]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Porphyria]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma   ]], [[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome   ]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Rh disease]], [[Kawasaki disease   ]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Griscelli disease   ]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achrestic anemia]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Favism]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]] ,[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]] , [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]], [[Hodgkin's Disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]] ,[[Pernicious anemia]], [[Rh deficiency syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Porphyria]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Rh disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Post operative jaundice]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Post operative jaundice]], [[Strictures]] after invasive procedures
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]], [[Aspergillosis]], [[Congenital TORCH infections]], [[Fascioliasis   ]], [[Infective endocarditis   ]], [[Malignant boutonneuse fever]], [[Nanukayami   ]], [[Neonatal sepsis   ]], [[Omphalitis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Sepsis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Q fever]], [[Relapsing fever]], [[Syphilis]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Malaria   ]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Hepadnaviruses   ]], [[Herpes]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Lábrea fever]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Acute meningitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]], [[Aspergillosis]], [[Congenital TORCH infections]], [[Fascioliasis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Malignant boutonneuse fever]], [[Nanukayami]], [[Neonatal sepsis]], [[Omphalitis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Sepsis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Q fever]], [[Relapsing fever]], [[Syphilis]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Hepadnaviruses]], [[Herpes]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Lábrea fever]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]],  [[Ascaris lumbricoides]], [[Opisthorchis felineus|liver flukes]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome   ]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation   ]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism   ]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis   ]], [[Lupus]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis   ]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate   ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis   ]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome   ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome   ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]], [[Trisomy 18]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia]] , [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breast feeding jaundice]], [[Breast milk jaundice   ]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Manganese deficiency]], [[Molybdenum deficiency]], [[Organic acidemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Vitamin A overdose]], [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Galactosemia   ]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease   ]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wolman disease]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Breast feeding jaundice]], [[Breast milk jaundice]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Manganese deficiency]], [[Molybdenum deficiency]], [[Organic acidemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Vitamin A overdose]], [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]] , [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wolman disease]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[HELLP syndrome]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Eclampsia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[HELLP syndrome]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Eclampsia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma   ]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver   ]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Hepatoma   ]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma   ]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer   ]], [[Neuroma biliary tract   ]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Lymphoma   ]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Mesothelioma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast cancer]], [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Mesothelioma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome   ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate   ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome   ]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia]] , [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[Iron   ]], [[Vitamin C ]], [[Vitamin A]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acetaminophen]], [[Iron]], [[Vitamin C ]] , [[Vitamin A]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Mesothelioma]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Tuberculosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Mesothelioma]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome   ]], [[Lupus]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Autoimmune Hepatitis   ]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Transfusion reaction]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency]] , [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Transfusion reaction]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis   ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cephalhematoma]], [[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cephalhematoma]], [[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]], [[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]], [[Premature birth]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite]] , [[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]], [[Premature birth]], [[Reye's syndrome]],  [[Organ transplant|organ transplantation]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{columns-list|
*[[1,2-Dibromoethane   ]]
*[[1,2-Dibromoethane]]
*[[2-acetylamino-fluorene   ]]
*[[2-acetylamino-fluorene]]
*[[2-Nitropropane   ]]
*[[2-Nitropropane]]
*[[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine   ]]
*[[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine]]
*[[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene   ]]
*[[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene]]
*[[5-Fluorocytosine   ]]
*[[5-Fluorocytosine]]
*[[8-Hydroxyquinolone   ]]
*[[8-Hydroxyquinolone]]
*[[Aagenaes syndrome ]]
*[[Aagenaes syndrome ]]
*[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]]
*[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]]
Line 149: Line 204:
*[[Acer rubrum]]
*[[Acer rubrum]]
*[[Acetaminophen]]
*[[Acetaminophen]]
*[[Acetates   ]]
*[[Acetates]]
*[[Acetonitrile   ]]
*[[Acetonitrile]]
*[[Acetylene Tetrabromide   ]]
*[[Acetylene Tetrabromide]]
*[[Achrestic anemia]]
*[[Achrestic anemia]]
*[[Acinic cell carcinoma]]
*[[Acinic cell carcinoma]]
*[[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]]
*[[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]]
*[[Acrylonitrile   ]]
*[[Acrylonitrile]]
*[[Acute Cholecystitis]]
*[[Acute Cholecystitis]]
*[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
*[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
Line 162: Line 217:
*[[Acute meningitis]]
*[[Acute meningitis]]
*[[Addison-Gull syndrome]]
*[[Addison-Gull syndrome]]
*[[Aflatoxin   ]]
*[[Aflatoxin]]
*[[AIDS]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Albitocin]]
*[[Albitocin]]
Line 168: Line 224:
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
*[[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
*[[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
*[[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons   ]]
*[[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons]]
*[[Aliphatic Amines   ]]
*[[Aliphatic Amines]]
*[[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons   ]]
*[[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]]
*[[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons   ]]
*[[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons]]
*[[Allopurinol   ]]
*Alkylated steroids
*[[Allyl alcohol   ]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Allyl alcohol]]
*[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]]
*[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
Line 181: Line 238:
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Amodiaquine   ]]
*[[Amodiaquine]]
*[[Amphotericin   ]]
*[[Amphotericin]]
*[[Anabolic C-17   ]]
*[[Anabolic C-17]]
*[[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver   ]]
*[[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]]
*[[Aromatic amines   ]]
*[[Aromatic amines]]
*[[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons   ]]
*[[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons]]
*[[Aromatic Hydrocarbons   ]]
*[[Aromatic Hydrocarbons]]
*[[Arsenic   ]]
*[[Arsenic]]
*[[Arsine   ]]
*[[Arsine]]
*[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome   ]]
*[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
*[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
*[[Ascending cholangitis]]
*[[Ascending cholangitis]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Autoimmune Hepatitis   ]]
*[[Autoimmune Hepatitis]]
*[[Baber's syndrome   ]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Babesiosis   ]]
*[[Baber's syndrome]]
*[[Babesiosis]]
*[[Banti's syndrome]]
*[[Banti's syndrome]]
*[[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
*[[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
*[[Benzene   ]]
*[[Benzene]]
*[[Benzyl chloride   ]]
*[[Benzyl chloride]]
*[[Beryllium   ]]
*[[Beryllium]]
*[[Bicalutamide]]
*[[Bicalutamide]]
*[[Bile duct cancer]]
*[[Bile duct cancer]]
*[[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form   ]]
*Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form
*[[Bile plug syndrome   ]]
*[[Bile plug syndrome]]
*[[Biliary atresia]]
*[[Biliary atresia]]
*[[Biliary cirrhosis   ]]
*[[Biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Biliary colic]]
*[[Biliary colic]]
*[[Bipyridyl pesticides   ]]
*[[Bipyridyl pesticides]]
*[[Black nightshade poisoning   ]]
*[[Black nightshade poisoning]]
*[[Boron   ]]
*[[Boron]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast feeding jaundice]]
*[[Breast feeding jaundice]]
*[[Breast milk jaundice   ]]
*[[Breast milk jaundice]]
*[[Bromazepam]]
*[[Bromazepam]]
*[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]]
*[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]]
Line 220: Line 279:
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Butyrophenones]]
*[[Butyrophenones]]
*[[Byler Disease   ]]
*Bunamiody
*[[Cadmium   ]]
*[[Byler Disease]]
*[[Carbarsone   ]]
*[[Cadmium]]
*[[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides   ]]
*[[Carbarsone]]
*[[Carbon Disulfide   ]]
*[[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides]]
*[[Carbon Tetrachloride   ]]
*[[Carbon Disulfide]]
*[[Carbon Tetrachloride]]
*[[Caroli's Disease]]
*[[Caroli's Disease]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Ceftazidime]]
*[[Ceftibuten]]
*[[Cephalhematoma]]
*[[Cephalhematoma]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome   ]]
*[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]]
*[[Chloramphenicol   ]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*[[Chlorate salts   ]]
*[[Chlorate salts]]
*[[Chlordane]]
*[[Chlordane]]
*[[Chlorinated benzenes   ]]
*[[Chlorinated benzenes]]
*[[Chlorinated naphthalene   ]]
*[[Chlorinated naphthalene]]
*[[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives   ]]
*[[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives]]
*[[Chloroform]]
*[[Chloroform]]
*[[Chloromethane   ]]
*[[Chloromethane]]
*[[Chloroprene   ]]
*[[Chloroprene]]
*[[Chlorpromazine]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
*[[Cholangitis]]
*[[Cholangitis]]
*[[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation   ]]
*[[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]]
*[[Choledochal cysts]]
*[[Choledochal cysts]]
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
*[[Cholestasis   ]]
*[[Cholestasis]]
*[[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate   ]]
*[[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Chromium   ]]
*[[Chromium]]
*[[Chronic cholecystitis]]
*[[Chronic cholecystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Chronic Hepatitis]]
*[[Chronic Hepatitis   ]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Cimetidine   ]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver   ]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Clavulanic acid]]
*[[Clavulanic acid]]
*[[Clindamycin]]
*[[Clindamycin]]
*[[Co-amoxiclav]]
*[[Co-amoxiclav]]
*[[Colchicine   ]]
*[[Cobicistat]]
*[[Colchicine]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Comfrey   ]]
*[[Comfrey]]
*[[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
*[[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
*[[Congenital TORCH infections]]
*[[Congenital TORCH infections]]
*[[Copper   ]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Cresol   ]]
*[[Cresol]]
*[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]
*[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]
*[[Cycasin]]
*[[Cycasin]]
*[[Cyclochlorotine   ]]
*[[Cyclochlorotine]]
*[[Cyclopropane   ]]
*[[Cyclopropane]]
*[[Cycloserine   ]]
*[[Cycloserine]]
*[[Cytarabine   ]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dantrolene   ]]
*[[Dantrolene]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome   ]]
*[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]]
*[[Deracoxib]]
*[[Deracoxib]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Dibromochloropropane   ]]
*[[Dibromochloropropane]]
*[[Diethylene Glycol   ]]
*[[Diethylene Glycol]]
*[[Diflunisal   ]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Dimethyl sulfate   ]]
*[[Dimethyl sulfate]]
*[[Dimethylnitrosamine   ]]
*[[Dimethylnitrosamine]]
*[[Dinitrobenzene   ]]
*[[Dinitrobenzene]]
*[[Dinitrocresol   ]]
*[[Dinitrocresol]]
*[[Dinitrophenol   ]]
*[[Dinitrophenol]]
*[[Dinitrotoluene   ]]
*[[Dinitrotoluene]]
*[[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]]
*[[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]]
*[[Disulfiram   ]]
*[[Disulfiram]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Doxepine]]
*[[Doxepine]]
Line 295: Line 359:
*[[Duloxetine]]
*[[Duloxetine]]
*[[Dydrogesterone]]
*[[Dydrogesterone]]
*[[Eclampsia   ]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
*[[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]]
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]]
*[[Erythromycin estolate   ]]
*[[Erythromycin estolate]]
*[[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate   ]]
*[[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Estrogen and Progestin]]
*[[Estrogen and Progestin]]
*[[Ethanolamines   ]]
*[[Ethanolamines]]
*[[Ethionamide   ]]
*[[Ethionamide]]
*[[Ethyl Acetate   ]]
*[[Ethyl Acetate]]
*[[Ethyl alcohol   ]]
*[[Ethyl alcohol]]
*[[Ethyl benzene   ]]
*[[Ethyl benzene]]
*[[Ethyl Ether   ]]
*[[Ethyl Ether]]
*[[Ethyl Salicylate   ]]
*[[Ethyl Salicylate]]
*[[Ethylene chlorohydrin   ]]
*[[Ethylene chlorohydrin]]
*[[Ethylene Dibromide   ]]
*[[Ethylene Dibromide]]
*[[Ethylene dichloride   ]]
*[[Ethylene dichloride]]
*[[Ethylene oxide   ]]
*[[Ethylene oxide]]
*[[Ethylenediamine   ]]
*[[Ethylenediamine]]
*[[Evans syndrome]]
*[[Evans syndrome]]
*[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis   ]]
*[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]]
*[[Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis  ]]
*[[Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis  ]]
*[[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption   ]]
*[[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]]
*[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism   ]]
*[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
*[[Fascioliasis   ]]
*[[Fascioliasis]]
*[[Favism   ]]
*[[Favism]]
*[[Fenoprofen   ]]
*[[Fenoprofen]]
*Flavaspadic acid
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Framycetin]]
*[[Framycetin]]
*[[Fructose intolerance]]
*[[Fructose intolerance]]
*[[Fusidic acid]]
*[[Fusidic acid]]
*[[Galactosemia   ]]
*[[Galactosemia]]
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
*[[Gallstones   ]]
*[[Gallstones]]
*[[Germander   ]]
*[[Germander]]
*[[Germanium   ]]
*[[Germanium]]
*[[Gestational diabetes]]
*[[Gestational diabetes]]
*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
*[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Glutaric aciduria  ]]
*[[Glutaric aciduria  ]]
*[[Gold   ]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome   ]]
*[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]]
*[[Graft-versus-host disease   ]]
*[[Graft-versus-host disease]]
*[[Griscelli disease   ]]
*[[Griscelli disease]]
*[[Griseofulvin   ]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[Hafnium   ]]
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Halothane   ]]
*[[Hafnium]]
*[[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome   ]]
*[[Halothane]]
*[[HELLP syndrome   ]]
*[[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]]
*[[Hemochromatosis   ]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)   ]]
*[[HELLP syndrome]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]]
*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
*[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
*[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]]
*[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]]
*[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]]
*[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]]
*[[Hepadnaviruses   ]]
*[[Hepadnaviruses]]
*[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis   ]]
*[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome   ]]
*[[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]]
*[[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
*[[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
*[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]]
*[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]]
*[[Hepatoma   ]]
*[[Hepatoma]]
*[[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma   ]]
*[[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]]
*[[Hereditary elliptocytosis   ]]
*[[Hereditary elliptocytosis]]
*[[Hereditary fructose intolerance]]
*[[Hereditary fructose intolerance]]
*[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
*[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hereditary xerocytosis]]
*[[Hereditary xerocytosis]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]]
*[[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]]
*[[Hodgkin's Disease   ]]
*[[Hodgkin's Disease]]
*[[Horse nettle ]]
*[[Horse nettle ]]
*[[Hycanthone   ]]
*[[Hycanthone]]
*[[Hydrogen bromides   ]]
*[[Hydrogen bromides]]
*[[Hydrogen Cyanide   ]]
*[[Hydrogen Cyanide]]
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
*[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Ibuprofen   ]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Ibuprofen lysine]]
*[[Icterogenin]]
*[[Icterogenin]]
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis   ]]
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Idoxuridine   ]]
*[[Idoxuridine]]
*[[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome   ]]
*[[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Indomethacin   ]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Indomethacin]]
*[[Indospicine]]
*[[Indospicine]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Infective endocarditis   ]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma   ]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]]
*[[Iron   ]]
*[[Iron]]
*[[Islet Cell adenoma]]
*[[Islet Cell adenoma]]
*[[Isoniazid   ]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Isopropyl acetate   ]]
*[[Isopropyl acetate]]
*[[Itraconazole]]
*[[Itraconazole]]
*[[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma   ]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Kawasaki disease   ]]
*Jamaican bush tea
*[[Kepone pesticides   ]]
*[[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]]
*[[Ketoconazole   ]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Kepone pesticides]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Lábrea fever]]
*[[Lábrea fever]]
*[[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis   ]]
*[[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]]
*[[Lanthanides   ]]
*[[Lanthanides]]
*[[Lead   ]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Lissencephalic syndromes]]
*[[Lissencephalic syndromes]]
*[[Liver cancer   ]]
*[[liver flukes]]
*[[Liver cancer]]
*[[Loprazolam]]
*[[Loprazolam]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Lormetazepam]]
*[[Lormetazepam]]
*[[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]
*[[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Lymphoma   ]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]]
*[[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]]
*[[Malaria   ]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malignant boutonneuse fever]]
*[[Malignant boutonneuse fever]]
*[[Manganese deficiency]]
*[[Manganese deficiency]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Mepacrine   ]]
*[[Meloxicam]]
*[[Mephenytoin   ]]
*[[Mepacrine]]
*[[Mercaptans   ]]
*[[Mephenytoin]]
*[[Mercury   ]]
*[[Mercaptans]]
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methoxyflurane   ]]
*[[Methoxyflurane]]
*[[Methyl acetate   ]]
*[[Methyl acetate]]
*[[Methyl Bromide   ]]
*[[Methyl Bromide]]
*[[Methyl Chloride   ]]
*[[Methyl Chloride]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylene chloride   ]]
*[[Methylene chloride]]
*[[Methylene Dianiline   ]]
*[[Methylene Dianiline]]
*[[Metolachlor]]
*[[Metolachlor]]
*[[Metronidazole   ]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Mirizzi's syndrome]]
*[[Mirizzi's syndrome]]
Line 434: Line 510:
*[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
*[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
*[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Mosse syndrome   ]]
*[[Mosse syndrome]]
*[[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis   ]]
*[[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]]
*[[N,N-Dimethylformamide   ]]
*[[N,N-Dimethylformamide]]
*[[Nanukayami   ]]
*[[Nanukayami]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Naphthol   ]]
*[[Naphthol]]
*[[Naproxen   ]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[N-butyl acetate   ]]
*[[N-butyl acetate]]
*[[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]]
*[[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]]
*[[Neonatal hepatitis   ]]
*[[Neonatal hepatitis]]
*[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
*[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
*[[Neonatal sepsis   ]]
*[[Neonatal sepsis]]
*[[Neuroma biliary tract   ]]
*[[Neuroma biliary tract]]
*[[Ngaione]]
*[[Ngaione]]
*[[Nickel   ]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease   ]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Niobium   ]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
*[[NISCH syndrome   ]]
*[[Niobium]]
*[[Nitriles   ]]
*[[NISCH syndrome]]
*[[Nitrobenzene   ]]
*[[Nitriles]]
*[[Nitrobenzene]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
*[[Nitromethane   ]]
*[[Nitromethane]]
*[[Nitroparaffins   ]]
*[[Nitroparaffins]]
*[[Nitrous Oxide   ]]
*[[Nitrous Oxide]]
*[[N-N-Dimethylacetamide   ]]
*[[N-N-Dimethylacetamide]]
*[[N-Nitrosodimethylamine   ]]
*[[N-Nitrosodimethylamine]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Novobiocin   ]]
*[[Novobiocin]]
*[[N-propyl acetate   ]]
*[[N-propyl acetate]]
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy   ]]
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy]]
*[[Ochratoxin   ]]
*[[Ochratoxin]]
*[[Omphalitis]]
*[[Omphalitis]]
*[[organ transplantation]]
*[[Organic acidemia]]
*[[Organic acidemia]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxycodone]]
*[[Oxycodone]]
*[[p-aminosalicylic acid   ]]
*[[p-aminosalicylic acid]]
*[[Pancreatic adenoma]]
*[[Pancreatic adenoma]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
Line 475: Line 554:
*[[Papaverine]]
*[[Papaverine]]
*[[Papillary stenosis]]
*[[Papillary stenosis]]
*[[Para-Dichlorobenzene   ]]
*[[Para-Dichlorobenzene]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[Peliosis hepatis]]
*[[Peliosis hepatis]]
*[[Penicillin   ]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*[[Phenol   ]]
*[[Phenol]]
*[[Phenothiazine]]
*[[Phenothiazine]]
*[[Phenylbutazone   ]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Phenytoin   ]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Phosphine   ]]
*[[Phosphine]]
*[[Phosphorus]]
*[[Phosphorus]]
*[[Phthalic Anhydride   ]]
*[[Phthalic Anhydride]]
*[[Picric Acid   ]]
*[[Picric Acid]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Polybrominated biphenyls   ]]
*[[Polybrominated biphenyls]]
*[[Polychlorinated biphenyls   ]]
*[[Polychlorinated biphenyls]]
*[[Polygonum multiflorum   ]]
*[[Polygonum multiflorum]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Portal hypertension]]
*[[Portal hypertension]]
*[[Postoperative Jaundice]]
*Portosystemic shunts
*Postoperative jaundice
*[[Premature birth]]
*[[Premature birth]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
*[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
*[[Probenecid]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]]
*[[Propylene dichloride   ]]
*[[Propylene dichloride]]
*[[Pseudo-torch syndrome]]
*[[Pseudo-torch syndrome]]
*[[Psoralea Corylifolia   ]]
*[[Psoralea Corylifolia]]
*[[Pyridine   ]]
*[[Pyridine]]
*[[Pyrogallol   ]]
*[[Pyrogallol]]
*[[Pyrrolidizine]]
*[[Pyrrolidizine]]
*[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
*[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]]
*[[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]]
*[[Quinolone   ]]
*[[Quinolone]]
*[[Ragwort]]
*[[Ragwort]]
*[[Ranitidine   ]]
*[[Ranitidine]]
*[[Relapsing fever]]
*[[Relapsing fever]]
*[[Reye's syndrome]]
*[[Reye's syndrome]]
Line 519: Line 601:
*[[Rifampicin]]
*[[Rifampicin]]
*[[Rotor syndrome]]
*[[Rotor syndrome]]
*[[Rubratoxin   ]]
*[[Rubratoxin]]
*[[Safrole]]
*[[Safrole]]
*[[Salicylate   ]]
*[[Salicylate]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]]
*[[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]]
Line 530: Line 612:
*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
*[[Solanine]]
*[[Solanine]]
*[[Solder   ]]
*[[Solder]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Sotos syndrome]]
*[[Sotos syndrome]]
*[[Spectinomycin   ]]
*[[Spectinomycin]]
*[[Sterigmatocystin   ]]
*[[Sterigmatocystin]]
*[[Stibine   ]]
*[[Stibine]]
*[[Sulindac   ]]
*[[Stribild]] ([[elvitegravir]], [[cobicistat]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate)
*Strictures after invasive procedures
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]]
*[[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]]
Line 544: Line 629:
*[[Tellurium]]
*[[Tellurium]]
*[[Tetrachloroethane]]
*[[Tetrachloroethane]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene   ]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetracycline   ]]
*[[Tetracycline]]
*[[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide   ]]
*[[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thiabendazole   ]]
*[[Thiabendazole]]
*[[Thioxanthene]]
*[[Thioxanthene]]
*[[Thorium dioxide   ]]
*[[Thorium dioxide]]
*[[Thorotrast   ]]
*[[Thorotrast]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thyroid agenesis]]
*[[Thyroid agenesis]]
*[[Toluene   ]]
*[[Toluene]]
*[[Total parenteral nutrition]]
*[[Transfusion Reaction]]
*[[Transfusion Reaction]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trichloroethylene   ]]
*[[Trichloroethylene]]
*[[Trinitrotoluene   ]]
*[[Trinitrotoluene]]
*[[Trovafloxacin mesylate]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tyrosinemia]]
*[[Tyrosinemia]]
*[[Uranium   ]]
*[[Uranium]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Vicia faba]]
*[[Vicia faba]]
*[[Vidarabine   ]]
*[[Vidarabine]]
*[[Vinyl Chloride   ]]
*[[Vinyl Chloride]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis A]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis A]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis B]]
*[[Viral Hepatitis B]]
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*[[Vitamin C ]]
*[[Vitamin C ]]
*[[Weil's disease]]
*[[Weil's disease]]
*[[White Phosphorus   ]]
*[[White Phosphorus]]
*[[Wilson's Disease]]
*[[Wilson's Disease]]
*[[Wolman disease]]
*[[Wolman disease]]
Line 585: Line 672:
*[[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
*[[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
*[[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
*[[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
*[[Xylene   ]]
*[[Xylene]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
*[[Zellweger syndrome]]
*[[Zellweger syndrome]]
*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
*[[Zoxazolamine   ]]
*[[Zoxazolamine]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
}}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:primary care]]
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Digestive system]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 22:26, 29 July 2020


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatima Shaukat, MD [2]

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Overview

Common causes of jaundice are classified under conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either increased bilirubin production in the body, impaired hepatic bilirubin uptake in the liver or impaired bilirubin uptake in the liver, all of which causes pooling of unconjugated bilirubin in the body leading to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. On the other hand, intra or extra hepatic cholestasis lead to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

Causes

Jaundice may be caused by:[1][2][3]

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubenemia includes:[4][5]

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinimia includes: [7]

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Eclampsia, Alagille syndrome, Infective endocarditis, Lupus, Trisomy 18, Heart failure
Chemical / poisoning

1,2-Dibromoethane, 2-acetylamino-fluorene, 2-Nitropropane, 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine, 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, 8-Hydroxyquinolone, Acer rubrum, Acetates, Acetonitrile, Acetylene Tetrabromide, Acrylonitrile, Aflatoxin, Albitocin, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Amines, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons, Allyl alcohol, Amanita phalloides, Aromatic amines, Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arsenic, Arsine, Benzene, Benzyl chloride, Beryllium, Bipyridyl pesticides, Black nightshade poisoning, Boron, Cadmium, Capecitabine, Carbarsone, Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides, Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Tetrachloride, caspofungin acetate, Chloramphenicol, Chlorate salts, Chlordane, Chlorinated benzenes, Chlorinated naphthalene, Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives, Chloroform, Chloromethane, Chloroprene, Chromium, Comfrey, Copper, Cresol, Cycasin, Cyclochlorotine,Dapsone, Dibromochloropropane, Diethylene Glycol, Dimethyl sulfate, Dimethylnitrosamine, Dinitrobenzene, Dinitrocresol, Dinitrophenol, Dinitrotoluene, Eltrombopag, Ethanolamines, Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl alcohol, Ethyl benzene, Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Salicylate, Ethylene chlorohydrin, Ethylene Dibromide, Ethylene dichloride, Ethylene oxide, Ethylenediamine, Fluoxymesterone, Germander, Germanium, Gold, Hafnium, Horse nettle , Hydrochlorothiazide ,Icterogenin, Hydrogen bromides, Hydrogen Cyanide, Indospicine, Isopropyl acetate, Kepone pesticides, Lanthanides, Lead, Mercaptans, Mercury, Meropenem, Methoxyflurane, Methyl acetate, Methyl Bromide, Methyl Chloride, Methylene chloride, Methylene Dianiline, Metolachlor, miltefosine, Monomethylhydrazine,Nabumetone, N,N-Dimethylformamide, N-butyl acetate, N-N-Dimethylacetamide, N-Nitrosodimethylamine, N-propyl acetate, Naphthalene, Naphthol, Ngaione, Nickel, Niobium, Nitriles, Nitrobenzene, Nitromethane, Nitroparaffins, Ochratoxin, Para-Dichlorobenzene, Phosphine, Phosphorus, Phthalic Anhydride, Picric Acid, Polybrominated biphenyls, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polygonum multiflorum, Probenecid, Propylene dichloride, Psoralea Corylifolia, Pyrogallol, Pyrrolidizine, Ragwort, Rubratoxin, Safrole, Solanine, Solder, Sterigmatocystin, Stibine,, Tellurium, Tetrachloroethane, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, Thallium, Thioxanthene, Thorium dioxide, Thorotrast , Toluene, Trichloroethylene, Trinitrotoluene, Uranium, Vicia faba, Vinyl Chloride, White Phosphorus, Xylene, alkylated steroids, chlorpromazine, Jamaican bush tea

Dermatologic Griscelli disease, NISCH syndrome, Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Lupus, Hemochromatosis
Drug Side Effect 5-Fluorocytosine, Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Aldesleukin, Allopurinol, Alprazolam, Amineptine, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amodiaquine, Amphotericin, Anabolic C-17, Aztreonam, Bicalutamide, Bromazepam, Buprenorphine, Butyrophenones, Bunamiodyl, Cabozantinib, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime sodium, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Cephalosporins, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlorpromazine, Cidofovir, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Co-amoxiclav, Cobicistat, Colchicine,crofelemer, Cyclopropane, Cycloserine, Cytarabine, Dantrolene, Dapsone, Daptomycin, Deracoxib, Diazepam, Diflunisal, Diphenoxylate and Atropine, Disulfiram, Docetaxel, Doxepine, Duloxetine, Dydrogesterone, Erythromycin estolate, Erythromycin Ethyl succinate, Estrogen and Progestin, Ethionamide, Fenoprofen, Flavaspadic acid, Flucloxacillin, Flurbiprofen, Framycetin, Fusidic acid, Griseofulvin, Halothane, Hycanthone, Hydroxyzine, Ibuprofen, ibuprofen lysine, Idoxuridine, Imipramine, Indinavir, Indomethacin, Isoniazid, Itraconazole, Ixabepilone, Ketoconazole, Loprazolam, Loratadine, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Meloxicam, Mepacrine, Mephenytoin, Mercaptopurinr, Metaxalone, Methocarbamol, Methimazole, Methyldopa, Metronidazole, Minocycline, Mirtazapine, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Naproxen, Niacin, Nitrofurantoin, Nitrous Oxide, Nizatidine, Novobiocin, Olanzapine, Oxandrolone, Oxaprozin, Oxycodone, p-aminosalicylic acid, Papaverine, Paroxetine, Pegaspargase, Penicillin, Pergolide, Phenol, Phenothiazine, Phenylbutazone, Phenytoin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, pomalidomide, Promethazine, Pyridine, Rifampin, Quinupristin dalfopristin, Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia, Quinolone, Ranitidine, Repaglinide, Rifampicin, Salicylate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate Sibutramine, Sorafenib, Spectinomycin, Sulindac, Sulfasalazine, Sulphonamides, Tamoxifen, Tegaserod, Telithromycin, Tetracycline, Thalidomide, Thiabendazole, Trazodone, Triazolam, Trovafloxacin mesylate, Valproic acid, Vidarabine, Zoxazolamine, zileuton
Ear Nose Throat Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
Endocrine Gestational diabetes, Growth hormone deficiency, Hyperthyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid agenesis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Accessory pancreas, Acinic cell carcinoma, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Acute Cholecystitis, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Acute hepatitis, Acute liver failure, Addison-Gull syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Angiosarcoma of the liver, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Ascending cholangitis, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Baber's syndrome, Banti's syndrome, Bile duct cancer, Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form, Bile plug syndrome, Biliary atresia, Biliary cirrhosis, Biliary colic, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Byler Disease, Caroli's Disease, Chlorpropamide, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cholangitis, Choledochal cyst, hand malformation, Choledochal cysts, Choledocholithiasis, Cholestasis, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Chronic cholecystitis, Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis of liver, Colorectal cancer, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Gallstones, Gilbert's syndrome, Hemosuccus pancreaticus, Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis, Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, Hepatoma, Hyperemesis gravidarum, Idiopathic liver cirrhosis, Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer, Mirizzi's syndrome, Mosse syndrome, Neonatal hepatitis, Neuroma biliary tract, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Obliterative portal venopathy, Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatoblastoma, Papillary stenosis, Peliosis hepatis, Portal hypertension, Portosystemic shunts, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct, Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis, Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis, Zieve's syndrome, NISCH syndrome, Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption, Hemochromatosis, Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, HELLP syndrome, Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma, Pernicious anemia, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Reynolds syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome , Infectious mononucleosis, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Wilson's Disease, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Weil's disease, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Zellweger syndrome, Trisomy 18
Genetic Aagenaes syndrome , Aldolase A deficiency , Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption, Galactosemia, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Glutaric aciduria , Hemochromatosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary fructose intolerance, Hereditary xerocytosis, Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Niemann-Pick disease, Porphyria, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Pseudo-torch syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, Tyrosinemia, Wilson's Disease, Wolman disease, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Zellweger syndrome, Griscelli disease, Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC), Hereditary spherocytosis, Thalassemia, Fructose intolerance, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Trisomy 18
Hematologic Achrestic anemia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Favism, Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome, HELLP syndrome, Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC), Hemolytic anemia, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial ,Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma, Hereditary spherocytosis, HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), Hodgkin's Disease, Kawasaki disease, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Lymphoma, Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ,Pernicious anemia, Rh deficiency syndrome, Thalassemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Mosse syndrome, Zieve's syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome , Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Sickle-cell disease, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary xerocytosis, Porphyria, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, Goldstein-Hutt syndrome, Infectious mononucleosis, Rh disease, Kawasaki disease, Sickle-cell disease, Griscelli disease, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Aldolase A deficiency , X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus
Iatrogenic Post operative jaundice, Strictures after invasive procedures
Infectious Disease Alveolar Hydatid Disease ., Aspergillosis, Congenital TORCH infections, Fascioliasis, Infective endocarditis, Malignant boutonneuse fever, Nanukayami, Neonatal sepsis, Omphalitis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, Tuberculosis, Q fever, Relapsing fever, Syphilis, Weil's disease, Histoplasmosis, Malaria, Cytomegalovirus, Hepadnaviruses, Herpes, Infectious mononucleosis, Lábrea fever, Marburg virus, Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Ascending cholangitis, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Acute meningitis, AIDS,  Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Choledochal cyst, hand malformation, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis, Lupus, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Sotos syndrome, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Alagille syndrome, Hemochromatosis, Aldolase A deficiency , Lupus, Trisomy 18, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
Neurologic Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Acute meningitis, Eclampsia, Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, Pseudo-torch syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Wilson's Disease, Zellweger syndrome, Lissencephalic syndromes, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Trisomy 18
Nutritional / Metabolic Breast feeding jaundice, Breast milk jaundice, Congenital disorders of glycosylation, Fructose intolerance, Manganese deficiency, Molybdenum deficiency, Organic acidemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Selenium deficiency, Vitamin A overdose, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Galactosemia, Glutaric aciduria , Hereditary fructose intolerance, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, Tyrosinemia, Wolman disease, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Aldolase A deficiency, Total parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic HELLP syndrome, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Eclampsia
Oncologic Breast cancer, Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, Acinic cell carcinoma, Angiosarcoma of the liver, Bile duct cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Hepatoma, Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer, Neuroma biliary tract, Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatoblastoma, Lymphoma, Zellweger syndrome, Mesothelioma
Opthalmologic Goldstein-Hutt syndrome, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Wilson's Disease, Alagille syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Acetaminophen, Iron, Vitamin C , Vitamin A
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Mesothelioma, Sarcoidosis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Weil's disease, Alagille syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Lupus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Sarcoidosis, Lupus, Transfusion reaction
Sexual X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus, Hemochromatosis
Trauma Cephalhematoma, Hepatic trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Brown Recluse spider bite , Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage, Neonatal physiological jaundice, Premature birth, Reye's syndrome,  organ transplantation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Fargo MV, Grogan SP, Saguil A (2017). "Evaluation of Jaundice in Adults". Am Fam Physician. 95 (3): 164–168. PMID 28145671.
  2. ↑ VanWagner LB, Green RM (2015). "Evaluating elevated bilirubin levels in asymptomatic adults". JAMA. 313 (5): 516–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.12835. PMC 4424929. PMID 25647209.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E (2017). "Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010". BMC Infect Dis. 17 (1): 735. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8. PMC 5707826. PMID 29187150.
  4. ↑ Arora V, Kulkarni RK, Cherian S, Pillai R, Shivali M (2009). "Hyperbilirubinemia in normal healthy donors". Asian J Transfus Sci. 3 (2): 70–2. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.53875. PMC 2920475. PMID 20808649.
  5. ↑ ARIAS IM (1962). "Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults". J Clin Invest. 41: 2233–45. doi:10.1172/JCI104682. PMC 291158. PMID 14013759.
  6. ↑ Drenth JP, Peters WH, Jansen JB (2002). "[From gene to disease; unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar types I and II]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 146 (32): 1488–90. PMID 12198827.
  7. ↑ Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lucey, Michael R.; Mathurin, Philippe; Morgan, Timothy R. (2009). "Alcoholic Hepatitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (26): 2758–2769. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0805786. ISSN 0028-4793.

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