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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT[[Alcoholism]] |
| {{SI}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}}
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| ==Overview==
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| Alcohol abuse, as described in the [[DSM-IV]], is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the use of [[alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages]] despite negative consequences. It is differentiated from [[alcohol dependence]] by the lack of symptoms such as [[Drug tolerance|tolerance]] and [[withdrawal]]. Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term [[alcoholism]]. However, many definitions of alcoholism exist, and only some are compatible with alcohol abuse.
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| ==Differential Diagnosis==
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| *Adult [[antisocial personality disorder]]
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| *[[Conduct disorder]] in childhood
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| *Nonpathological use of alcohol
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| *Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| ===Prevalence===
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| The 12 month prevalence of alcohol use disorder is:
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| *4,600 per 100,000 (4.6%) in ages 12-17 years
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| *8,500 per 100,000 (8.5%) in age group of 18
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| *12,400 per 100,000 (12.4%) in adult men
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| *4,900 per 100,000 (4.9%) in adult women<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
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| About 18% of American adults have had an alcohol abuse problem at some time in their life, in addition to about 12% who have also had an [[alcohol dependence]] problem. Significant correlations exist between alcohol abuse and other substance abuse disorders.
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| *Availability of alcohol
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| *Cultural attitudes
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| *Genetic predisposition
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| *Personal experiences with alcohol
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| *Peer substance use
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| *Positive expectations of the effect of alcohol<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
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| ==Diagnostic Criteria==
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| ===DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>===
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| {{cquote|
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| *A.A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress,as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
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| :*1.Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
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| :*2.There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
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| :*3.A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol,or recover from its effects.
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| :*4.Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol.
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| :*5.Recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work,school, or home.
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| :*6. Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol.
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| :*7.Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
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| :*8.Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
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| :*9.Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
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| :*10.Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
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| ::*a.A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
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| ::*b.A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
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| :*11.Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
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| ::*a.The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol.
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| ::*b.Alcohol (or a closely related substance, such as a [[benzodiazepine]]) is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
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| Specify if:
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| *In early remission: After full criteria for alcohol use disorder were previously met,none of the criteria for alcohol use disorder have been met for at least 3 months but for
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| less than 12 months (with the exception that Criterion A4, “Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol,” may be met).
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| *In sustained remission: After full criteria for alcohol use disorder were previously met, none of the criteria for alcohol use disorder have been met at any time during a
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| period of 12 months or longer (with the exception that Criterion A4, “Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol,” may be met).
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| Specify if:
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| *In a controlled environment: This additional specifier is used if the individual is in an environment where access to alcohol is restricted.
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| Specify current severity:
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| *Mild: Presence of 2-3 symptoms.
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| *Moderate: Presence of 4-5 symptoms.
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| *Severe: Presence of 6 or more symptoms.
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| }}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[Category:Drinking culture]]
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| [[Category:Alcohol abuse]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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