Norethindrone: Difference between revisions

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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag=
|authorTag={{VP}}<!--Overview-->
 
|genericName=Norethindrone
{{VP}}
|aOrAn=an
 
|drugClass=oral [[contraceptive]]
<!--Overview-->
|indicationType=prevention
 
|indication=of [[pregnancy]]
|genericName=
|adverseReactions=[[nausea]], [[headache]], abnormal [[menstrual]] cycle, [[breast]] [[tenderness]], irregular periods
 
Norethindrone
 
|aOrAn=
 
an
 
|drugClass=
 
oral [[contraceptive]]
 
|indication=
 
prevention of [[pregnancy]]
 
|hasBlackBoxWarning=
 
 
 
|adverseReactions=
 
[[nausea]], [[headache]], abnormal menstrual cycle, [[breast tenderness]], [[irregular periods]]


<!--Black Box Warning-->
<!--Black Box Warning-->
 
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Title
|blackBoxWarningTitle=
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
Title
 
|blackBoxWarningBody=
<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>


* Content
* Content
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<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
 
|fdaLIADAdult======Prevention of Pregnancy=====
|fdaLIADAdult=
 
=====Prevention of Pregnancy=====


*To achieve maximum [[contraceptive]] effectiveness, norethindrone tablets must be taken exactly as directed. One tablet is taken every day, at the same time. Administration is continuous, with no interruption between pill packs.  
*To achieve maximum [[contraceptive]] effectiveness, norethindrone tablets must be taken exactly as directed. One tablet is taken every day, at the same time. Administration is continuous, with no interruption between pill packs.  


*Efficacy
*Efficacy
:*If used perfectly, the first-year failure rate for [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] is 0.5%. However, the typical failure rate is estimated to be closer to 5%, due to late or omitted pills. Table 1 lists the pregnancy rates for users of all major methods of [[contraception]].
:*If used perfectly, the first-year failure rate for [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] is 0.5%. However, the typical failure rate is estimated to be closer to 5%, due to late or omitted pills. Table 1 lists the [[pregnancy]] rates for users of all major methods of [[contraception]].
 
t1
 
 
 
 
 


: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->


<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
 
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.


<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
 
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.


<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->


<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
|fdaLIADPed=There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
|fdaLIADPed=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.


<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->


<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
 
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.


<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
 
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.


<!--Contraindications-->
<!--Contraindications-->
 
|contraindications=*Known or suspected [[pregnancy]]
|contraindications=
 
*Known or suspected [[pregnancy]]


*Known or suspected [[carcinoma of the breast]]
*Known or suspected [[carcinoma of the breast]]
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*[[Hypersensitivity]] to any component of this product
*[[Hypersensitivity]] to any component of this product


*[[Benign]] or [[malignant]] [[liver tumors]]
*[[Benign]] or [[malignant]] [[liver tumors]]


*[[Acute liver disease]]  
*Acute [[liver disease]]  


<!--Warnings-->
<!--Warnings-->
 
|warnings=*Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious [[cardiovascular]] disease. Women who use [[oral contraceptives]] should be strongly advised not to smoke.
|warnings=
 
*Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious [[cardiovascular]] disease. Women who use [[oral contraceptives]] should be strongly advised not to smoke.


*Norethindrone tablets do not contain [[estrogen]] and, therefore, this insert does not discuss the serious health risks that have been associated with the [[estrogen]] component of combined [[oral contraceptives]] (COCs). The healthcare professional is referred to the prescribing information of combined [[oral contraceptives]] for a discussion of those risks. The relationship between [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] and these risks is not fully defined. The healthcare professional should remain alert to the earliest manifestation of symptoms of any serious disease and discontinue [[oral contraceptive]] therapy when appropriate.
*Norethindrone tablets do not contain [[estrogen]] and, therefore, this insert does not discuss the serious health risks that have been associated with the [[estrogen]] component of combined [[oral contraceptives]] (COCs). The healthcare professional is referred to the prescribing information of combined [[oral contraceptives]] for a discussion of those risks. The relationship between [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] and these risks is not fully defined. The healthcare professional should remain alert to the earliest manifestation of symptoms of any serious disease and discontinue [[oral contraceptive]] therapy when appropriate.


*[[Ectopic Pregnancy]]
*[[Ectopic Pregnancy]]
:*The incidence of [[ectopic pregnancies]] for [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users is 5 per 1000 woman-years. Up to 10% of pregnancies reported in clinical studies of [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users are [[extrauterine]]. Although symptoms of [[ectopic pregnancy]] should be watched for, a history of [[ectopic pregnancy]] need not be considered a contraindication to use of this contraceptive method. Healthcare professionals should be alert to the possibility of an [[ectopic pregnancy]] in women who become [[pregnant]] or complain of [[lower abdominal pain]] while on [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives.]]
:*The incidence of [[ectopic pregnancies]] for [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users is 5 per 1000 woman-years. Up to 10% of [[pregnancies]] reported in clinical studies of [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users are [[extrauterine]]. Although symptoms of [[ectopic pregnancy]] should be watched for, a history of [[ectopic pregnancy]] need not be considered a [[contraindication]] to use of this [[contraceptive]] method. Healthcare professionals should be alert to the possibility of an [[ectopic pregnancy]] in women who become [[pregnant]] or complain of [[lower abdominal pain]] while on [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives.]]


*Delayed Follicular [[Atresia]]/Ovarian Cysts
*Delayed Follicular [[Atresia]]/Ovarian Cysts
:*If follicular development occurs, [[atresia]] of the follicle is sometimes delayed and the [[follicle]] may continue to grow beyond the size it would attain in a normal cycle. Generally these enlarged [[follicles]] disappear spontaneously. Often they are asymptomatic; in some cases they are associated with mild [[abdominal pain]]. Rarely they may twist or rupture, requiring surgical intervention.
:*If [[follicular]] development occurs, [[atresia]] of the follicle is sometimes delayed and the [[follicle]] may continue to grow beyond the size it would attain in a normal cycle. Generally these enlarged [[follicles]] disappear spontaneously. Often they are asymptomatic; in some cases they are associated with mild [[abdominal pain]]. Rarely they may twist or rupture, requiring surgical intervention.


*Irregular Genital Bleeding
*Irregular [[Genital Bleeding]]
:*Irregular menstrual patterns are common among women using [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]]. If [[genital bleeding]] is suggestive of infection, [[malignancy]] or other abnormal conditions, such nonpharmacologic causes should be ruled out. If prolonged [[amenorrhea]] occurs, the possibility of [[pregnancy]] should be evaluated.
:*Irregular menstrual patterns are common among women using [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]]. If [[genital bleeding]] is suggestive of infection, [[malignancy]] or other abnormal conditions, such nonpharmacologic causes should be ruled out. If prolonged [[amenorrhea]] occurs, the possibility of [[pregnancy]] should be evaluated.


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:*Some studies suggest that [[oral contraceptive]] use has been associated with an increase in the risk of [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]] in some populations of women. However, there continues to be controversy about the extent to which such findings may be due to differences in sexual behavior and other factors. There is insufficient data to determine whether the use of POPs increases the risk of developing [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]].
:*Some studies suggest that [[oral contraceptive]] use has been associated with an increase in the risk of [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]] in some populations of women. However, there continues to be controversy about the extent to which such findings may be due to differences in sexual behavior and other factors. There is insufficient data to determine whether the use of POPs increases the risk of developing [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]].


*Hepatic Neoplasia
*[[Hepatic Neoplasia]]
:*Benign [[hepatic adenomas]] are associated with combined [[oral contraceptive]] use, although the incidence of [[benign tumor]]s is rare in the United States. Rupture of [[benign]], [[hepatic adenomas]] may cause death through intra-[[abdominal hemorrhage]].
:*Benign [[hepatic adenomas]] are associated with combined [[oral contraceptive]] use, although the incidence of [[benign tumor]]s is rare in the United States. Rupture of [[benign]], [[hepatic adenomas]] may cause death through intra-[[abdominal hemorrhage]].
:*Studies have shown an increased risk of developing [[hepatocellular carcinoma]] in combined [[oral contraceptive]] users. However, these cancers are rare in the U.S. There is insufficient data to determine whether POPs increase the risk of developing [[hepatic neoplasia]].
:*Studies have shown an increased risk of developing [[hepatocellular carcinoma]] in combined [[oral contraceptive]] users. However, these [[cancers]] are rare in the U.S. There is insufficient data to determine whether POPs increase the risk of developing [[hepatic neoplasia]].


====Precautions====
====Precautions====


*General
*General
:*Patients should be counseled that this product does not protect against [[HIV infection]] ([[AIDS]]) and other sexually transmitted diseases.
:*Patients should be counseled that this product does not protect against [[HIV infection]] ([[AIDS]]) and other [[sexually transmitted diseases]].


*Physical Examination and Follow-up
*Physical Examination and Follow-up
:*It is considered good medical practice for sexually active women using [[oral contraceptives]] to have annual history and physical examinations. The physical examination may be deferred until after initiation of [[oral contraceptives]] if requested by the woman and judged appropriate by the healthcare professional.
:*It is considered good medical practice for sexually active women using [[oral contraceptives]] to have annual history and physical examinations. The physical examination may be deferred until after initiation of [[oral contraceptives]] if requested by the woman and judged appropriate by the healthcare professional.


*Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
*[[Carbohydrate]] and [[Lipid]] Metabolism
:*Some users may experience slight deterioration in [[glucose tolerance]], with increases in plasma [[insulin]] but women with [[diabetes mellitus]] who use [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] do not generally experience changes in their [[insulin]] requirements. Nonetheless, prediabetic and [[diabetic]] women in particular should be carefully monitored while taking POPs.
:*Some users may experience slight deterioration in [[glucose tolerance]], with increases in [[plasma]] [[insulin]] but women with [[diabetes mellitus]] who use [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] do not generally experience changes in their [[insulin]] requirements. Nonetheless, pre[[diabetic]] and [[diabetic]] women in particular should be carefully monitored while taking POPs.
:*Lipid metabolism is occasionally affected in that [[HDL]], HDL2, and apolipoprotein A-I and A-II may be decreased; hepatic lipase may be increased. There is usually no effect on total [[cholesterol]], HDL3, [[LDL]], or [[VLDL]].
:*[[Lipid]] metabolism is occasionally affected in that [[HDL]], [[HDL]]2, and [[apolipoprotein]] A-I and A-II may be decreased; [[hepatic]] [[lipase]] may be increased. There is usually no effect on total [[cholesterol]], HDL3, [[LDL]], or [[VLDL]].


*[[Headache]]
*[[Headache]]
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<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
 
|clinicalTrials=*Adverse reactions reported with the use of POPs include:
|clinicalTrials=
 
*Adverse reactions reported with the use of POPs include:
:*[[Menstrual]] irregularity is the most frequently reported side effect.
:*[[Menstrual]] irregularity is the most frequently reported side effect.
:*Frequent and irregular bleeding are common, while long duration of bleeding episodes and [[amenorrhea]] are less likely.
:*Frequent and irregular [[bleeding]] are common, while long duration of [[bleeding]] episodes and [[amenorrhea]] are less likely.
:*[[Headache]], [[breast]] tenderness, [[nausea]], and [[dizziness]] are increased among [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users in some studies.
:*[[Headache]], [[breast]] [[tenderness]], [[nausea]], and [[dizziness]] are increased among [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] users in some studies.
:*[[Androgenic]] side effects such as [[acne]], [[hirsutism]], and [[weight gain]] occur rarely.
:*[[Androgenic]] side effects such as [[acne]], [[hirsutism]], and [[weight gain]] occur rarely.


*The following adverse reactions were also reported in clinical trials or during post-marketing experience:
*The following adverse reactions were also reported in clinical trials :


=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Body as a Whole=====
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=====Digestive=====
=====Digestive=====


[[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]], [[hepatitis]], [[jaundice]] cholestatic
[[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]], [[hepatitis]], [[jaundice]] [[cholestatic]]


=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====


[[pain]] in extremity
[[pain]] in [[extremity]]


=====Neurologic=====
=====Neurologic=====
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=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====


[[anaphylactic]]/[[anaphylactoid]] reaction, [[hypersensitivity]], [[alopecia]], [[rash]], rash [[pruritic]].
[[anaphylactic]]/[[anaphylactoid]] reaction, [[hypersensitivity]], [[alopecia]], [[rash]], [[rash]] [[pruritic]].


=====Urogenital=====
=====Urogenital=====


[[genital discharge]]; breast pain, [[menstruation]] delayed, suppressed [[lactation]], vaginal [[hemorrhage]], [[menorrhagia]], [[withdrawal bleed]] when product is stopped
[[genital discharge]]; [[breast]] [[pain]], [[menstruation]] delayed, suppressed [[lactation]], [[vaginal]] [[hemorrhage]], [[menorrhagia]], [[withdrawal bleed]] when product is stopped


<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
 
|postmarketing=There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|postmarketing=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--Drug Interactions-->
<!--Drug Interactions-->
 
|drugInteractions=*The effectiveness of [[progestin]]-only pills is reduced by [[hepatic]] enzyme-inducing drugs such as the [[anticonvulsants]] [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], and [[barbiturates]], and the [[antituberculosis]] drug [[rifampin]]. No significant interaction has been found with broad-spectrum [[antibiotics]].
|drugInteractions=
 
*The effectiveness of [[progestin]]-only pills is reduced by [[hepatic]] enzyme-inducing drugs such as the [[anticonvulsants]] [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], and [[barbiturates]], and the [[antituberculosis]] drug [[rifampin]]. No significant interaction has been found with broad-spectrum antibiotics.


*Herbal products containing St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) may induce [[hepatic]] enzymes ([[cytochrome P450]]) and p-glycoprotein transporter and may reduce the effectiveness of [[contraceptive]] [[steroids]]. This may also result in breakthrough [[bleeding]].
*Herbal products containing St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) may induce [[hepatic]] enzymes ([[cytochrome P450]]) and p-glycoprotein transporter and may reduce the effectiveness of [[contraceptive]] [[steroids]]. This may also result in breakthrough [[bleeding]].
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<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
 
|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyFDA=
* '''Pregnancy Category'''


*Many studies have found no effects on fetal development associated with long-term use of [[contraceptive]] doses of oral [[progestins]]. The few studies of infant growth and development that have been conducted have not demonstrated significant adverse effects. It is nonetheless prudent to rule out suspected [[pregnancy]] before initiating any hormonal [[contraceptive]] use.
*Many studies have found no effects on fetal development associated with long-term use of [[contraceptive]] doses of oral [[progestins]]. The few studies of infant growth and development that have been conducted have not demonstrated significant adverse effects. It is nonetheless prudent to rule out suspected [[pregnancy]] before initiating any hormonal [[contraceptive]] use.
 
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=
* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''


There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
 
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInLaborDelivery=
|useInNursing=*In general, no adverse effects have been found on [[breastfeeding]] performance or on the health, growth, or development of the [[infant]]. However, isolated post-marketing cases of decreased milk production have been reported. Small amounts of [[progestins]] pass into the [[breast]] milk of nursing mothers, resulting in detectable [[steroid]] levels in [[infant]] [[plasma]].
There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInPed=*Safety and efficacy of norethindronetablets have been established in women of reproductive age. Safety and efficacy are expected to be the same for [[postpubertal]] [[adolescents]] under the age of 16 and for users 16 years and older. Use of this product before [[menarche]] is not indicated.
 
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInNursing=
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
 
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
*In general, no adverse effects have been found on [[breastfeeding]] performance or on the health, growth, or development of the infant. However, isolated post-marketing cases of decreased milk production have been reported. Small amounts of [[progestins]] pass into the [[breast]] milk of nursing mothers, resulting in detectable [[steroid]] levels in infant plasma.  
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
 
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInPed=
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
 
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
*Safety and efficacy of norethindronetablets have been established in women of reproductive age. Safety and efficacy are expected to be the same for [[postpubertal]] adolescents under the age of 16 and for users 16 years and older. Use of this product before [[menarche]] is not indicated.  
 
|useInGeri=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
 
|useInGender=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
 
|useInRace=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
 
|useInRenalImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
 
|useInHepaticImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
 
|useInReproPotential=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
 
|useInImmunocomp=
There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.


<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
 
|administration=* Oral
|administration=
|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
* Oral
 
|monitoring=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--IV Compatibility-->
<!--IV Compatibility-->
 
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|IVCompat=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--Overdosage-->
<!--Overdosage-->
|overdose====Acute Overdose===


|overdose=
*There have been no reports of serious ill effects from [[overdosage]], including [[ingestion]] by children.
 
===Acute Overdose===
 
*There have been no reports of serious ill effects from overdosage, including ingestion by children.


===Chronic Overdose===
===Chronic Overdose===
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<!--Drug box 2-->
<!--Drug box 2-->
 
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
|drugBox=
 
{{Drugbox2
| verifiedrevid = 462262921
| verifiedrevid = 462262921
| IUPAC_name = (17β)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one;<br />(8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-13-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one
| IUPAC_name = (17β)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one;<br />(8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-13-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one
Line 348: Line 242:


<!--Mechanism of Action-->
<!--Mechanism of Action-->
 
|mechAction=*Errin® [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] prevent [[conception]] by suppressing [[ovulation]] in approximately half of users, thickening the [[cervical]] [[mucus]] to inhibit [[sperm]] penetration, lowering the midcycle [[LH]] and [[FSH]] peaks, slowing the movement of the [[ovum]] through the [[fallopian tubes]], and altering the [[endometrium]].
|mechAction=
 
*Errin® [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] prevent conception by suppressing [[ovulation]] in approximately half of users, thickening the cervical mucus to inhibit [[sperm]] penetration, lowering the midcycle [[LH]] and [[FSH]] peaks, slowing the movement of the [[ovum]] through the [[fallopian tubes]], and altering the [[endometrium]].


<!--Structure-->
<!--Structure-->
|structure=*Norethindrone, USP is a white to creamy white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is stable in air. Practically insoluble in water; soluble in chloroform and in dioxane; sparingly soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. The chemical name for norethindrone is 17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. The structural formula is as follows:


|structure=
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}02.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
*Norethindrone, USP is a white to creamy white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is stable in air. Practically insoluble in water; soluble in chloroform and in dioxane; sparingly soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. The chemical name for norethindrone is 17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. The structural formula is as follows:
 
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


*Each yellow tablet contains 0.35 mg norethindrone, USP and has the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, corn starch, D&C yellow no. 10 aluminum lake, ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and povidone.
*Each yellow tablet contains 0.35 mg norethindrone, USP and has the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, corn starch, D&C yellow no. 10 aluminum lake, ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and povidone.
Line 366: Line 254:


<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
 
|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|PD=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
 
|PK=*Serum [[progestin]] levels peak about two hours after oral administration, followed by rapid distribution and elimination. By 24 hours after drug ingestion, serum levels are near baseline, making efficacy dependent upon rigid adherence to the dosing schedule. There are large variations in serum levels among individual users. [[Progestin]]-only administration results in lower steady-state serum [[progestin]] levels and a shorter elimination half-life than concomitant administration with [[estrogens]].
|PK=
 
*Serum [[progestin]] levels peak about two hours after oral administration, followed by rapid distribution and elimination. By 24 hours after drug ingestion, serum levels are near baseline, making efficacy dependent upon rigid adherence to the dosing schedule. There are large variations in serum levels among individual users. [[Progestin]]-only administration results in lower steady-state serum [[progestin]] levels and a shorter elimination half-life than concomitant administration with [[estrogens]].


<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
 
|nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|nonClinToxic=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--Clinical Studies-->
<!--Clinical Studies-->
 
|clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
|clinicalStudies=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.


<!--How Supplied-->
<!--How Supplied-->
 
|howSupplied=* Errin® (norethindrone tablets, USP 0.35 mg) are packaged in cartons of six blister cards each containing 28 tablets. Each yellow, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, unscored tablet is debossed with stylized b on one side and 344 on the other side.
|howSupplied=
 
* Errin® (norethindrone tablets, USP 0.35 mg) are packaged in cartons of six blister cards each containing 28 tablets. Each yellow, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, unscored tablet is debossed with stylized b on one side and 344 on the other side.


*Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
*Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
Line 400: Line 273:


<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
 
|fdaPatientInfo=*Counseling Issues
|fdaPatientInfo=
 
*Counseling Issues


*The following points should be discussed with prospective users before prescribing [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]]:
*The following points should be discussed with prospective users before prescribing [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]]:
Line 409: Line 279:
:*The need to use a backup method such as a [[condom]] and [[spermicide]] for the next 48 hours whenever a [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] is taken 3 or more hours late.
:*The need to use a backup method such as a [[condom]] and [[spermicide]] for the next 48 hours whenever a [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptive]] is taken 3 or more hours late.
:*The potential side effects of [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]], particularly [[menstrual]] irregularities.
:*The potential side effects of [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]], particularly [[menstrual]] irregularities.
:*The need to inform the healthcare professional of prolonged episodes of bleeding, [[amenorrhea]] or severe [[abdominal pain]].
:*The need to inform the healthcare professional of prolonged episodes of [[bleeding]], [[amenorrhea]] or severe [[abdominal pain]].
:*The importance of using a barrier method in addition to [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] if a woman is at risk of contracting or transmitting [[STD]]s/[[HIV]].  
:*The importance of using a barrier method in addition to [[progestin]]-only [[oral contraceptives]] if a woman is at risk of contracting or transmitting [[STD]]s/[[HIV]].  


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* ERRIN®<ref>{{Cite web | title =  | url = }}</ref>


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[[Category:Drug]]
[[Category:Drug]]
[[Category:Oral contraceptive]]

Latest revision as of 16:49, 20 August 2015

Norethindrone
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2]

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Overview

Norethindrone is an oral contraceptive that is FDA approved for the prevention of of pregnancy. Common adverse reactions include nausea, headache, abnormal menstrual cycle, breast tenderness, irregular periods.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Prevention of Pregnancy
  • To achieve maximum contraceptive effectiveness, norethindrone tablets must be taken exactly as directed. One tablet is taken every day, at the same time. Administration is continuous, with no interruption between pill packs.
  • Efficacy
  • If used perfectly, the first-year failure rate for progestin-only oral contraceptives is 0.5%. However, the typical failure rate is estimated to be closer to 5%, due to late or omitted pills. Table 1 lists the pregnancy rates for users of all major methods of contraception.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Norethindrone in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Norethindrone in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Norethindrone in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Norethindrone in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Norethindrone in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Warnings

  • Norethindrone tablets do not contain estrogen and, therefore, this insert does not discuss the serious health risks that have been associated with the estrogen component of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). The healthcare professional is referred to the prescribing information of combined oral contraceptives for a discussion of those risks. The relationship between progestin-only oral contraceptives and these risks is not fully defined. The healthcare professional should remain alert to the earliest manifestation of symptoms of any serious disease and discontinue oral contraceptive therapy when appropriate.
  • Delayed Follicular Atresia/Ovarian Cysts
  • If follicular development occurs, atresia of the follicle is sometimes delayed and the follicle may continue to grow beyond the size it would attain in a normal cycle. Generally these enlarged follicles disappear spontaneously. Often they are asymptomatic; in some cases they are associated with mild abdominal pain. Rarely they may twist or rupture, requiring surgical intervention.
  • Some epidemiological studies of oral contraceptive users have reported an increased relative risk of developing breast cancer, particularly at a younger age and apparently related to duration of use. These studies have predominantly involved combined oral contraceptives and there is insufficient data to determine whether the use of POPs similarly increases the risk.
  • A meta-analysis of 54 studies found a small increase in the frequency of having breast cancer diagnosed for women who were currently using combined oral contraceptives or had used them within the past ten years.
  • This increase in the frequency of breast cancer diagnosis, within ten years of stopping use, was generally accounted for by cancers localized to the breast. There was no increase in the frequency of having breast cancer diagnosed ten or more years after cessation of use.
  • Women with breast cancer should not use oral contraceptives because the role of female hormones in breast cancer has not been fully determined.
  • Some studies suggest that oral contraceptive use has been associated with an increase in the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in some populations of women. However, there continues to be controversy about the extent to which such findings may be due to differences in sexual behavior and other factors. There is insufficient data to determine whether the use of POPs increases the risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Precautions

  • General
  • Physical Examination and Follow-up
  • It is considered good medical practice for sexually active women using oral contraceptives to have annual history and physical examinations. The physical examination may be deferred until after initiation of oral contraceptives if requested by the woman and judged appropriate by the healthcare professional.
  • The onset or exacerbation of migraine or development of severe headache with focal neurological symptoms which is recurrent or persistent requires discontinuation of progestin-only contraceptives and evaluation of the cause.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Adverse reactions reported with the use of POPs include:
  • The following adverse reactions were also reported in clinical trials :
Body as a Whole

fatigue, edema

Digestive

vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatitis, jaundice cholestatic

Musculoskeletal

pain in extremity

Neurologic

depression, nervousness

Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions

anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction, hypersensitivity, alopecia, rash, rash pruritic.

Urogenital

genital discharge; breast pain, menstruation delayed, suppressed lactation, vaginal hemorrhage, menorrhagia, withdrawal bleed when product is stopped

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Norethindrone in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • Concurrent use of bosentan and norethindrone containing products may result in decreased concentrations of these contraceptive hormones thereby increasing the risk of unintended pregnancy and unscheduled bleeding.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category
  • Many studies have found no effects on fetal development associated with long-term use of contraceptive doses of oral progestins. The few studies of infant growth and development that have been conducted have not demonstrated significant adverse effects. It is nonetheless prudent to rule out suspected pregnancy before initiating any hormonal contraceptive use.


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Norethindrone in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Norethindrone during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • In general, no adverse effects have been found on breastfeeding performance or on the health, growth, or development of the infant. However, isolated post-marketing cases of decreased milk production have been reported. Small amounts of progestins pass into the breast milk of nursing mothers, resulting in detectable steroid levels in infant plasma.

Pediatric Use

  • Safety and efficacy of norethindronetablets have been established in women of reproductive age. Safety and efficacy are expected to be the same for postpubertal adolescents under the age of 16 and for users 16 years and older. Use of this product before menarche is not indicated.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone with respect to geriatric patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norethindrone in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Norethindrone in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Oral

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Norethindrone in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Norethindrone in the drug label.

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

  • There have been no reports of serious ill effects from overdosage, including ingestion by children.

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Norethindrone in the drug label.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Template:Px
Norethindrone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(17β)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one;
(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-13-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Identifiers
CAS number 68-22-4
ATC code G03AC01 G03DC02 (WHO)
PubChem 6230
DrugBank DB00717
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 298.419 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 64%
Protein binding >95%
Metabolism ?
Half life 7 hours
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status
Routes ?

Mechanism of Action

Structure

  • Norethindrone, USP is a white to creamy white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is stable in air. Practically insoluble in water; soluble in chloroform and in dioxane; sparingly soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. The chemical name for norethindrone is 17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. The structural formula is as follows:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Each yellow tablet contains 0.35 mg norethindrone, USP and has the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, corn starch, D&C yellow no. 10 aluminum lake, ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose and povidone.
  • Meets USP Dissolution Test 2.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Norethindrone in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Serum progestin levels peak about two hours after oral administration, followed by rapid distribution and elimination. By 24 hours after drug ingestion, serum levels are near baseline, making efficacy dependent upon rigid adherence to the dosing schedule. There are large variations in serum levels among individual users. Progestin-only administration results in lower steady-state serum progestin levels and a shorter elimination half-life than concomitant administration with estrogens.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of Norethindrone in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Norethindrone in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • Errin® (norethindrone tablets, USP 0.35 mg) are packaged in cartons of six blister cards each containing 28 tablets. Each yellow, round, flat-faced, beveled-edge, unscored tablet is debossed with stylized b on one side and 344 on the other side.
  • Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
  • KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Norethindrone Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Norethindrone |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Norethindrone |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

  • Counseling Issues
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Norethindrone interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Norethindrone Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ "ERRIN- norethindrone tablet".

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