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{{WBRQuestion
{{WBRQuestion
|QuestionAuthor={{Rim}}
|QuestionAuthor= {{YD}} (Reviewed by  {{YD}})
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|MainCategory=Immunology
|MainCategory=Immunology
Line 21: Line 21:
|MainCategory=Immunology
|MainCategory=Immunology
|SubCategory=General Principles
|SubCategory=General Principles
|Prompt=The innate immune system is characterized by a variety of cell types that act as a primary response to infection. One of the major players in the innate immune system harbors a key protective component known as major basic protein and is induced to proliferate in the presence of IL-5. Of the following cellular functions, which best correlates with the cell described above?
|Prompt=The innate immune system includes a variety of cell types that act as a primary response to infection. One major player in the innate immune system harbors a key protective component known as major basic protein and is induced to proliferate in the presence of IL-5. Which of the following cellular functions also correlates with the cell described above?
|Explanation=Although initially considered a second line of defense only required to protect against parasites, eosinophils have been shown to be quite multifunctional and important modulators of the innate and adaptive immune response. Three major cytokines are key in regulating eosinophil development: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. Eosinophils also produce several cytotoxic proteins including major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin that can cause significant tissue dysfunction and damage. MBP is particularly important for the protection against helminth infections and is an important modulator of mast the mast cell reaction often inducing further mast cell degranulation.
|Explanation=[[Eosinophils]] have a multitude of basic functions that include non-specific cytotoxicity and host defense against helminthic parasitic infections. They contain mediators that are required to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils regulate immune regulation by expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-gamma), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-25), acute pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8), and inhibitor cytokines (TGF-beta and IL-10). They are partly responsible for tissue remodeling and repair by releasing growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species. Also, eosinophils are important for parasite killing by release of reactive oxygen species and major basic protein, a toxic eosinophil effector mediator. They are also important for limiting mast cell degranulation by release of [[histaminase]] and [[arylsulfatases]]. Emerging animal studies have discovered novel roles of eosinophils in plasma cell survival, thymic development, maintanence of metabolic homeostasis, physiologic function of the female reproductive tract, mammary gland development, response to respiratory viral infection, pulmonary hypertension and acute lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers, among other physiological and pathological disorders.
|AnswerA=Modulate mast cell reaction
|AnswerA=Modulation of mast cell reaction
|AnswerAExp=Eosinophils are important in limiting the extent of the allergic reaction following mast cell degranulation.
|AnswerAExp=Eosinophils limit the extent of the allergic reaction following mast cell degranulation by releasing [[histaminase]] and [[arylsulfatases]].
|AnswerB=Mediate allergic reaction
|AnswerB=Mediation of allergic reactions
|AnswerBExp=Mast cells and basophils are the important players in mediating allergic reactions.
|AnswerBExp=Mast cells and basophils are the important players in mediating allergic reactions.
|AnswerC=Scavenge damaged cells
|AnswerC=Scavenging of damaged cells
|AnswerCExp=Phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells scavenge dead cells and bacterial debris.
|AnswerCExp=Although eosinophils have phagocytic properties for antigen-antibody comploxes, other phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, scavenge dead cells and bacterial debris.
|AnswerD=Mediate acute inflammatory response
|AnswerD=Mediation of acute inflammatory responses
|AnswerDExp=The initial mediators of the acute inflammatory response include mainly neutrophils and macrophages.
|AnswerDExp=The initial mediators of acute inflammatory responses are mainly neutrophils and macrophages.
|AnswerE=Produce antibodies
|AnswerE=Production of antibodies
|AnswerEExp=Plasma cells are responsible for antibody production.
|AnswerEExp=Plasma cells are responsible for antibody production.
|EducationalObjectives=Eosinophils are important modulators of the mast cell reaction by the release of MBP.
|EducationalObjectives=[[Eosinophils]] have a multitude of basic functions that include: non-specific cytotoxicity and host defense against helminthic parasitic infections. Eosinophils limit the extent of the allergic reaction following mast cell degranulation by releasing [[histaminase]] and [[arylsulfatases]].
|References=Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24(1):147-74.
|References=Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24(1):147-74.<br>
First Aid 2014 page
|RightAnswer=A
|RightAnswer=A
|WBRKeyword=Eosinophils, IL-5, Major basic protein
|WBRKeyword=Eosinophils, IL-5, Major basic protein
|Approved=No
|Approved=No
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 00:43, 28 October 2020
Author [[PageAuthor::Yazan Daaboul, M.D. (Reviewed by Yazan Daaboul, M.D.)]]
Exam Type ExamType::USMLE Step 1
Main Category MainCategory::Immunology
Sub Category SubCategory::General Principles
Prompt [[Prompt::The innate immune system includes a variety of cell types that act as a primary response to infection. One major player in the innate immune system harbors a key protective component known as major basic protein and is induced to proliferate in the presence of IL-5. Which of the following cellular functions also correlates with the cell described above?]]
Answer A AnswerA::Modulation of mast cell reaction
Answer A Explanation [[AnswerAExp::Eosinophils limit the extent of the allergic reaction following mast cell degranulation by releasing histaminase and arylsulfatases.]]
Answer B AnswerB::Mediation of allergic reactions
Answer B Explanation AnswerBExp::Mast cells and basophils are the important players in mediating allergic reactions.
Answer C AnswerC::Scavenging of damaged cells
Answer C Explanation AnswerCExp::Although eosinophils have phagocytic properties for antigen-antibody comploxes, other phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, scavenge dead cells and bacterial debris.
Answer D AnswerD::Mediation of acute inflammatory responses
Answer D Explanation AnswerDExp::The initial mediators of acute inflammatory responses are mainly neutrophils and macrophages.
Answer E AnswerE::Production of antibodies
Answer E Explanation AnswerEExp::Plasma cells are responsible for antibody production.
Right Answer RightAnswer::A
Explanation [[Explanation::Eosinophils have a multitude of basic functions that include non-specific cytotoxicity and host defense against helminthic parasitic infections. They contain mediators that are required to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils regulate immune regulation by expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-gamma), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-25), acute pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8), and inhibitor cytokines (TGF-beta and IL-10). They are partly responsible for tissue remodeling and repair by releasing growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species. Also, eosinophils are important for parasite killing by release of reactive oxygen species and major basic protein, a toxic eosinophil effector mediator. They are also important for limiting mast cell degranulation by release of histaminase and arylsulfatases. Emerging animal studies have discovered novel roles of eosinophils in plasma cell survival, thymic development, maintanence of metabolic homeostasis, physiologic function of the female reproductive tract, mammary gland development, response to respiratory viral infection, pulmonary hypertension and acute lung injury, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers, among other physiological and pathological disorders.

Educational Objective: Eosinophils have a multitude of basic functions that include: non-specific cytotoxicity and host defense against helminthic parasitic infections. Eosinophils limit the extent of the allergic reaction following mast cell degranulation by releasing histaminase and arylsulfatases.
References: Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24(1):147-74.
First Aid 2014 page]]

Approved Approved::No
Keyword WBRKeyword::Eosinophils, WBRKeyword::IL-5, WBRKeyword::Major basic protein
Linked Question Linked::
Order in Linked Questions LinkedOrder::
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