Oxandrolone: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 16: Line 16:
|drugClass=
|drugClass=


anabolic steroid
anabolic [[steroid]]


|indication=
|indication=


weight loss following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe trauma, and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein catabolism associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids, and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying osteoporosis.
[[weight loss]] following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe [[trauma]], and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein [[catabolism]] associated with prolonged administration of [[corticosteroids]], and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying [[osteoporosis]]


|hasBlackBoxWarning=
|hasBlackBoxWarning=
Line 28: Line 28:
|adverseReactions=
|adverseReactions=


edema, increased risk of atherosclerosis, cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, atrophy of testis, erectile dysfunction, and priapism
[[edema]], increased risk of [[atherosclerosis]], cholestatic [[hepatitis]], [[jaundice]], testicular atropy, [[erectile dysfunction]], and [[priapism]]


<!--Black Box Warning-->
<!--Black Box Warning-->
Line 66: Line 66:
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=


Alcoholic hepatitis
=====Alcoholic hepatitis=====


Oxandrolone (80 milligrams daily)
*Oxandrolone (80 milligrams daily).<ref name="pmid6390194">{{cite journal| author=Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg S, Kiernan T, Seeff LB et al.| title=Short-term and long-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and prednisolone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 311 | issue= 23 | pages= 1464-70 | pmid=6390194 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198412063112302 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6390194  }} </ref>


Burn, Severe; Adjunct
=====Burn, Severe; Adjunct=====


Oxandrolone 20 mg/day in 2 divided doses
*Oxandrolone 20 mg/day in 2 divided doses.<ref name="pmid9253907">{{cite journal| author=Demling RH, DeSanti L| title=Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, significantly increases the rate of weight gain in the recovery phase after major burns. | journal=J Trauma | year= 1997 | volume= 43 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-51 | pmid=9253907 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9253907  }} </ref>


Cachexia associated with AIDS
=====Cachexia associated with AIDS=====


Turner syndrome
*Oxandrolone 20 milligrams.<ref name="pmid16540931">{{cite journal| author=Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs A, Glesby M, Bhasin S| title=Oxandrolone in the treatment of HIV-associated weight loss in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | journal=J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr | year= 2006 | volume= 41 | issue= 3 | pages= 304-14 | pmid=16540931 | doi=10.1097/01.qai.0000197546.56131.40 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16540931  }} </ref>


<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
Line 100: Line 100:
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=


Burn, Severe; Adjunct
=====Burn, Severe; Adjunct=====


Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg orally twice daily  
*Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg orally twice daily.<ref name="pmid22463890">{{cite journal| author=Porro LJ, Herndon DN, Rodriguez NA, Jennings K, Klein GL, Mlcak RP et al.| title=Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 214 | issue= 4 | pages= 489-502; discussion 502-4 | pmid=22463890 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.038 | pmc=PMC3412530 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22463890  }} </ref>
 
=====Turner syndrome=====
 
*Oral oxandrolone in usual dosages of 0.125 mg/kg/day for 1 to 2 years.<ref name="pmid448501">{{cite journal| author=Urban MD, Lee PA, Dorst JP, Plotnick LP, Migeon CJ| title=Oxandrolone therapy in patients with Turner syndrome. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1979 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 823-7 | pmid=448501 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=448501  }} </ref>


<!--Contraindications-->
<!--Contraindications-->
Line 108: Line 112:
|contraindications=
|contraindications=


*Known or suspected carcinoma of the prostate or the male breast.
*Known or suspected [[prostate cancer]] or the [[male breast]].


*Carcinoma of the breast in females with hypercalcemia (androgenic anabolic steroids may stimulate osteolytic bone resorption).
*[[Breast cancer]] in females with [[hypercalcemia]] (androgenic [[anabolic steroids]] may stimulate [[osteolytic]] bone resorption).


*Pregnancy, because of possible masculinization of the fetus. Oxandrolone has been shown to cause embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, infertility, and masculinization of female animal offspring when given in doses 9 times the human dose.
*[[Pregnancy]], because of possible [[masculinization]] of the fetus. Oxandrolone has been shown to cause embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, [[infertility]], and masculinization of female animal offspring when given in doses 9 times the human dose.


*Nephrosis, the nephrotic phase of nephritis.
*[[Nephrosis]], the nephrotic phase of [[nephritis]].


*Hypercalcemia.
*[[Hypercalcemia]].


<!--Warnings-->
<!--Warnings-->
Line 122: Line 126:
|warnings=
|warnings=


*Cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice may occur with 17-alpha-alkylated androgens at a relatively low dose. If cholestatic hepatitis with jaundice appears or if liver function tests become abnormal, oxandrolone should be discontinued and the etiology should be determined. Drug-induced jaundice is reversible when the medication is discontinued.
*Cholestatic [[hepatitis]] and [[jaundice]] may occur with 17-alpha-alkylated [[androgens]] at a relatively low dose. If cholestatic hepatitis with [[jaundice]] appears or if liver function tests become abnormal, oxandrolone should be discontinued and the etiology should be determined. Drug-induced [[jaundice]] is reversible when the medication is discontinued.


*In patients with breast cancer, anabolic steroid therapy may cause hypercalcemia by stimulating osteolysis. Oxandrolone therapy should be discontinued if hypercalcemia occurs.
*In patients with [[breast cancer]], anabolic steroid therapy may cause [[hypercalcemia]] by stimulating [[osteolysis]]. Oxandrolone therapy should be discontinued if hypercalcemia occurs.


*Edema with or without congestive heart failure may be a serious complication in patients with pre-existing cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease. Concomitant administration of adrenal cortical steroid or ACTH may increase the edema.
*[[Edema]] with or without [[congestive heart failure]] may be a serious complication in patients with pre-existing cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease. Concomitant administration of adrenal cortical [[steroid]] or [[ACTH]] may increase the [[edema]].


*In children, androgen therapy may accelerate bone maturation without producing compensatory gain in linear growth. This adverse effect results in compromised adult height.   The younger the child, the greater the risk of compromising final mature height. The effect on bone maturation should be monitored by assessing bone age of the left wrist and hand every 6 months (See PRECAUTIONS: Laboratory Tests).
*In children, androgen therapy may accelerate bone maturation without producing compensatory gain in linear growth. This adverse effect results in compromised adult height. The younger the child, the greater the risk of compromising final mature height. The effect on bone maturation should be monitored by assessing bone age of the left wrist and hand every 6 months.


*Geriatric patients treated with androgenic anabolic steroids may be at an increased risk for the development of prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma.
*Geriatric patients treated with androgenic anabolic steroids may be at an increased risk for the development of [[prostatic hypertrophy]] and prostatic carcinoma.


*Anabolic steroids have not been shown to enhance athletic ability.
*Anabolic steroids have not been shown to enhance athletic ability.
Line 136: Line 140:
====Precautions====
====Precautions====


* Concurrent dosing of oxandrolone with warfarin may result in unexpectedly large increases in the INR or prothrombin time (PT). When oxandrolone is prescribed to patients being treated with warfarin, doses of warfarin may need to be decreased significantly to maintain the desirable INR level and diminish the risk of potentially serious bleeding (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions).
* Concurrent dosing of oxandrolone with [[warfarin]] may result in unexpectedly large increases in the [[INR]] or [[prothrombin time]] (PT). When oxandrolone is prescribed to patients being treated with [[warfarin]], doses of warfarin may need to be decreased significantly to maintain the desirable INR level and diminish the risk of potentially serious bleeding.


*General
*General
:*Women should be observed for signs of virilization (deepening of the voice, hirsutism, acne, clitoromegaly). Discontinuation of drug therapy at the time of evidence of mild virilism is necessary to prevent irreversible virilization. Some virilizing changes in women are irreversible even after prompt discontinuance of therapy and are not prevented by concomitant use of estrogens. Menstrual irregularities may also occur.
:*Women should be observed for signs of [[virilization]] (deepening of the voice, [[hirsutism]], [[acne]], [[clitoromegaly]]). Discontinuation of drug therapy at the time of evidence of mild [[virilism]] is necessary to prevent irreversible [[virilization]]. Some virilizing changes in women are irreversible even after prompt discontinuance of therapy and are not prevented by concomitant use of [[estrogens]]. Menstrual irregularities may also occur.
:*Anabolic steroids may cause suppression of clotting factors II, V, VII, and X, and an increase in prothrombin time.
:*Anabolic steroids may cause suppression of [[clotting factors]] II, V, VII, and X, and an increase in [[prothrombin time]].


<!--Adverse Reactions-->
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
Line 148: Line 152:
|clinicalTrials=
|clinicalTrials=


*Patients with moderate to severe COPD or COPD patients who are unresponsive to bronchodilators should be monitored closely for COPD exacerbation and fluid retention.
*Patients with moderate to severe COPD or COPD patients who are unresponsive to [[bronchodilators]] should be monitored closely for COPD exacerbation and fluid retention.


*The following adverse reactions have been associated with use of anabolic steroids: Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice with, rarely, hepatic necrosis and death. Hepatocellular neoplasms and peliosis hepatis with long-term therapy (See WARNINGS). Reversible changes in liver function tests also occur including increased bromsulfophthalein (BSP) retention, changes in alkaline phosphatase and increases in serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)
*The following adverse reactions have been associated with use of anabolic steroids: Hepatic: Cholestatic [[jaundice]] with, rarely, hepatic necrosis and death. Hepatocellular neoplasms and [[peliosis hepatis]] with long-term therapy. Reversible changes in liver function tests also occur including increased bromsulfophthalein (BSP) retention, changes in alkaline phosphatase and increases in serum [[bilirubin]], [[aspartate aminotransferase]] (AST, SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)


*In males:
*In males:
:*Prepubertal: Phallic enlargement and increased frequency or persistence of erections.
:*Prepubertal: Phallic enlargement and increased frequency or persistence of erections.
:*Postpubertal: Inhibition of testicular function, testicular atrophy and oligospermia, impotence, chronic priapism, epididymitis, and bladder irritability.
:*Postpubertal: Inhibition of testicular function, testicular atrophy and [[oligospermia]], [[impotence]], chronic [[priapism]], [[epididymitis]], and bladder irritability.


*In females:
*In females:
:*Clitoral enlargement, menstrual irregularities.
:*[[Clitoromegaly]], menstrual irregularities.


=====CNS=====
=====CNS=====


Habituation, excitation, insomnia, depression, and changes in libido.
Habituation, excitation, [[insomnia]], depression, and changes in [[libido]].


=====Hematologic=====
=====Hematologic=====


Bleeding in patients on concomitant oral anticoagulant therapy.
[[Bleeding]] in patients on concomitant oral [[anticoagulant]] therapy.


=====Breast=====
=====Breast=====


Gynecomastia.
[[Gynecomastia]].


=====Larynx=====
=====Larynx=====
Line 177: Line 181:
=====Hair=====
=====Hair=====


Hirsutism and male pattern baldness in females.
[[Hirsutism]] and male pattern [[baldness]] in females.


=====Skin=====
=====Skin=====


Acne (especially in females and prepubertal males).
[[Acne]] (especially in females and [[prepubertal]] males).


=====Skeletal=====
=====Skeletal=====
Line 189: Line 193:
=====Fluid and electrolytes=====
=====Fluid and electrolytes=====


Edema, retention of serum electrolytes (sodium chloride, potassium, phosphate, calcium).
[[Edema]], retention of serum [[electrolytes]] (sodium chloride, potassium, phosphate, calcium).


=====Metabolic/Endocrine=====
=====Metabolic/Endocrine=====


Decreased glucose tolerance, increased creatinine excretion, increased serum levels of  creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). Masculinization of the fetus. Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion.
Decreased [[glucose tolerance]], increased [[creatinine]] excretion, increased serum levels of  [[creatinine phosphokinase]] (CPK). [[Masculinization]] of the fetus. Inhibition of [[gonadotropin]] secretion.


<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
Line 206: Line 210:


* Anticoagulants
* Anticoagulants
:*Anabolic steroids may increase sensitivity to oral anticoagulants. Dosage of the anticoagulant may have to be decreased in order to maintain desired prothrombin time. Patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy require close monitoring, especially when anabolic steroids are started or stopped.
:*Anabolic steroids may increase sensitivity to oral [[anticoagulants]]. Dosage of the anticoagulant may have to be decreased in order to maintain desired prothrombin time. Patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy require close monitoring, especially when anabolic steroids are started or stopped.


*Warfarin
*Warfarin
:*A multidose study of oxandrolone, given as 5 or 10 mg bid in 15 healthy subjects concurrently treated with warfarin, resulted in a mean increase in S-warfarin half-life from 26 to 48 hours and AUC from 4.55 to 12.08 ng*hr/mL; similar increases in R-warfarin half-life and AUC were also detected. Microscopic hematuria (9/15) and gingival bleeding (1/15) were also observed. A 5.5-fold decrease in the mean warfarin dose from 6.13 mg/day to 1.13 mg/day (approximately 80-85% reduction of warfarin dose), was necessary to maintain a target INR of 1.5. When oxandrolone therapy is initiated in a patient already receiving treatment with warfarin, the INR or prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted as necessary until a stable target INR or PT has been achieved. Furthermore, in patients receiving both drugs, careful monitoring of the INR or PT, and adjustment of the warfarin dosage if indicated are recommended when the oxandrolone dose is changed or discontinued. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of occult bleeding.
:*A multidose study of oxandrolone, given as 5 or 10 mg bid in 15 healthy subjects concurrently treated with [[warfarin]], resulted in a mean increase in S-warfarin half-life from 26 to 48 hours and AUC from 4.55 to 12.08 ng*hr/mL; similar increases in R-warfarin half-life and AUC were also detected. Microscopic [[hematuria]] (9/15) and [[gingival bleeding]] (1/15) were also observed. A 5.5-fold decrease in the mean warfarin dose from 6.13 mg/day to 1.13 mg/day (approximately 80-85% reduction of warfarin dose), was necessary to maintain a target INR of 1.5. When oxandrolone therapy is initiated in a patient already receiving treatment with warfarin, the INR or [[prothrombin time]] (PT) should be monitored closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted as necessary until a stable target INR or PT has been achieved. Furthermore, in patients receiving both drugs, careful monitoring of the INR or PT, and adjustment of the warfarin dosage if indicated are recommended when the oxandrolone dose is changed or discontinued. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of occult bleeding.


*Oral hypoglycemic agents
*Oral hypoglycemic agents
:*Oxandrolone may inhibit the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents.
:*Oxandrolone may inhibit the metabolism of [[oral hypoglycemic agent]]s.


*Adrenal steroids or ACTH
*Adrenal steroids or ACTH
:*In patients with edema, concomitant administration with adrenal cortical steroids or ACTH may increase the edema.
:*In patients with [[edema]], concomitant administration with adrenal cortical steroids or [[ACTH]] may increase the [[edema]].


<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
Line 236: Line 240:
|useInPed=
|useInPed=


*Anabolic agents may accelerate epiphyseal maturation more rapidly than linear growth in children and the effect may continue for 6 months after the drug has been stopped. Therefore, therapy should be monitored by x-ray studies at 6-month intervals in order to avoid the risk of compromising adult height. Androgenic anabolic steroid therapy should be used very cautiously in children and only by specialists who are aware of the effects on bone maturation (See WARNINGS).
*Anabolic agents may accelerate epiphyseal maturation more rapidly than linear growth in children and the effect may continue for 6 months after the drug has been stopped. Therefore, therapy should be monitored by x-ray studies at 6-month intervals in order to avoid the risk of compromising adult height. Androgenic anabolic steroid therapy should be used very cautiously in children and only by specialists who are aware of the effects on bone maturation.


|useInGeri=
|useInGeri=
Line 283: Line 287:
*No symptoms or signs associated with overdosage have been reported. It is possible that sodium and water retention may occur.
*No symptoms or signs associated with overdosage have been reported. It is possible that sodium and water retention may occur.


*The oral LD50 of oxandrolone in mice and dogs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg. No specific antidote is known, but gastric lavage may be used.
*The oral LD50 of oxandrolone in mice and dogs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg. No specific antidote is known, but [[gastric lavage]] may be used.


===Chronic Overdose===
===Chronic Overdose===
Line 295: Line 299:
|drugBox=
|drugBox=


{{Drugbox2
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 462266722
| IUPAC_name = 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one
| image = Oxandrolone00.png
| width = 200
| image2 = Oxandrolone000.gif
| width2 = 200
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename =
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|oxandrolone}}
| MedlinePlus = a604024
| pregnancy_category = X
| legal_status = [[Controlled Substances Act|Schedule III]] (US)
| routes_of_administration = Oral
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 97%
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = Hepatic
| elimination_half-life = 9 hours
| excretion = Urinary:90%; Fecal:7%
<!--Identifiers-->
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 53-39-4
| ATC_prefix = A14
| ATC_suffix = AA08
| ATC_supplemental =
| PubChem = 5878
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00621
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5667
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 7H6TM3CT4L
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00462
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 7820
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1200436


<!--Chemical data-->
| C=19 | H=30 | O=3
| molecular_weight = 306.44 g/mol
| smiles = O=C3OC[C@@]2([C@H]1CC[C@@]4(C)[C@H]([C@@H]1CC[C@H]2C3)CC[C@@]4(O)C)C
| InChI = 1/C19H30O3/c1-17-11-22-16(20)10-12(17)4-5-13-14(17)6-8-18(2)15(13)7-9-19(18,3)21/h12-15,21H,4-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
| InChIKey = QSLJIVKCVHQPLV-PEMPUTJUBY
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H30O3/c1-17-11-22-16(20)10-12(17)4-5-13-14(17)6-8-18(2)15(13)7-9-19(18,3)21/h12-15,21H,4-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = QSLJIVKCVHQPLV-PEMPUTJUSA-N
}}


<!--Mechanism of Action-->
<!--Mechanism of Action-->
Line 301: Line 360:
|mechAction=
|mechAction=


*Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Certain clinical effects and adverse reactions demonstrate the androgenic properties of this class of drugs. Complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects has not been achieved. The actions of anabolic steroids are therefore similar to those of male sex hormones with the possibility of causing serious disturbances of growth and sexual development if given to young children. Anabolic steroids suppress the gonadotropic functions of the pituitary and may exert a direct effect upon the testes.
*Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of [[testosterone]]. Certain clinical effects and adverse reactions demonstrate the androgenic properties of this class of drugs. Complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects has not been achieved. The actions of anabolic steroids are therefore similar to those of male sex hormones with the possibility of causing serious disturbances of growth and sexual development if given to young children. Anabolic steroids suppress the gonadotropic functions of the [[pituitary]] and may exert a direct effect upon the [[testes]].


*During exogenous administration of anabolic androgens, endogenous testosterone release is inhibited through inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH). At large doses, spermatogenesis may be suppressed through feedback inhibition of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
*During exogenous administration of anabolic androgens, endogenous testosterone release is inhibited through inhibition of pituitary [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH). At large doses, [[spermatogenesis]] may be suppressed through feedback inhibition of pituitary [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH)


<!--Structure-->
<!--Structure-->
Line 343: Line 402:
|howSupplied=
|howSupplied=


* Oxandrolone 2.5 mg tablets are oval, white, and scored with OX on one side and “11” on each side of the scoreline on the other side; bottles of 100 (NDC 0591-3544-01).
*Oxandrolone 2.5 mg tablets are oval, white, and scored with OX on one side and “11” on each side of the scoreline on the other side; bottles of 100 (NDC 0591-3544-01).


*Oxandrolone 10 mg tablets are capsule shaped, white, with OX on one side and “10” on the other side; bottles of 60 (NDC 0591-3545-60).
*Oxandrolone 10 mg tablets are capsule shaped, white, with OX on one side and “10” on the other side; bottles of 60 (NDC 0591-3545-60).
Line 355: Line 414:
*The physician should instruct patients to report any of the following side effects of androgens:
*The physician should instruct patients to report any of the following side effects of androgens:


*Males: Too frequent or persistent erections of the penis, appearance or aggravation of acne.
*Males: Too frequent or persistent erections of the penis, appearance or aggravation of [[acne]].


*Females: Hoarseness, acne, changes in menstrual periods, or more facial hair.
*Females: Hoarseness, [[acne]], changes in menstrual periods, or more facial hair.


*All patients: Nausea, vomiting, changes in skin color, or ankle swelling.
*All patients: [[Nausea]], [[vomiting]], changes in skin color, or ankle swelling.


<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
Line 376: Line 435:


|lookAlike=
|lookAlike=
* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>


<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
Line 404: Line 461:


{{LabelImage
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}02.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}
 
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}03.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}
}}


{{LabelImage
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}04.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 17:48, 7 January 2015

Oxandrolone
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2]

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Black Box Warning

WARNING
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
  • Peliosis hepatis, a condition in which liver and sometimes splenic tissue is replaced with blood-filled cysts, has been reported in patients receiving androgenic anabolic steroid therapy. these cysts are sometimes present with minimal hepatic dysfunction, but at other times they have been associated with liver failure. They are often not recognized until life-threatening liver failure or intra-abdominal hemorrhage develops. withdrawal of drug usually results in complete disappearance of lesions. Liver cell tumors are also reported. Most often these tumors are benign and androgen-dependent, but fatal malignant tumors have been reported. Withdrawal of drug often results in regression or cessation of progression of the tumor. However, hepatic tumors associated with androgens or anabolic steroids are much more vascular than other hepatic tumors and may be silent until life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage develops. Blood lipid changes that are known to be associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis are seen in patients treated with androgens or anabolic steroids. These changes include decreased high-density lipoproteins and sometimes increased low-density lipoproteins. The changes may be very marked and could have a serious impact on the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

Overview

Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of weight loss following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe trauma, and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein catabolism associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids, and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying osteoporosis. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include edema, increased risk of atherosclerosis, cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, testicular atropy, erectile dysfunction, and priapism.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Weight Loss
  • Oxandrolone is indicated as adjunctive therapy to promote weight gain after weight loss following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe trauma, and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein catabolism associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids, and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying osteoporosis.
  • Therapy with anabolic steroids is adjunctive to and not a replacement for conventional therapy. The duration of therapy with oxandrolone will depend on the response of the patient and the possible appearance of adverse reactions. Therapy should be intermittent.
  • The response of individuals to anabolic steroids varies. The daily adult dosage is 2.5 mg to 20 mg given in 2 to 4 divided doses. The desired response may be achieved with as little as 2.5 mg or as much as 20 mg daily. A course of therapy of 2 to 4 weeks is usually adequate. This may be repeated intermittently as indicated.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Oxandrolone in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Alcoholic hepatitis
  • Oxandrolone (80 milligrams daily).[1]
Burn, Severe; Adjunct
  • Oxandrolone 20 mg/day in 2 divided doses.[2]
Cachexia associated with AIDS
  • Oxandrolone 20 milligrams.[3]

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Weight Loss
  • The total daily dosage of oxandrolone is ≤0.1 mg per kilogram body weight or ≤0.045 mg per pound of body weight. This may be repeated intermittently as indicated.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Oxandrolone in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Burn, Severe; Adjunct
  • Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg orally twice daily.[4]
Turner syndrome
  • Oral oxandrolone in usual dosages of 0.125 mg/kg/day for 1 to 2 years.[5]

Contraindications

  • Pregnancy, because of possible masculinization of the fetus. Oxandrolone has been shown to cause embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, infertility, and masculinization of female animal offspring when given in doses 9 times the human dose.

Warnings

WARNING
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
  • Peliosis hepatis, a condition in which liver and sometimes splenic tissue is replaced with blood-filled cysts, has been reported in patients receiving androgenic anabolic steroid therapy. these cysts are sometimes present with minimal hepatic dysfunction, but at other times they have been associated with liver failure. They are often not recognized until life-threatening liver failure or intra-abdominal hemorrhage develops. withdrawal of drug usually results in complete disappearance of lesions. Liver cell tumors are also reported. Most often these tumors are benign and androgen-dependent, but fatal malignant tumors have been reported. Withdrawal of drug often results in regression or cessation of progression of the tumor. However, hepatic tumors associated with androgens or anabolic steroids are much more vascular than other hepatic tumors and may be silent until life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage develops. Blood lipid changes that are known to be associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis are seen in patients treated with androgens or anabolic steroids. These changes include decreased high-density lipoproteins and sometimes increased low-density lipoproteins. The changes may be very marked and could have a serious impact on the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
  • Cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice may occur with 17-alpha-alkylated androgens at a relatively low dose. If cholestatic hepatitis with jaundice appears or if liver function tests become abnormal, oxandrolone should be discontinued and the etiology should be determined. Drug-induced jaundice is reversible when the medication is discontinued.
  • Edema with or without congestive heart failure may be a serious complication in patients with pre-existing cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease. Concomitant administration of adrenal cortical steroid or ACTH may increase the edema.
  • In children, androgen therapy may accelerate bone maturation without producing compensatory gain in linear growth. This adverse effect results in compromised adult height. The younger the child, the greater the risk of compromising final mature height. The effect on bone maturation should be monitored by assessing bone age of the left wrist and hand every 6 months.
  • Geriatric patients treated with androgenic anabolic steroids may be at an increased risk for the development of prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma.
  • Anabolic steroids have not been shown to enhance athletic ability.

Precautions

  • Concurrent dosing of oxandrolone with warfarin may result in unexpectedly large increases in the INR or prothrombin time (PT). When oxandrolone is prescribed to patients being treated with warfarin, doses of warfarin may need to be decreased significantly to maintain the desirable INR level and diminish the risk of potentially serious bleeding.
  • General
  • Women should be observed for signs of virilization (deepening of the voice, hirsutism, acne, clitoromegaly). Discontinuation of drug therapy at the time of evidence of mild virilism is necessary to prevent irreversible virilization. Some virilizing changes in women are irreversible even after prompt discontinuance of therapy and are not prevented by concomitant use of estrogens. Menstrual irregularities may also occur.
  • Anabolic steroids may cause suppression of clotting factors II, V, VII, and X, and an increase in prothrombin time.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Patients with moderate to severe COPD or COPD patients who are unresponsive to bronchodilators should be monitored closely for COPD exacerbation and fluid retention.
  • The following adverse reactions have been associated with use of anabolic steroids: Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice with, rarely, hepatic necrosis and death. Hepatocellular neoplasms and peliosis hepatis with long-term therapy. Reversible changes in liver function tests also occur including increased bromsulfophthalein (BSP) retention, changes in alkaline phosphatase and increases in serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)
  • In males:
  • Prepubertal: Phallic enlargement and increased frequency or persistence of erections.
  • Postpubertal: Inhibition of testicular function, testicular atrophy and oligospermia, impotence, chronic priapism, epididymitis, and bladder irritability.
  • In females:
CNS

Habituation, excitation, insomnia, depression, and changes in libido.

Hematologic

Bleeding in patients on concomitant oral anticoagulant therapy.

Breast

Gynecomastia.

Larynx

Deepening of the voice in females.

Hair

Hirsutism and male pattern baldness in females.

Skin

Acne (especially in females and prepubertal males).

Skeletal

Premature closure of epiphyses in children.

Fluid and electrolytes

Edema, retention of serum electrolytes (sodium chloride, potassium, phosphate, calcium).

Metabolic/Endocrine

Decreased glucose tolerance, increased creatinine excretion, increased serum levels of creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). Masculinization of the fetus. Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • Anticoagulants
  • Anabolic steroids may increase sensitivity to oral anticoagulants. Dosage of the anticoagulant may have to be decreased in order to maintain desired prothrombin time. Patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy require close monitoring, especially when anabolic steroids are started or stopped.
  • Warfarin
  • A multidose study of oxandrolone, given as 5 or 10 mg bid in 15 healthy subjects concurrently treated with warfarin, resulted in a mean increase in S-warfarin half-life from 26 to 48 hours and AUC from 4.55 to 12.08 ng*hr/mL; similar increases in R-warfarin half-life and AUC were also detected. Microscopic hematuria (9/15) and gingival bleeding (1/15) were also observed. A 5.5-fold decrease in the mean warfarin dose from 6.13 mg/day to 1.13 mg/day (approximately 80-85% reduction of warfarin dose), was necessary to maintain a target INR of 1.5. When oxandrolone therapy is initiated in a patient already receiving treatment with warfarin, the INR or prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted as necessary until a stable target INR or PT has been achieved. Furthermore, in patients receiving both drugs, careful monitoring of the INR or PT, and adjustment of the warfarin dosage if indicated are recommended when the oxandrolone dose is changed or discontinued. Patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of occult bleeding.
  • Oral hypoglycemic agents
  • Adrenal steroids or ACTH
  • In patients with edema, concomitant administration with adrenal cortical steroids or ACTH may increase the edema.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category X


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Oxandrolone in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Oxandrolone during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known whether anabolic steroids are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential of serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from oxandrolone, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

  • Anabolic agents may accelerate epiphyseal maturation more rapidly than linear growth in children and the effect may continue for 6 months after the drug has been stopped. Therefore, therapy should be monitored by x-ray studies at 6-month intervals in order to avoid the risk of compromising adult height. Androgenic anabolic steroid therapy should be used very cautiously in children and only by specialists who are aware of the effects on bone maturation.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone with respect to geriatric patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Oxandrolone in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Oxandrolone in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Oral

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

  • No symptoms or signs associated with overdosage have been reported. It is possible that sodium and water retention may occur.
  • The oral LD50 of oxandrolone in mice and dogs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg. No specific antidote is known, but gastric lavage may be used.

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Template:Px
Oxandrolone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one
Identifiers
CAS number 53-39-4
ATC code A14AA08
PubChem 5878
DrugBank DB00621
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 306.44 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 97%
Metabolism Hepatic
Half life 9 hours
Excretion Urinary:90%; Fecal:7%
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

X

Legal status

Schedule III (US)

Routes Oral

Mechanism of Action

  • Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Certain clinical effects and adverse reactions demonstrate the androgenic properties of this class of drugs. Complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects has not been achieved. The actions of anabolic steroids are therefore similar to those of male sex hormones with the possibility of causing serious disturbances of growth and sexual development if given to young children. Anabolic steroids suppress the gonadotropic functions of the pituitary and may exert a direct effect upon the testes.

Structure

  • Oxandrolone oral tablets contain 2.5 mg or 10 mg of the anabolic steroid oxandrolone. Oxandrolone is 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one with the following structural formula:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Inactive ingredients include cornstarch, lactose, magnesium stearate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • In a single dose pharmacokinetic study of oxandrolone in elderly subjects, the mean elimination half-life was 13.3 hours. In a previous single dose pharmacokinetic study in younger volunteers, the mean elimination half-life was 10.4 hours. No significant differences between younger and elderly volunteers were found for time to peak, peak plasma concentration or AUC after a single dose of oxandrolone. The correlation between plasma level and therapeutic effect has not been defined.

Nonclinical Toxicology

  • Oxandrolone has not been tested in laboratory animals for carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. In 2-year chronic oral rat studies, a dose-related reduction of spermatogenesis and decreased organ weights (testes, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus, adrenals, and pituitary) were shown.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Oxandrolone in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • Oxandrolone 2.5 mg tablets are oval, white, and scored with OX on one side and “11” on each side of the scoreline on the other side; bottles of 100 (NDC 0591-3544-01).
  • Oxandrolone 10 mg tablets are capsule shaped, white, with OX on one side and “10” on the other side; bottles of 60 (NDC 0591-3545-60).

Storage

There is limited information regarding Oxandrolone Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Oxandrolone |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Oxandrolone |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

  • The physician should instruct patients to report immediately any use of warfarin and any bleeding.
  • The physician should instruct patients to report any of the following side effects of androgens:
  • Males: Too frequent or persistent erections of the penis, appearance or aggravation of acne.
  • Females: Hoarseness, acne, changes in menstrual periods, or more facial hair.
  • All patients: Nausea, vomiting, changes in skin color, or ankle swelling.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Oxandrolone interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

  • OXANDROLONE®[6]

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Oxandrolone Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg S, Kiernan T, Seeff LB; et al. (1984). "Short-term and long-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and prednisolone". N Engl J Med. 311 (23): 1464–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM198412063112302. PMID 6390194.
  2. ↑ Demling RH, DeSanti L (1997). "Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid, significantly increases the rate of weight gain in the recovery phase after major burns". J Trauma. 43 (1): 47–51. PMID 9253907.
  3. ↑ Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs A, Glesby M, Bhasin S (2006). "Oxandrolone in the treatment of HIV-associated weight loss in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 41 (3): 304–14. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000197546.56131.40. PMID 16540931.
  4. ↑ Porro LJ, Herndon DN, Rodriguez NA, Jennings K, Klein GL, Mlcak RP; et al. (2012). "Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy". J Am Coll Surg. 214 (4): 489–502, discussion 502-4. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.038. PMC 3412530. PMID 22463890.
  5. ↑ Urban MD, Lee PA, Dorst JP, Plotnick LP, Migeon CJ (1979). "Oxandrolone therapy in patients with Turner syndrome". J Pediatr. 94 (5): 823–7. PMID 448501.
  6. ↑ "OXANDROLONE oxandrolone tablet".


{{#subobject: 

 |Page Name=Oxandrolone
 |Pill Name=No image.jpg
 |Drug Name=
 |Pill Ingred=|+sep=;
 |Pill Imprint=
 |Pill Dosage=
 |Pill Color=|+sep=;
 |Pill Shape=
 |Pill Size (mm)=
 |Pill Scoring=
 |Pill Image=
 |Drug Author=
 |NDC=

}}


{{#subobject: 

 |Label Page=Oxandrolone
 |Label Name=Oxandrolone02.png

}}


{{#subobject: 

 |Label Page=Oxandrolone
 |Label Name=Oxandrolone03.png

}}


{{#subobject: 

 |Label Page=Oxandrolone
 |Label Name=Oxandrolone04.png

}}

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Oxandrolone&oldid=1052402"