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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Psychosis}} | | {{Psychosis}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}};{{AE}}{{Vbe}} |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
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| Stress is known to contribute to and trigger psychotic states. A history of psychologically traumatic events, and the recent experience of a stressful event, can both contribute to the development of psychosis. Short-lived psychosis triggered by stress is known as [[brief reactive psychosis]], and patients may spontaneously recover normal functioning within two weeks.<ref name=Jaunch_1988>{{cite journal | last = Jauch | first = D. A. | coauthors = William T. Carpenter, Jr. | year = 1988 | month = February | title = Reactive psychosis. I. Does the pre-DSM-III concept define a third psychosis? | journal = Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 176 | issue = 2 | pages = 72-81 | id = {{PMID|3276813}}}}</ref> In some rare cases, individuals may remain in a state of full-blown psychosis for many years, or perhaps have attenuated psychotic symptoms (such as low intensity hallucinations) present at most times. | | Stress is known to contribute to and trigger psychotic states. A history of psychologically traumatic events, and the recent experience of a stressful event, can both contribute to the development of psychosis. Short-lived psychosis triggered by stress is known as [[brief reactive psychosis]], and patients may spontaneously recover normal functioning within two weeks.<ref name=Jaunch_1988>{{cite journal | last = Jauch | first = D. A. | coauthors = William T. Carpenter, Jr. | year = 1988 | month = February | title = Reactive psychosis. I. Does the pre-DSM-III concept define a third psychosis? | journal = Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 176 | issue = 2 | pages = 72-81 | id = {{PMID|3276813}}}}</ref> In some rare cases, individuals may remain in a state of full-blown psychosis for many years, or perhaps have attenuated psychotic symptoms (such as low intensity hallucinations) present at most times. |
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| Sleep deprivation has been linked to psychosis.<ref name=sleep_dep1>{{cite journal | last = Sharma | first = Verinder | coauthors = Dwight Mazmanian | year = 2003 | month = April | title = Sleep loss and postpartum psychosis | journal = Bipolar Disorders | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 98-105 | id = {{PMID|12680898}} | doi = 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00015.x | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Citation&cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=12680898&dopt=ExternalLink | accessdate = 2006-09-27}}</ref><ref name=sleep_dep2>{{cite journal | last = Chan-Ob | first = T. | coauthors = V. Boonyanaruthee | year = 1999 | month = September | title = Meditation in association with psychosis | journal = Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand | volume = 82 | issue = 9 | pages = 925-930 | id = {{PMID|10561951}}}}</ref><ref name=sleep_dep3>{{cite journal | last = Devillieres | first = P. | coauthors = M. Opitz, P. Clervoy, and J. Stephany | year = 1996 | month = May-June | title = [Delusion and sleep deprivation] | journal = L'Encéphale | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 229-231 | id = {{PMID|}}}}</ref> However, this is not a risk for most people, who merely experience [[hypnagogia|hypnagogic]] or [[hypnopompic]] hallucinations, i.e. unusual sensory experiences or thoughts that appear during waking or drifting off to sleep. These are normal sleep phenomena and are not considered signs of psychosis.<ref name=Ohayon_et_al_1996>{{cite journal | last = Ohayon | first = M. M. | coauthors = R. G. Priest, M. Caulet, and C. Guilleminault | year = 1996 | month = October | title = Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 169 | issue = 4 | pages = 459-467 | id = {{PMID|8894197}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_Abstract&cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=8894197&dopt=ExternalLink | accessdate = 2006-10-21}}</ref> | | Sleep deprivation has been linked to psychosis. |
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| ===="Organic" causes==== | | ===Causes by Organ System=== |
| Psychosis arising from "organic" (non-psychological) conditions is sometimes known as '''secondary psychosis'''. It can be associated with the following [[pathology|pathologies]]:
| | {| |
| *Neurological disorders, including:
| | | |
| **[[Brain tumour]]<ref name=Brain_tumor>{{cite journal | last = Lisanby | first = S. H. | coauthors = C. Kohler, C. L. Swanson, and R. E. Gur | year = 1998 | month = January | title = Psychosis Secondary to Brain Tumor | journal = Seminars in clinical neuropsychiatry | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 12-22 | id = {{PMID|10085187}} }}</ref>
| | |- |
| **[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<ref name=DLB>{{cite journal | last = McKeith | first = Ian G. | year = 2002 | month = February | title = Dementia with Lewy bodies | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 180 | pages = 144-147 | id = {{PMID|11823325}} | url = http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/180/2/144 | accessdate = 2006-09-27}}</ref>
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular''' |
| **[[Multiple sclerosis]]<ref name=multiple_sclerosis>{{es icon}} {{cite journal | last = Rodriguez Gomez | first = Diego | coauthors = Elvira Gonzalez Vazquez and Óscar Perez Carral | date = [[August 16]]-31, 2005 | title = Psicosis aguda como inicio de esclerosis multiple / Acute psychosis as the presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis / Psicose aguda como inicio de esclerose multipla | journal = Revista de Neurología | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 255-256 | id = {{PMID|16075405}} | url = http://www.revneurol.com/LinkOut/formMedLine.asp?Refer=2005320&Revista=RevNeurol | accessdate = 2006-09-27}} </ref>
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes |
| **[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name=Sarcoidosis>{{cite journal | last = Bona | first = Joseph R. | coauthors = Sondralyn M. Fackler, Morris J. Fendley and Charles B. Nemeroff | year = 1998 | month = August | title = Neurosarcoidosis as a Cause of Refractory Psychosis: A Complicated Case Report | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 155 | issue = 8 | pages = 1106-1108 | id = {{PMID|9699702}} | url = http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/8/1106 | accessdate = 2006-09-29 }}</ref>
| | |- |
| **[[Lyme Disease]]<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=7943444&query_hl=53&itool=pubmed_docsum]
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| Fallon BA, Nields JA. "Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness". Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;151(11):1571-83.</ref><ref>Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R."Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder". Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Mar 15;45(6):795.</ref><ref>van den Bergen HA, Smith JP, van der Zwan A. "Lyme psychosis". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1993 Oct 9;137(41):2098-100.</ref>
| | | '''Chemical / poisoning''' |
| **[[Syphilis]] <ref>Kararizou E, Mitsonis C, Dimopoulos N, Gkiatas K, Markou I, Kalfakis N. "Psychosis or simply a new manifestation of neurosyphilis?" J Int Med Res. 2006 May-Jun;34(3):335-7.</ref><ref>Brooke D, Jamie P, Slack R, Sulaiman M, Tyrer P. "Neurosyphilis--a treatable psychosis". Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Oct;151:556.</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mesothelioma]] |
| **[[Alzheimer's Disease]]<ref>Lesser JM, Hughes S. "Psychosis-related disturbances. Psychosis, agitation, and disinhibition in Alzheimer's disease: definitions and treatment options." Geriatrics. 2006 Dec;61(12):14-20. Review.</ref>
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| **[[Parkinson's Disease]]<ref>Wedekind S."Depressive syndrome, psychoses, dementia: frequent manifestations in Parkinson disease" MMW Fortschr Med. 2005 Jun 2;147(22):11. German.</ref>
| | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |
| | | '''Dermatologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | |'''Drugs''' |
| | |bgcolor="Beige"|Alcohol, Dextromethorphan, antihistamines at high doses,Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Cimetidine,Pergolide, Sodium oxybate,Anticholinergic drugs,Atropine, scopalamine, Jimson weed, Antidepressants, Antiepileptics,Isotretinoin, Varenicline, Ziconotide,Cocaine,Amphetamines, LSD, Psilocybin, Mescaline, |
| | MDMA (ecstasy), PCP |
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| *Electrolyte disorders such as:
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| **[[Hypocalcemia]]<ref name=Rossman_1956>{{cite journal | last = Rossman | first = Phillip L. | coauthors = Robert M. Vock | year = 1956 | month = September | title = Postpartum Tetany and Psychosis Due to Hypocalcemia | journal = California Medicine | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 190-193 | id = {{PMID|13356186}} | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1531921&blobtype=pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-16 }}</ref>
| | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' |
| **[[Hypernatremia]]<ref name=Jana_1973>{{cite journal | last = Jana | first = D. K. | coauthors = L. Romano-Jana | year = 1973 | month = October | title = Hypernatremic psychosis in the elderly: case reports | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 21 | issue = 10 | pages = 473-477 | id = {{PMID|4729012}}}}</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
| **[[Hyponatremia]]<ref name=Haensch_et_al_1996>{{cite journal | last = Haensch | first = C. A. | coauthors = G. Hennen and J. Jorg | year = 1996 | month = April | title = [Reversible exogenous psychosis in thiazide-induced hyponatremia of 97 mmol/l] | journal = Der Nervenarzt | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 319-322 | id = {{PMID|8684511}}}}</ref>
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| **[[Hypokalemia]]<ref name=Hafez_et_al_1984>{{cite journal | last = Hafez | first = H. | coauthors = J. S. Strauss, M. D. Aronson, and C. Holt | year = 1984 | month = June | title = Hypokalemia-induced psychosis in a chronic schizophrenic patient | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 6 | pages = 277-279 | id = {{PMID|6725222}}}}</ref>
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| **[[Hypomagnesemia]]<ref name=Konstantakos_2006>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1122.htm | title = Hypomagnesemia | accessmonthday = [[October 16]] | accessyear = [[2006]] | last = Konstantakos | first = Anastasios K. | coauthors = Enrique Grisoni | date = [[May 25]], [[2006]] | work = eMedicine | publisher = WebMD}}</ref>
| | | '''Endocrine''' |
| **[[Hypermagnesemia]]<ref name=Velasco_et_al_1999>{{cite journal | last = Velasco | first = P. Joel | coauthors = Manoochehr Manshadi, Kevin Breen, and Steven Lippmann | year = 1999 | month = December | title = Psychiatric Aspects of Parathyroid Disease | journal = Psychosomatics | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 486-490 | id = {{PMID|10581976}} | url = http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/486 | accessdate = 2006-10-17}}</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
| **[[Hypercalcemia]]<ref name=Rosenthal_et_al_1997>{{cite journal | last = Rosenthal | first = M. | coauthors = I. Gil and B. Habot | year = 1997 | title = Primary hyperparathyroidism: neuropsychiatric manifestations and case report | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 122-125 | id = {{PMID|9231574}}}}</ref>
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| **[[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name=Nanji_1984>{{cite journal | last = Nanji | first = A. A. | year = 1984 | month = November | title = The psychiatric aspect of hypophosphatemia | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 599-600 | id = {{PMID|6391648}}}}</ref>
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| *[[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name=hypoglycemia>{{cite online journal | last = Padder | first = Tanveer | coauthors = Aparna Udyawar, Nouman Azhar, and Kamil Jaghab | year = 2005 | month = December | title = Acute Hypoglycemia Presenting as Acute Psychosis | journal = Psychiatry online | url = http://www.priory.com/psych/hypg.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-27}}</ref>
| | | '''Environmental''' |
| *[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus|Lupus]]<ref name=Lupus_Psychosis_India>{{cite journal | last = Robert | first = M. | coauthors = R. Sunitha, and N. K. Thulaseedharan | year = 2006 | month = March | title = Neuropsychiatric manifestations systemic lupus erythematosus: A study from South India | journal = Neurology India | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 75-77 | id = {{PMID|16679649}} | url = http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2006;volume=54;issue=1;spage=75;epage=77;aulast=Robert | accessdate = 2006-09-29 }}</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
| *[[AIDS]]<ref name=>{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Dwight L. | coauthors = Karen I. Mason, Jane Leserman, Russell Bauer And John Petitto | editor = Kenneth L Davis, Dennis Charney, Joseph T Coyle, Charles Nemeroff | title = Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress | url = http://www.acnp.org/default.aspx?Page=5thGenerationChapters | accessdate = 2006-10-16 | edition = 5th | date = 2002-02-01 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | id = ISBN 0-7817-2837-1 | pages = 1281-1301 | chapter = Chapter 90: Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection and AIDS | chapterurl = http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000149/CH146.html }}</ref>
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| *[[Leprosy]]<ref name=Lowinger_1959>{{cite journal | last = Lowinger | first = Paul | year = 1959 | month = July | title = LEPROSY AND PSYCHOSIS | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 32-37 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.116.1.32 | id = {{PMID|}} | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/1/32 | accessdate = 2006-10-17}}</ref><ref name=Ponomareff_1965>{{cite journal | last = Ponomareff | first = G. L. | year = 1965 | month = June | title = PHENOMENOLOGY OF DELUSIONS IN A CASE OF LEPROSY | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 121 | issue = 12 | pages = 1211 | id = {{PMID|14286061}} | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/121/12/1211 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-17}}</ref>
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| *[[Malaria]]<ref name=Tilluckdharry_et_al_1996>{{cite journal | last = Tilluckdharry | first = C. C. | coauthors = D. D. Chaddee, R. Doon, and J. Nehall | year = 1996 | month = March | title = A case of vivax malaria presenting with psychosis | journal = West Indian Medical Journal | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 39-40 | id = {{PMID|8693739}}}}</ref>
| | | '''Gastroenterologic''' |
| *Adult-onset [[vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy]]<!--
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| | | '''Genetic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Hematologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Iatrogenic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Infectious Disease''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[AIDS]],Leprosy, Malaria, Mumps, Flu, Lyme disease, Syphilis |
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| | | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Amyotropic lateral sclerosis]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[Polyradiculitis]] |
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| | | '''Neurologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinsons]], [[ Lewy bodydementia ]]Adult-onset vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy, Late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy |
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| --><ref name="pmid17470759">{{cite journal |author=Denier C, Orgibet A, Roffi F, Jouvent E, Buhl C, Niel F, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Said G, Ducreux D |title=Adult-onset vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy presenting as psychosis |journal=Neurology |volume=68 |issue=18 |pages=1538-9 |year=2007 |pmid=17470759 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000260701.76868.44}}</ref><!-- | | |- |
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| | | '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Oncologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | Brain tumor |
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| | | '''Opthalmologic''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Overdose / Toxicity''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Psychiatric''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | |
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| | | '''Pulmonary''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| | | '''Renal / Electrolyte''' |
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | Hypocalcemia, Hypernatremia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hypophosphatemia |
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| *Late-onset [[metachromatic leukodystrophy]]<!--
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| | | | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' |
| --><ref name="pmid9411279">{{cite journal |author=Hermle L, Becker FW, Egan PJ, Kolb G, Wesiack B, Spitzer M |title=[Metachromatic leukodystrophy simulating schizophrenia-like psychosis] |language=German |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=754-8 |year=1997 |pmid=9411279 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12928504">{{cite journal |author=Black DN, Taber KH, Hurley RA |title=Metachromatic leukodystrophy: a model for the study of psychosis |journal=The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=289-93 |year=2003 |pmid=12928504 |doi=}}[http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/15/3/289 free full text]</ref><ref name="pmid15644995">{{cite journal |author=Kumperscak HG, Paschke E, Gradisnik P, Vidmar J, Bradac SU |title=Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy: disorganized schizophrenia-like symptoms and postpartum depression in 2 sisters |journal=Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=33-6 |year=2005 |pmid=15644995 |doi=}}[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=543838 free full text]</ref><!--
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Lupus]] |
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| | | | '''Sexual''' |
| Psychosis can even be caused by apparently innocuous ailments such as [[flu]]<ref name=Steinberg_et_al_1959>{{cite journal | last = Steinberg | first = D. | coauthors = S. R. Hirsch, S. D. Marston, K. Reynolds, and R. N. Sutton | year = 1972 | month = May | title = Influenza infection causing manic psychosis | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 120 | issue = 558 | pages = 531-535 | id = {{PMID|5041533}}}}</ref><ref name=Maurizi_1985>{{cite journal | last = Maurizi | first = C. P. | year = 1985 | month = February | title = Influenza and mania: a possible connection with the locus ceruleus | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 207-209 | id = {{PMID|3975719}}}}</ref> or [[mumps]].<ref name=Keddie_1965>{{cite journal | last = Keddie | first = K. M. | year = 1965 | month = August | title = Toxic psychosis following mumps | journal = British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 111 | pages = 691-696 | id = {{PMID|14337417}}}}</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
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| ====Psychoactive drugs====
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| Psychotic states may occur with [[Psychoactive drug]] [[intoxication]] or [[withdrawal]]. Drugs whose use, abuse or withdrawal are implicated include:
| | | '''Trauma''' |
| *[[Ethanol|Alcohol]]<ref name=alcohol>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3113.htm | title = Alcohol-Related Psychosis |accessmonthday = [[September 27]] | accessyear = 2006 | last = Larson | first = Michael | date = 2006-03-30 | work = eMedicine | publisher = WebMD}}</ref><ref name=>{{cite journal | last = Soyka | first = Michael | year = 1990 | month = March | title = Psychopathological characteristics in alcohol hallucinosis and paranoid schizophrenia. | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 255-9 | id = {{PMID|2343749}}}}</ref><ref name=Gossman_2005>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic123.htm | title = Delirium Tremens | accessmonthday = October 16 | accessyear = 2006 | last = Gossman | first = William | date = November 19, 2005 | work = eMedicine | publisher = WebMD}}</ref>
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying cause |
| *OTC drugs, such as:
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| **[[Dextromethorphan]]
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| **Certain [[antihistamine]]s at high doses.<ref name=diphenhydramine_trip_therapeutic>{{cite journal | last = Sexton | first = J. D. | coauthors = D. J. Pronchik | year = 1997 | month = September | title = Diphenhydramine-induced psychosis with therapeutic doses | journal = American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 548-549 | id = {{PMID|9270406}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=9270406&dopt=ExternalLink | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref><ref name=diphenhydramine_trip_supratherapeutic>{{cite journal | last = Lang | first = K. | coauthors = H. Sigusch, and S. Muller | date = [[December 8]], [[1995]] | title = [An anticholinergic syndrome with hallucinatory psychosis after diphenhydramine poisoning] | journal = Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 120 | issue = 49 | pages = 1695-1698 | id = {{PMID|7497894}}}}</ref><ref name=diphenhydramine_poisoning_psychosis>{{cite journal | last = Schreiber | first = W. | coauthors = A. M. Pauls and J. C. Kreig | date = [[February 5]], [[1988]] | title = [Toxic psychosis as an acute manifestation of diphenhydramine poisoning] | journal = Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 113 | issue = 5 | pages = 180-183 | id = {{PMID|3338401}}}}</ref><ref name=Promethazine>{{cite journal | last = Timnak | first = Charles | coauthors = Ondria Gleason | year = 2004 | month = January-February | title = Promethazine-Induced Psychosis in a 16-Year-Old Girl | journal = Psychosomatics | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 89-90 | id = {{PMID|14709767}} | url = http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/45/1/89 | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref>
| | | '''Urologic''' |
| **Cold Medications<ref>[http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/108/3/e52 Official Journal of American Pediatrics - PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 3 September 2001, p. e52 ]</ref> (ie. containing [[PPA]], or [[phenylpropanolamine]])
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes |
| *prescription drugs, such as:
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| **[[Barbiturate]]s<ref name=de_Paola_et_al_2004>{{cite journal | last = de Paola | first = Luciano | coauthors = Maria Joana Mäder, Francisco M.B. Germiniani, Patrícia Coral, Jorge A.A. Zavala, Djon J. Watzo, Jorge Kanegusuku, Carlos E.S. Silvado, and Lineu C. Werneck | year = 2004 | month = June | title = Bizarre behavior during intracarotid sodium amytal testing (Wada test): Are they predictable? | journal = Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria | volume = 62 | issue = 2B | pages = 444-448 | doi = 10.1590/S0004-282X2004000300012 | id = {{PMID|15273841}} | url = http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2004000300012&tlng=es&lng=en&nrm=iso | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref><ref name=Sarrecchia_et_al_1998>{{cite journal | last = Sarrecchia | first = C. | coauthors = P. Sordillo, G. Conte, and G. Rocchi | year = 1998 | month = October-December | title = [Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication] | journal = Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 237-239 | id = {{PMID|10349206}}}}</ref>
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| **[[Benzodiazepine]]s<ref name=White_et_al_1982>{{cite journal | last = White | first = M. C. | coauthors = J. J. Silverman, and J. W. Harbison | year = 1982 | month = February | title = Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm | journal = Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 170 | issue = 2 | pages = 117-9 | id = {{PMID|7057171}}}}</ref><ref name=Jaffe_et_al_1986>{{cite journal | last = Jaffe | first = R. | coauthors = E. Gibson | year = 1986 | month = June | title = Clonazepam withdrawal psychosis | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 193 | id = {{PMID|3711371}}}}</ref><ref name=Hallberg_et_al_1964>{{cite journal | last = Hallberg | first = R. J. | coauthors = K. Lessler and F. J. Kane | year = 1964 | month = August | title = KORSAKOFF-LIKE PSYCHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH BENZODIAZEPINE OVERDOSAGE | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 188-189 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.121.2.188 | id = {{PMID|14194223}} | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/121/2/188 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref>
| | | '''Miscellaneous''' |
| **Anticholinergic drugs
| | | bgcolor="Beige" | Sarcoidosis |
| ***[[Atropine]]<ref name=Bergman_et_al_1980>{{cite journal | last = Bergman | first = K. R. | coauthors = C. Pearson, G. W. Waltz, and R. Evans III year = 1980 | month = December | title = Atropine-induced psychosis. An unusual complication of therapy with inhaled atropine sulfate | journal = Chest | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | pages = 891-893 | id = {{PMID|7449475}} | url = http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/6/891 | format = Infotrieve | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref><ref name=Varghese_et_al_1990>{{cite journal | last = Varghese | first = S. | coauthors = N. Vettath, K. Iyer, J. M. Puliyel, and M. M. Puliyel | year = 1990 | month = June | title = Ocular atropine induced psychosis--is there a direct access route to the brain? | journal = Journal of the Association of Physicians of India | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 444-445 | id = {{PMID|2384469}}}}</ref>
| | |} |
| ***[[Scopolamine]]<ref name=Barak_and_Weiner_2006>{{cite journal | last = Barak | first = Segev | coauthors = Ina Weiner | date = [[September 13]], [[2006]] | title = Scopolamine Induces Disruption of Latent Inhibition Which is Prevented by Antipsychotic Drugs and an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1301208 | id = {{PMID|16971898}} | url = http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/1301208a.html | accessdate = 2006-10-15}}</ref>
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| ***[[Jimson weed]]<ref name=Kurzbaum>{{cite journal | last = Kurzbaum | first = Alberto | coauthors = Claudia Simsolo, Ludmilla Kvasha and Arnon Blum | year = 2001 | month = July | title = Toxic Delirium due to Datura Stramonium | journal = Israel Medical Association Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 538-539 | id = {{PMID|11791426}} | url = http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar01jul-16.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-17}}</ref>
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| **[Antidepressants]]
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| **[[Antiepileptics]]<ref>Ettinger AB. "Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs". Neurology. 2006 Dec 12;67(11):1916-25.</ref>
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| **Medications (usually cold medications) that contain [[phenylpropanolamine]] or [[PPA]] <ref>http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=3060884 Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine, ''Pharmacopsychiatry'' 1988 Jul; 21(4):171-81</ref>
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| ** Other medications- [[Isotretinoin]]
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| *"Street" drugs, such as:
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| **[[Cocaine]]<ref name=>{{cite journal | last = Brady | first = K. T. | coauthors = R. B. Lydiard, R. Malcolm, and J. C. Ballenger | year = 1991 | month = December | title = Cocaine-induced psychosis. | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 52 | issue = 12 | pages = 509-512 | id = {{PMID|1752853}}}}</ref>
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| **[[Amphetamine]]s
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| **[[Hallucinogens]] such as
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| ***[[LSD]]
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| ***[[Psilocybin]]
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| ***[[Mescaline]]
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| ***[[MDMA]] (ecstasy)
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| ***[[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<ref name=psychotic_PCP_rats>{{cite journal | last = Reynolds | first = Lindsay M. | coauthors = Susan M. Cochran, Brian J. Morris, Judith A. Pratt and Gavin P. Reynolds | date = [[March 1]], [[2005]] | title = Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in ''N''-acetylaspartate and ''N''-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 73 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 147-152 | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.003 | id = {{PMID|15653257}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15653257&dopt=ExternalLink | accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref>
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| Intoxication with drugs that have general depressant effects on the [[central nervous system]] (especially alcohol and barbiturates) tend not to cause psychosis during use, and can actually decrease or lessen the impact of symptoms in some people. However, ''withdrawal'' from barbiturates and alcohol can be particularly dangerous, leading to psychosis or delirium and other, potentially lethal, withdrawal effects.
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| Some studies indicate that [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use may lower the threshold for psychosis, and thus help to trigger full-blown psychosis in some people.<ref name = Deg> {{cite journal| last = Degenhardt | first = L | authorlink = | coauthors = Smith J, Steel R, Johnstone CE, Frith CD | title = Editorial: The link between cannabis use and psychosis: furthering the debate. | journal = Psychological Medicine| volume = 33| issue = | pages = 3-6| publisher = PubMed| date = 2003| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12537030| doi = | id = PMID 12537030 | accessdate = 2006-08-19 }}</ref> Early studies have been criticized for failing to consider other drugs (such as [[LSD]]) that the participants may have used before or during the study, as well as other factors such as pre-existing ("comorbid") mental illness. However, more recent studies with better controls have still found a small increase in risk for psychosis in cannabis users.
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| It is not clear whether this is a causal link, and it is possible that cannabis use only increases the chance of psychosis in people already predisposed to it; or that people with developing psychosis use cannabis to provide temporary relief of their mental discomfort. The fact that cannabis use has increased over the past few decades, whereas the rate of psychosis has not, suggests that a direct causal link is unlikely for all users.<ref> {{cite paper| author = Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M | title = Comorbidity between cannabis use and psychosis: Modelling some possible relationships.| version = Technical Report No. 121. | publisher = Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.| date = 2001 | url = http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/NDARCWeb.nsf/resources/TR_18/$file/TR.121.PDF| format = [[PDF]]| accessdate = 2006-08-19 }}</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Psychiatry]]
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| [[Category:Needs overview]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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