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Bureaucrats, exportpages, nocaptcha, Administrators
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Bureaucrats, exportpages, nocaptcha, Administrators
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Replaced content with "{{#widget:CJP2}}"
 
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{{#widget:CJP2}}
{{#widget:CJP2}}
__NOTOC__
{{Ebola}}
{{CMG}}
{{MJM}};
{{GRN}}
<div style="float:left; width:80%; clear:both;">
==Overview==
[[Outbreaks]] of Ebola have been generally restricted to Africa. Governments and individuals should quickly [[quarantine]] the area. Lack of roads and transportation help to contain the [[outbreak]] in remote areas.  The potential for widespread Ebola virus disease [[epidemics]] is considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where [[infections]] occur.
==2014 Outbreak Updates==
The first reported case of the recent outbreak was diagnosed in Guinea in December 2013. From there it spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Senegal. The first case in the United States was confirmed on September 30, 2014.
{|
| valign=top |
{| style="border: 0px; margin: 5px;" align=center width=600px
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Country'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Case definition'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Cases'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Deaths'''}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4| '''Guinea''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|977||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|562
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|177||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|177
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|45||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1199||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|739
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4|'''Liberia''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|931||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|934
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1713||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|677
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1190||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|458
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|3834||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|2069
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4| '''Sierra Leone''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|2179||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|575
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|37||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|37
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|221||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|11
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|2437||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|623
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4| '''Nigeria''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|19||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|7
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|20||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|8
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4| '''Senegal''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" rowspan=4| '''United States''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Confirmed||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Probable||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|-||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|-
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Suspected||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|-||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|-
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|All||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|0
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;" | '''Total''' ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|7492||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|3439
|}
| valign=top |
|[[File:Oct3_Ebola.jpg|thumb|400px|none|<SMALL>Provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ebola Response Roadmap Update. 10/3/2014</SMALL>]]
|}
<SMALL>As of October 3, 2014. Data from the World Health Organization</SMALL>
==Cases of Ebola in Africa==
{|
| valign=top |
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 95%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+'''''Cases of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Africa, 1976 - 2014<ref name="Cases Africa"> {{cite web| title= CDC Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Distribution Map| url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/distribution-map.html}} </ref>'''''
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Country'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Town'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Cases'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Deaths'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Species'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Year'''}}
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dem. Rep. of Congo
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yambuku
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |318
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |280
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1976
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |South Sudan
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nzara
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |284
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |151
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1976
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Dem. Rep. of Congo
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tandala
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1977
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | South Sudan
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nzara
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |34
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |22
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1979
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gabon
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mekouka
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |52
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |31
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1994
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ivory Coast
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tai Forest
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Taï Forest ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1994
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Dem. Rep. of Congo
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Kikwit
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |315
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |250
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1995
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Gabon
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mayibout
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |37
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |21
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1996
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Gabon
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Booue
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |60
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |45
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1996
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |South Africa
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Johannesburg
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1996
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Uganda ||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gulu||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |425||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |224||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2000
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Gabon||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Libreville||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |65||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |53||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2001
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Not specified||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |57||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |43||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2001
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mbomo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |143||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |128||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2002
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mbomo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |35||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |29||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2003
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |South Sudan||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yambio||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |17||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |7||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2004
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dem. Rep. of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Luebo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |264||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |187||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2007
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bundibugyo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |149||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |37||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bundibugyo ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2007
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Dem. Rep. of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Luebo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |32||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |15||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2008
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Luwero District||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2011
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Kibaale District||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |11*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |4*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2012
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Dem. Rep. of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Isiro Health Zone||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |36*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |13*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bundibugyo ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2012
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Luwero District||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |6*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |3*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2012
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |multiple||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |7470||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |3431||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2014
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dem. Rep. of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |multiple||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |70||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |43||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire ebolavirus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2014
|}
| valign=top |
|[[File:Ebola outbreak-distribution-map2.png|thumb|400px|Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Distribution Map. Adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<ref name="Cases Africa"> {{cite web| title= CDC Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Distribution Map| url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/distribution-map.html}} </ref>]]
|}
</div>
==Major Outbreaks==
Until recently, [[Ebola]] outbreaks have been restricted to Africa, with the exception of [[Reston ebolavirus]]. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses currently recognizes four species of the Ebola: Zaire virus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Reston ebolavirus (REBOV), and Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV).
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 85%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+'''''Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order<ref name="outbreaks"> {{cite web| title= CDC Chronology of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks| url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreak-table.html}} </ref>'''''
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:100px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Year(s)'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:100px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Country'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:100px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Ebola subtype'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:100px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Reported number of human cases'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:100px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Reported number (%) of deaths among cases'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; width:600px"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Situation'''}}
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1976||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo - DRC)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |318||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |280 (88%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occurred in Yambuku and surrounding area. Disease was spread by close personal contact and by use of contaminated needles and syringes in hospitals/clinics. This outbreak was the first recognition of the disease.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1976||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan (South Sudan)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |284||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |151 (53%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occurred in Nzara, Maridi and the surrounding area. Disease was spread mainly through close personal contact within hospitals. Many medical care personnel were infected.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1976||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |England||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Laboratory infection by accidental stick of contaminated needle.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1977||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zaire||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Noted retrospectively in the village of Tandala.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1979||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan (South Sudan)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |34||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |22 (65%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occured in Nzara, Maridi. Recurrent outbreak at the same site as the 1976 Sudan epidemic.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1989||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |USA||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Pennsylvania by monkeys imported from the Philippines.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1990||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |USA||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |4 (asymptomatic)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola-Reston virus was introduced once again into quarantine facilities in Virginia, and Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Four humans developed antibodies but did not get sick.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1989-1990||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Philippines||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |3 (asymptomatic)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |High mortality among cynomolgus macaques in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals in the USA. <br> Three workers in the animal facility developed antibodies but did not get sick.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1992||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Italy||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into quarantine facilities in Sienna by monkeys imported from the same export facility in the Philippines that was involved in the episodes in the United States. No humans were infected.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1994||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gabon||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |52||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |31 (60%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occured in Mékouka and other gold-mining camps deep in the rain forest. Initially thought to be yellow fever; identified as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1995.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1994||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ivory Coast||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Taï Forest virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Scientist became ill after conducting an autopsy on a wild chimpanzee in the Tai Forest. The patient was treated in Switzerland.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1995||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |315||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |250 (81%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occured in Kikwit and surrounding area. Traced to index case-patient who worked in forest adjoining the city. Epidemic spread through families and hospitals.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996 (January-April)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gabon||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |37||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |21 (57%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occured in Mayibout area. A chimpanzee found dead in the forest was eaten by people hunting for food. Nineteen people who were involved in the butchery of the animal became ill; other cases occured in family members.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996-1997 (July-January)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gabon||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |60||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |45 (74%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occurred in Booué area with transport of patients to Libreville. Index case-patient was a hunter who lived in a forest camp. Disease was spread by close contact with infected persons. A dead chimpanzee found in the forest at the time was determined to be infected.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |South Africa||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |2||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (50%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |A medical professional traveled from Gabon to Johannesburg, South Africa, after having treated Ebola virus-infected patients and thus having been exposed to the virus. He was hospitalized, and a nurse who took care of him became infected and died.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |USA||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into a quarantine facility in Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. No human infections were identified.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Philippines||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola-Reston virus was identified in a mokey export facility in the Philippines. No human infections were identified.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 1996||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Russia||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Laboratory contamination
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 2000-2001||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |425||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |224 (53%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Occurred in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara districts of Uganda. The three most important risks associated with Ebola virus infection were attending funerals of Ebola hemorrhagic fever case-patients, having contact with case-patients in one's family, and providing medical care to Ebola case-patients without using adequate personal protective measures.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | October 2001-March 2002||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gabon||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |65||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |53 (82%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occured over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | October 2001-March 2002||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |57||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |43 (75%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. This was the first time that Ebola hemorrhagic fever was reported in the Republic of the Congo.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | December 2002-April 2003||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |143||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |128 (89%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in the districts of Mbomo and Kéllé in Cuvette Ouest Département.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | November-December 2003||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |35||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |29 (83%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occured in Mbomo and Mbandza villages located in Mbomo distric, Cuvette Ouest Département.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 2004||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan (South Sudan)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |17||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |7 (41%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in Yambio county of southern Sudan. This outbreak was concurrent with an outbreak of measles in the same area, and several suspected EHF cases were later reclassified as measeles cases.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 2004||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Russia||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Laboratory contamination.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 2007||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Democratic Republic of Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |264||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |187 (71%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in Kasai Occidental Province. The outbreak was declared over November 20. Last confirmed case on October 4 and last death on October 10.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | December 2007-January 2008||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bundibugyo virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |149||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |37 (25%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in Bundibugyo District in western Uganda. First reported occurance of a new strain.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |November 2008||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Philippines||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Reston virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |6 (asymptomatic)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |0||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |First known occurrence of Ebola-Reston in pigs. Strain closely similar to earlier strains. Six workers from the pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies but did not become sick.
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | December 2008-February 2009||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Democratic Republic of the Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |32||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |15 (47%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in the Mweka and luebo health zones of the Province of Kasai Occidental.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | May-11||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |The Ugandan Ministry of Health informed the public that a patient with suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic fever died on May 6, 2011 in the Luwero district, Uganda. The quick diagnosis from a blood sample of Ebola virus was provided by the new CDC Viral Hemorrhagic Fever laboratory installed at the Uganda Viral Research Institute (UVRI).
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | June-October 2012||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |11*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |4* (36.4%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in the Kibaale District of Uganda. Laboratory tests of blood samples were conducted by the UVRI and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | June-November 2012||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Democratic Republic of the Congo||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bundibugyo virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |36*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |13* (36.1%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in DRC’s Province Orientale. Laboratory support was provided through CDC and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)’s field laboratory in Isiro, and through the CDC/UVRI lab in Uganda. The outbreak in DRC has no epidemiologic link to the near contemporaneous Ebola outbreak in the Kibaale district of Uganda.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | November 2012-January 2013||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudan virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |6*||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |3* (50%)||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak occurred in the Luwero District. CDC assisted the Ministry of Health in the epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak. Testing of samples by CDC's Viral Special Pathogens Branch occurred at UVRI in Entebbe.
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|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | March 2014-Present||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ebola virus||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |7492||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |3439||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ongoing outbreak across Guinea, northern Liberia, and now eastern Sierra Leone. Numbers of patients is constantly evolving due to the on-going investigation.
|}
===West Africa outbreak (2013-2014)===
[[Image:Map-ebola-guinea-23032014.gif |thumb|500px|Right|'''First affected Districts in Guinea and neighboring areas.'''<br>Image extracted from WHO: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Guinea<ref name=WHO1>{{cite web | title = Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Guinea | url = http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4063-ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-in-guinea.html }}</ref>]]
[[Image:Ebola map 2.png |thumb|500px|Right|'''Distribution of confirmed and suspected cases as of 16 June 2014.'''<br>Image extracted from WHO: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa (situation as of 16 June 2014)<ref name=WHO7>{{cite web | title = Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa (situation as of 16 June 2014)  | url = http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4165-dashboard-ebola-virus-disease-evd-in-west-africa-16-june-2014.html }}</ref>]]
On March 23, 2014, the Ministry of Health of Guinea notified the [[World Health Organization]] ([[WHO]]) of a rapidly evolving [[outbreak]] of [[Ebola virus disease]] (EVD) in forested areas south eastern Guinea: Guekedou, Macenta, Nzerekore and Kissidougou districts. As of 22 March, 2014, a total of 49 cases including 29 deaths (case fatality ratio: 59%) were reported. Four health care workers were among the victims. At the same time, suspected cases in border areas of Liberia and Sierra Leone were being investigated.
Six blood samples were tested at Institut Pasteur in Lyon, France, resulting positive for [[Ebola virus]] by [[PCR]], confirming the first [[Ebola virus]] disease outbreak in Guinea. Preliminary results from [[sequencing]] of a part of the L [[gene]] showed strong [[homology]] with Zaire Ebolavirus.
The ministry of health together with the [[WHO]] and other partners initiated measures to control the [[outbreak]] and prevent further spread. Médecins Sans Frontières, Switzerland (MSF-CH) started working in the affected areas and assisted with the establishment of isolation facilities, and also supported transport of the biological smaples from suspected cases and contacts to international reference laboratories for urgent testing.
The Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Laboratory Network (EDPLN) worked with the Guinean VHF Laboratory in Donka, the Institut Pasteur in Lyon, the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, and the Kenema Lassa fever laboratory in Sierra Leone to make available appropriate [[Filovirus]] diagnostic capacity in Guinea and Sierra Leone.<ref name=WHO1>{{cite web | title = Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Guinea | url = http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4063-ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-in-guinea.html }}</ref>
On 30 March, 2014, the Ministry of Health of Liberia provided updated details on the suspected and confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease in Liberia. As of 29 March, seven clinical samples, all from adult patients from Foya district, Lofa County, were tested by [[PCR]] using [[Ebola Zaire virus]] [[primers]] by the mobile laboratory of the Institut Pasteur (IP) Dakar in Conakry. Two of those samples tested positive for the ebolavirus. There were 2 deaths among the suspected cases; a 35 year-old woman who died on 21 March tested positive for ebolavirus while a male patient who died on 27 March tested negative. At that time, Foya was the only district in Liberia that reported confirmed or suspected cases of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. As of 26 March, Liberia had 27 contacts under medical follow-up.
Liberia established a high level National Task Force to lead the response. Response partners include [[WHO]], the International Red Cross (IRC), Samaritan’s Purse (SP) Liberia, Pentecostal Mission Unlimited (PMU)-Liberia, CHF-WASH Liberia, PLAN-Liberia, UNFPA and UNICEF.<ref name=WHO4>{{cite web | title = 30 March 2014 Ebola virus disease in Liberia
  | url = http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_10_ebola/en/ }}</ref>
On 3 April, 2014, the [[outbreak]] was confirmed to be caused by a strain of [[ebolavirus]] with very close [[homology]] (98%) to the [[Zaire ebolavirus]]. This is the first time the disease has been detected in West Africa.<ref name=WHO2>{{cite web | title = 3 April 2014 Ebola virus disease: background and summary  | url = http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_10_ebola/en/ }}</ref> <ref name=WHO3>{{cite web | title = Ebola virus disease, West Africa (Situation as of 17 June 2014) | url = http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4166-ebola-virus-disease-west-africa-17-june-2014.html }}</ref>
===Democratic Republic of the Congo (2007)===
As of August 30, 2007, 103 people (100 adults and three children) were infected by a suspected hemorrhagic fever outbreak in the village of Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The outbreak started after the funerals of two village chiefs, and 217 people in four villages fell ill. The [[World Health Organization]] sent a team to take blood samples for analysis and confirmed that many of the cases are the result of the Ebola virus <ref>{{cite news|first=|last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ebola Outbreak Confirmed in Congo|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12624-ebola-outbreak-confirmed-in-congo.html|work=NewScientist.com |publisher= |date=2007-09-11|accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>. The Congo's last major Ebola epidemic killed 245 people in 1995 in[[Kikwit]], about 200 [[mile]]s from the source of the Aug. 2007 outbreak.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mystery DR Congo fever kills 100 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6973013.stm|work= BBC News |publisher= |date=2007-08-31 |accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>
On November 30, 2007, the Uganda Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in the Bundibugyo District.  After confirmation of samples tested by the United States National Reference Laboratories and the Centers for Disease Control, the World Health Organization confirmed the presence of a new species of the Ebola virus.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Uganda: Deadly Ebola Outbreak Confirmed -UN|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200711301070.html |work=UN News Service |publisher= |date=2007-11-30 |accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref> The epidemic came to an official end on February 20, 2008.  149 cases of this new strain were reported and 37 of those led to deaths.
===Uganda Outbreak (2000)===
On October 8, 2000, an outbreak of an unusual [[febrile]] illness with occasional [[hemorrhage]] and significant mortality was reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Kampala by the superintendent of St. Mary's Hospital in Lacor, and the District Director of Health Services in the Gulu District. A preliminary assessment conducted by MoH found additional cases in Gulu District and in Gulu Hospital, the regional referral hospital. On October 15, suspicion of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) was confirmed when the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Johannesburg, South Africa, identified Ebola [[virus]] infection among specimens from patients, including health-care workers at St. Mary's Hospital. This report describes surveillance and control activities related to the EHF outbreak and presents preliminary clinical and epidemiologic findings.
Control activities were organized around surveillance and epidemiology, clinical case management, social education and mobilization, and coordination and logistic support. An active EHF surveillance system was initiated to determine the extent and magnitude of the outbreak, identify foci of [[disease]] activity, and detect cases early. Ill persons were encouraged to be assessed at a hospital and, if indicated, to be hospitalized to reduce further community transmission. Targeted prevention activities included follow-up of contacts of identified cases for 21 days; establishment of trained burial teams for all potential and confirmed EHF deaths; community education; cessation of traditional healing and burial practices; cessation of large public gatherings; and updates of hospital infection-control measures, including isolation wards. [[Ebola laboratory tests|Laboratory testing]] was performed at a field laboratory established at St. Mary's Hospital by CDC and supplemented by additional testing at CDC and NIV. Sequence analysis revealed that the [[virus]] associated with this outbreak was Ebola-Sudan and differed at the [[nucleotide]] sequence level from earlier Ebola-Sudan isolates by 3.3% and 4.2% in the polymerase (362 nucleotides sequenced) and nucleocapsid (146 nucleotides sequenced) protein encoding [[genes]], respectively.
During the third week of October, active surveillance was established and included three case notification categories: alert, suspect, and probable. The alert category comprised persons with sudden onset of high [[fever]], sudden death, or [[hemorrhage]], and was used by community members to alert health-care personnel. The suspect category comprised persons with fever and contact with a potential case-patient; persons with unexplained [[bleeding]]; persons with fever and three or more specified [[symptoms]] (i.e., [[headache]], [[vomiting]], [[anorexia]], [[diarrhea]], [[weakness]] or severe [[fatigue]], [[abdominal pain]], body aches or [[joint]] pains, difficulty [[swallowing]], difficulty [[breathing]], and [[hiccups]]), and all unexplained deaths. The suspect category was used by mobile surveillance teams to determine whether a patient required transport to an isolation ward. The probable category included persons who met these criteria and were assessed and reported by a physician. Laboratory tests included virus [[antigen]] detection and antibody [[ELISA]] tests and [[reverse transcriptase]] [[polymerase chain reaction]]. Laboratory-confirmed case-patients were defined as patients who met the surveillance case definitions and were either positive for Ebola virus antigen or Ebola IgG antibody.
During October 5--November 27, among 62 persons with laboratory-confirmed EHF admitted to Gulu Hospital, symptoms included [[diarrhea]] (66%), [[asthenia]](64%),[[anorexia]] (61%), [[headache]] (63%), [[nausea]] and vomiting (60%), abdominal pain (55%),  and chest pain (48%). Patients presented for care a mean of 8 days (range: 2--20 days) after symptom onset. Bleeding occurred in 12 (20%) patients and primarily involved the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. Among the 62 confirmed case-patients, 36 (58%) died; among patients aged <15 years, four of five died (case fatality: 80%). Spontaneous [[abortions]] were reported among pregnant women infected with EHF. Patients who died usually exhibited a rapid progression of [[shock]], increasing [[coagulopathy]], and loss of[[consciousness]].
As of January 23, 2001, 425 presumptive* case-patients with 224 (53%) deaths attributed to EHF were recorded from three districts in Uganda: 393 (93%) from Gulu, 27 (6%) from Masindi, and five (1%) from Mbarara. The combined area comprises approximately 11,700 square miles (31,000 square kilometers; 2000 combined population: 1.8 million) (See the map of Uganda below) (1). Although the cluster of cases in early October triggered identification of the outbreak and response measures, investigations (i.e., case-record review and interviews with surviving patients or their surrogates) identified cases occurring in the community and patients hospitalized several weeks earlier. The onset of illness of the earliest presumptive case was August 30, 2000, and onset of last presumptive case was January 9, 2001 (See the graph below the map of Uganda). The ages of presumptive case-patients ranged from 3 days--72 years (median: 28 years); 269 (63%) were women. Mean time from symptom onset to death was 8 days (95% confidence interval=±5 days); 218 (51%) presumptive cases were laboratory confirmed.
Epidemiologic investigations identified the three most important means of transmission as attending funerals of presumptive EHF case-patients where ritual contact with the deceased occurred, and intrafamilial or [[nosocomial]] transmission. Fourteen (64%) of 22 health-care workers in Gulu were infected after establishing the isolation wards; these incidences led to the reinforcement of infection-control measures. Two distant focal outbreaks were initiated by movement of infected contacts of EHF cases from Gulu to Mbarara and Masindi districts. National notification and surveillance efforts led to the rapid identification of these foci and effective containment.
{|
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|[[Image:Ebola Uganda3.gif|thumb|600px|Distribution of presumptive case-patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever-Uganda August 2000-January 2001<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm/  Adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.]''<ref name="PHIL">{{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
|valign=top|
|[[Image:Ebola Uganda .gif|thumb|600px|Number of presumptive case-patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever, by week of onset - Uganda, August 2000-January 2001<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm/  Adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.]''<ref name="PHIL">{{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm/}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 13:37, 8 October 2014

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