Anxiety causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Template:Anxiety}}
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{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Vbe}}
==Overview==
Life threatening causes of [[anxiety]] include [[anaphylaxis]], [[acute coronary syndromes]], [[cardiogenic shock]], and [[myocardial infarction]]. Other [[Common-cause and special-cause|common]] [[causes]] include [[anemia]], [[caffeine]], [[diabetes]], and [[hyperthyroidism]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Acute Coronary Syndromes]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
===Common Causes===
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Cocaine addiction]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
*[[stress (medicine)|Stress]]
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
<ref name="pmid28822071">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thobois S, Prange S, Sgambato-Faure V, Tremblay L, Broussolle E |title=Imaging the Etiology of Apathy, Anxiety, and Depression in Parkinson's Disease: Implication for Treatment |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=76 |year=2017 |pmid=28822071 |doi=10.1007/s11910-017-0788-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28359982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tseng CC, Hu LY, Liu ME, Yang AC, Shen CC, Tsai SJ |title=Bidirectional association between Bell's palsy and anxiety disorders: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=215 |issue= |pages=269–273 |year=2017 |pmid=28359982 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.051 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28597927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pham T, Sauro KM, Patten SB, Wiebe S, Fiest KM, Bulloch AGM, Jetté N |title=The prevalence of anxiety and associated factors in persons with epilepsy |journal=Epilepsia |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=e107–e110 |year=2017 |pmid=28597927 |doi=10.1111/epi.13817 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28357703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitsikostas DD, Ljubisavljevic S, Deligianni CI |title=Refractory burning mouth syndrome: clinical and paraclinical evaluation, comorbiities, treatment and outcome |journal=J Headache Pain |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=40 |year=2017 |pmid=28357703 |pmc=5371535 |doi=10.1186/s10194-017-0745-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid= |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute Coronary Syndromes]], [[Hypertension]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Orthostatic intolerance]], [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]], [[Supraventricular tachycardia]]


{| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Accelerated hypertension ]] , [[Acute Coronary Syndromes]], [[Angina pectoris]], [[Aortic aneurysm]], [[Pericarditis|Bacterial pericarditis]], [[Cardiac arrhythmia]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Cardiogenic shock]], [[Cerebrovascular disease]], [[Chest pain]], [[Orthostatic hypotension|chronic orthostatic hypotension]], [[Congenital heart disease]], [[Congestive cardiac failure]], [[Constrictive pericarditis ]] ,  [[Pericarditis|constrictive tuberculous pericarditis]] , [[ Reduced cardiac output|decreased cardiac output]], [[Heart disease]], [[Hypertension]], [[Mitral valve prolapse]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Orthostatic intolerance]], [[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]], [[Sinus arrhythmia]], [[Sinus node disease]], [[Sinus tachycardia ]] [[Supraventricular tachycardia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Barium nitrate]], [[Irukandji syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ Amines]], [[Barium nitrate]], [[Carbamate insecticide poisoning]], [[Carbon disulfide]],[[Lead poisoning]], [[Manganese]], [[Mercury]],    [[Organophosphate poisoning]]  
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acne]], [[Insect bites and stings|insect bite allergy]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[Pellagra]], [[Vitiligo]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[Alpha-Methyltryptamine]], [[Amantadine]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amphetamine]], [[Aniracetam]], [[Anorexia nervosa]],[[Aripiprazole ]], [[Armodafinil]], [[Benzylpiperazine]], [[Biperiden]], [[Bortezomib ]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Buprenorphine Sublingual and Buprenorphine and Naloxone Sublingual ]], [[Bupropion]], [[Buspirone]], [[Butorphanol Injection ]], [[Caffeine]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Cimetidine]], [[Clofarabine Injection ]], [[Cocaine]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Dexamethasone Oral ]], [[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]], [[Dicyclomine ]],[[Diethylcathinone]], [[Diethylpropion ]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Doxylamine]], [[ECA stack]], [[Efavirenz ]], [[Enoxacin ]],[[Ethcathinone]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[Fentanyl Oral Transmucosal ]], [[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]], [[Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine ]],[[Fludrocortisone Acetate ]], [[Fluoxetine]], [[Fluphenazine ]], [[Fluticasone Oral Inhalation ]], [[Gabapentin]], [[Glatiramer acetate]], [[Glycopyrrolate ]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Heroin]], [[Hydrocodone]], [[Hydrocortisone Injection ]], [[Hydrocortisone Oral]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Imatinib ]], [[Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneous Injection ]], [[Interferon Beta-1b Injection ]], [[Leuprolide]], [[Levetiracetam ]], [[Levodopa]], [[Liothyronine ]], [[Lofepramine]], [[Loratadine]], [[MDPV]], [[MeOPP]], [[Meropenem]], [[Mesalamine ]],[[Methamphetamine]], [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]], [[Methylphenidate]], [[Methylphenidate Transdermal ]], [[Methylprednisolone Oral ]],[[Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate Injection ]], [[Metrazol]], [[Mifepristone]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Moclobemide]], [[Modafinil]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]], [[Motofen]], [[Nabilone ]], [[Naltrexone ]], [[Norfloxacin ]], [[Norplant]], [[Nortriptyline ]], [[Orlistat ]],[[Oxaliplatin injection ]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Pentostatin ]], [[PFPP]], [[Phenylephrine]], [[Pipradrol]], [[Piracetam]],[[Posaconazole ]], [[Promethazine ]], [[Pseudoephedrine]], [[Psychiatric medication]], [[Psychoactive drug]], [[Pyrovalerone]],[[Quetiapine]], [[Reboxetine]], [[Rilmenidine]], [[Risperidone]], [[Ropinirole ]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]],[[Serotonin syndrome]], [[Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]], [[Sertraline]], [[Sibutramine ]], [[Temozolomide ]], [[Terbutaline]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Topiramate]], [[Tramadol]], [[Trazodone]], [[Tretinoin]], [[Triamcinolone Oral ]], [[Triazolam]], [[Trifluoperazine Oral ]],[[Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine]], [[Trimipramine ]], [[Yohimbine]], [[Ziprasidone ]], [[Zopiclone]], [[Oculogyric crisis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acamprosate calcium]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[alpha-methyltryptamine]], [[amantadine]], [[amobarbital sodium]], [[amphetamine]], [[antidepressants]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[aripiprazole]], [[armodafinil]], [[bortezomib]], [[buprenorphine]], [[bupropion]], [[buspirone]], [[butorphanol]], [[caffeine]], [[cannabis]], [[carbamazepine]], [[cimetidine]], [[clobazam]], [[clofarabine Injection]], [[cocaine]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cyclosporine]], [[dexamethasone Oral]], [[dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine]], [[dicyclomine]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[doxylamine]], [[ECA stack]], [[efavirenz]], [[enoxacin]], [[epinephrine (aerosol)]], [[ethcathinone]], [[ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[Fentanyl]] [[fludrocortisone acetate]], [[fluticasone Oral Inhalation ]] , [[fluoxetine]], [[fluphenazine]], [[fluticasone Oral Inhalation]], [[gabapentin]], [[ginseng]], [[paroxetine]], [[pergolide]], [[phencyclidine]], [[phenylephrine]]  
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Burning mouth syndrome]], [[cholesteatoma]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[middle ear infection]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal tumor]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Insulinoma]], [[Pheochromocytoma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Addison's disease]], [[adrenal gland disorders|adrenal cortex diseases]], [[adrenal gland hypofunction]], [[autoimmune thyroid diseases]], [[Graves disease]], [[hypertension|adrenal hypertension]], [[adrenal tumor]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[autoimmune thyroid diseases]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], [[hypertension|conn syndrome-induced hypertension]],  [[cushing's disease]], [[cushing syndrome]], [[diabetes]], [[eating disorder]], [[Ectopic ACTH Syndrome]], [[Graves disease]], high t4 syndrome, [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]] [[hypoadrenalism]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[insulinoma]], [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[hypopituitarism|pituitary dysfunction]], [[postpartum thyroiditis]], [[subacute thyroiditis]]  
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nitrogen narcosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Nitrogen narcosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anorexia nervosa]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[chest pain]], [[congenital hepatic porphyria]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[eating disorder]],    [[hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[hiatus hernia]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[pellagra]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[Wilson's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]], [[acute intermittent porphyria]], [[Asperger syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[chromosome 22q deletion]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], [[familial dysautonomia]], [[Gulf War syndrome]], [[connective tissue disorders|heritable connective tissue disorders]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[WAGR syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Variegate porphyria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anemia]]  
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Akathisia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rabies]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Brucellosis]], [[cystitis]], [[encephalitis]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[neurosyphilis]], [[rabies]], [[tetanus]], [[toxic shock syndrome]], [[variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]  
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Tension myositis syndrome|Tension myositis]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign fasciculation syndrome]], [[Deep water blackout]], [[Post-concussion syndrome]], [[Huntington's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aging brain syndrome]], [[akathisia]], [[Alzheimer disease]], [[Asperger syndrome]], [[autism]], [[autoimmune limbic encephalitis]], [[autonomic dysreflexia ]] [[autonomic hyperreflexia]], [[brain tumor]], [[delirium]], [[delirium tremens]], [[dementia]], [[early-onset Alzheimer's|early-onset Alzheimer's]], [[encephalitis]], [[familial dysautonomia]], [[head injury]], [[hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[hypersomnia]], [[limbic encephalitis]], [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[pellagra]],  [[post-concussion syndrome]], [[Gerstmann syndrome|Right parietal lobe syndrome]], [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[temporal lobe epilepsy]], [[vascular malformations of the brain]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]], [[Wilson's disease]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[celiac disease]], [[food additives]], [[glycogen storage disease|glycogen storage disease type 6]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]], [[pellagra]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]], [[Wilson's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Premenstrual syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Menopause]], [[postpartum depression]], [[postpartum thyroiditis]], [[premenstrual dysphoric disorder]], [[premenstrual syndrome]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adrenal tumor]], [[brain tumor]], [[carcinoid syndrome]], [[insulinoma]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Oculogyric crisis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Oculogyric crisis]], [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia|progressive external ophthalmoplegia]], [[temporal arteritis]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bupropion]], [[Dicyclomine ]], [[Efavirenz ]], [[Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine ]], [[Fluoxetine]], [[Nabilone]], [[Ziprasidone ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol intoxication]], [[amphetamine|amphetamine abuse]], [[barbiturate|barbiturate abuse]], [[benzodiazepine|benzodiazepine abuse]], [[caffeine|caffeine addiction]] , [[addiction|chemical addiction]], [[cocaine addiction]], [[crack addiction]], [[cyclosporine |cyclosporine toxicity]],  [[ecstasy addiction]], [[ginseng|ginseng overdose]], [[Lidocaine|lidocaine toxicity]], [[Cannabis (drug) detailed information|marijuana addiction]], [[methamphetamine overdose]], [[narcotic addiction]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrophobia]], [[Acute stress disorder]], [[Addiction]], [[Adjustment disorder]], [[Adult attention-deficit disorder]], [[Affective spectrum]], [[Agoraphobia]], [[Algophobia]], [[Androphobia]], [[Binge eating disorder]], [[Bipolar disorder]], [[Bruxism]], [[Castration anxiety]], [[Child abuse]], [[Chronic stress]], [[Claustrophobia]], [[Combat stress reaction]], [[Cyberchondria]], [[Depression]], [[Dermatillomania]], [[Dhat syndrome]], [[Drug addiction]], [[Dual disorder]],[[Eating disorder]], [[Emotional conflict]], [[Equinophobia]], [[Existential anxiety]], [[Fear]], [[Fear of bees]], [[Fear of childbirth]], [[Fear of children]], [[Female hysteria]], [[Generalized anxiety disorder]], [[Gerontophobia]], [[Glossophobia]],[[Gymnophobia]], [[Holiday stress]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[Hypersomnia]], [[Hypervigilance]], [[Hypochondria]], [[Hysterical contagion]], [[Insomnia]], [[Jerusalem syndrome]], [[Medical students' disease]], [[Mental breakdown]], [[Night terror]],[[Nyctophobia]], [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[Palinopsia]], [[Panic disorder]], [[Paranoia]], [[Paranoid-schizoid position]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Penis panic]], [[Post traumatic stress disorder ]], [[Posttraumatic stress disorder]],[[Pseudodysphagia]], [[Psychiatric Disorders]], [[Psychological trauma]], [[Ringxiety]], [[Separation anxiety disorder]], [[Serious Emotional Disturbance]], [[Social anxiety]], [[Social Anxiety Disorder]], [[Social phobia]], [[Sociophobia]], [[Somniphobia]],[[Stage fright]], [[Stiff person syndrome]], [[Stranger anxiety]], [[Stress (medicine)]], [[Substance abuse]], [[Sunday night blues]], [[Tanorexia]], [[Technostress]], [[Test anxiety]], [[Traumatic stress]], [[Trichodynia]], [[Trichotillomania]],[[Trypanophobia]], [[Workplace stress]], [[Serotonin syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Abuse]], [[Phonophobia]], [[acrophobia]], [[acute stress disorder]], [[addiction]], [[adjustment disorder]],   [[agoraphobia]], [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[anglophobia]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[anthropophobia]], [[antipsychotic (withdrawal)]], [[Asperger syndrome]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[Emotional and behavioral disorders|behavioral disorders]], [[trypanophobia|belonephobia]], [[benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]], [[bibliophobia]], [[binge eating disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[borderline personality disorder]], [[bromidrosiphobia]], [[bruxism]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[Neophobia|cainophobia]], [[phobia|cancerophobia]], [[cardiophobia]], [[Frigophobia|cheimatophobia]], [[aversion to happiness|cherophobia]], [[child abuse]], [[chromophobia|chrematophobia]], [[chronic stress]], [[claustrophobia]], [[cocaine withdrawal]], [[Genophobia|coitophobia]], [[combat stress reaction]], [[Specific phobia|coulrophobia(fear of clowns)]], [[delirium tremens]], [[dementia]], [[agoraphobia|demophobia]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperventilation]], [[Hyperventilation syndrome]], [[Pulmonary edema]], [[Pulmonary Embolism]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]|-
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Airway obstruction]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[asthma]], [[chest pain]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Respiratory failure|chronic respiratory failure]], [[decreased oxygen saturation]], [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragmatic paralysis]], [[emphysema]], [[hyperoxia]], [[hyperventilation syndrome]], [[hyperventilation]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], [[respiratory alkalosis]], [[stridor]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cystitis]], [[Electrolyte disturbance]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome|hematuria syndrome]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[Uremia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[Graves disease]], [[Gulf War syndrome]], [[food intolerance|hypersensitivity to food]], [[insect bites and stings|insect bite allergy]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[vitiligo]], [[Wilson's disease]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Female hysteria]], [[neurosyphilis]], [[puberty]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Concussion]], [[head injury]],
|-
 
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Loin pain hematuria syndrome|hematuria syndrome]], [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antipsychotic (withdrawal)]], [[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]], [[Dosulepin hydrochloride (withdrawal)]],[[Phenibut (withdrawal)]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===  
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===  
{{MultiCol}}
{{columns-list|
*[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome]]
*[[Abuse]]
*[[Acamprosate calcium]]
*[[Accelerated hypertension ]]
*[[Fear of the dark|Achluophobia]]
*[[Acne ]]
*[[Phonophobia|Acousticophobia]]
*[[Acrophobia]]
*[[Acrophobia]]
*[[Acute Coronary Syndromes]]
*[[Acute coronary syndromes]]
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
*[[Acute stress disorder]]
*[[Acute stress disorder]]
*[[Addiction]]
*[[Addiction]]
 
*[[Addison's disease ]]
*[[Adjustment disorder]]
*[[Adjustment disorder]]
 
*[[Adrenal gland disorders|Adrenal cortex diseases]]
*[[Adrenal tumor]]
*[[Adrenal gland hypofunction]]
 
*[[Hypertension|Adrenal hypertension]]
*[[Adult attention-deficit disorder]]
*[[Adrenal tumor]]  
 
*[[Phobia|Aerophobia(Fear of flying)]]
*[[Affective disorders]]
*[[Affective spectrum]]
*[[Affective spectrum]]
 
*[[African bee |Africanized honeybee]]
*[[Agoraphobia]]
*[[Aging brain syndrome]]
 
*[[Agoraphobia]]  
*[[Agyrophobia]]
*[[Aichmophobia ]]
*[[Airway obstruction]]
*[[Akathisia]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]
*[[hypertension|Alcohol-induced hypertension]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alektorophobia]]
*[[Algophobia]]
*[[Algophobia]]
 
*[[Alpha-methyltryptamine]]
*[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine]]
*[[Alzheimer disease]]
 
*[[Amantadine]]  
*[[Amantadine]]
*[[Amaxophobia]]
 
*[[Zolpidem|Ambien withdrawal]]
*[[Amines]]
*[[Amineptine]]
*[[Amineptine]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
 
*[[Amphetamine|Amphetamine abuse]]
*[[Androphobia]]
*[[Amphetamine|Amphetamine withdrawal ]]
 
*[[hypertension|Amphetamine-induced hypertension]]
*[[Amychophobia]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Angina pectoris ]]
*[[Anglophobia]]
*[[Aniracetam]]
*[[Aniracetam]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
 
*[[Anoxemia]]
*[[Anthophobia]]
*[[Anthropophobia]]
*[[Antidepressants]]
*[[Antipsychotic (withdrawal)]]
*[[Antipsychotic (withdrawal)]]
 
*[[Antlophobia ]]
* [[Atripala]] (combination of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate)
*[[Aortic aneurysm|Aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal]]
 
*[[Arachnophobia]]
*[[Aripiprazole ]]
*[[Aripiprazole]]
 
*[[Armodafinil]]
*[[Armodafinil]]
 
*[[Asperger syndrome]]
*[[Aspiration pneumonia]]
*[[Aspirin intolerance]]
*[[Asthma]]
*[[Astraphobia]]
*[[Atelophobia ]]
*[[Atripala]] ([[Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]])
*[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ]]
*[[congenital adrenal hyperplasia|Attenuated congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Autism]]
*[[Autoimmune limbic encephalitis]]
*[[Autoimmune thyroid diseases]]
*[[Autonomic dysreflexia]]
*[[Autonomic hyperreflexia]]
*[[Autophobia]]
*[[Azinphos-methyl]]
*[[Mysophobia|Bacillophobia]]
*[[pericarditis|Bacterial pericarditis]]
*[[Bacterial pneumonia]]
*[[Mysophobia|Bacteriophobia]]
*[[Barbiturate abuse]]
*[[Barium nitrate]]
*[[Barium nitrate]]
 
*[[Mysophobia|Barophobia]]
*[[Bathmophobia]]
*[[Batrachophobia]]
*[[Emotional and behavioral disorders|Behavioral disorders ]]
*[[Trypanophobia|Belonephobia ]]
*[[Benign fasciculation syndrome]]
*[[Benign fasciculation syndrome]]
 
*[[Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine abuse]]
*[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]]
*[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]]  
 
*[[Bibliophobia]]
*[[Benzylpiperazine]]
 
*[[Binge eating disorder]]
*[[Binge eating disorder]]
*[[Biperiden]]
*[[Biperiden]]
*[[Bipolar disorder]]
*[[Bipolar disorder]]
 
*[[Borderline personality disorder]]
*[[Bortezomib ]]
*[[Bortezomib]]
 
*[[Brain fag syndrome]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Briquet syndrome]]
*[[Bromidrosiphobia]]
*[[Astraphobia|Brontophobia]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Bruxism]]
*[[Bruxism]]
 
*[[Bulimia nervosa ]]
*[[Buprenorphine Sublingual and Buprenorphine and Naloxone Sublingual ]]
*[[Bumblebee ]]
 
*[[Buprenorphine Sublingual and Buprenorphine and Naloxone Sublingual|Buprenorphine sublingual and buprenorphine and naloxone sublingual]]
*[[Bupropion]]
*[[Bupropion]]  
 
*[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Buspirone]]
 
*[[Butorphanol]]
*[[Butorphanol Injection ]]
*[[Caffeine|Caffeine addiction]]
 
*[[Neophobia|Cainophobia]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Phobia|Cancerophobia]]
 
*[[Cannabis]]  
*[[Carbamazepine ]]
*[[Carbamate insecticide poisoning]]
 
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Carbaryl]]
*[[Carbon disulfide]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Carcinophobia]]
*[[Cardiac arrhythmia]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
*[[Cardiophobia]]
*[[Castration anxiety]]
*[[Castration anxiety]]
 
*[[Spectrophobia|Catoptrophobia]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Horror vacui|Cenophobia]]
*[[Barraquer–Simons syndrome|Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy]]
*[[Ceraunophobia]]
*[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
*[[Chloropicrin]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chaetophobia]]
*[[Frigophobia|Cheimatophobia]]
*[[Addiction|Chemical addiction]]
*[[Aversion to happiness|Cherophobia]]
*[[Chest pain]]
*[[Child abuse]]
*[[Child abuse]]
 
*[[Kepone|Chlordecone]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Chromophobia|Chrematophobia]]
*[[Chromosome 22q deletion]]
*[[Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome]]
*[[Constrictive pericarditis|Chronic constrictive pericarditis]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Orthostatic Hypotension|Chronic orthostatic hypotension]]
*[[respiratory failure|Chronic respiratory failure]]
*[[Chronic stress]]
*[[Chronic stress]]
 
*[[Chronophobia]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Cibophobia]]
 
*[[Cimetidine]]  
*[[Claustrophobia]]
*[[Claustrophobia]]
 
*[[Kleptophobia]]
*[[Clofarabine Injection ]]
*[[Clofarabine injection]]  
 
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
 
*[[Cocaine addiction]]
*[[Cocaine withdrawal ]]
*[[hypertension|Cocaine-induced hypertension]]
*[[Genophobia|Coitophobia]]
*[[Combat stress reaction]]
*[[Combat stress reaction]]
 
*[[Concussion]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital hepatic porphyria]]
*[[Congestive cardiac failure]]
*[[hypertension|Conn syndrome-induced hypertension]]
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
*[[Tuberculous pericarditis|Constrictive tuberculous pericarditis]]
*[[hypertension|Corticosteroid-induced hypertension]]
*[[Specific phobia|Coulrophobia(fear of clowns)]]
*[[Crack addiction]]
*[[Crack cocaine|Crack withdrawal]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Phobia|Cryophobia( fear of ice and frost)]]
*[[Crystal meth addiction]]
*[[Crystallophobia]]
*[[Cushing's disease ]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[hypertension|Cushing's syndrome-induced hypertension]]
*[[Cyberchondria]]
*[[Cyberchondria]]
 
*[[Cyclosporine (patient information)|Cyclosporine toxicity]]
*[[hypertension|Cyclosporine-induced hypertension]]
*[[Specific phobia|Cynophobia (abnormal fear of dogs)]]
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[DDT]]
*[[Dextropropoxyphene|Darvocet withdrawal ]]
*[[Reduced cardiac output|Decreased cardiac output]]
*[[Decreased oxygen saturation]]
*[[Deep water blackout]]
*[[Deep water blackout]]
 
*[[Delirium tremens]]
*[[Delirium]]
*[[Delphinium|Delphinium poisoning]]
*[[Dementia]]
*[[Meperidine|Demerol withdrawal]]
*[[Specific phobia|Demonophobia (fear of demons)]]
*[[Agoraphobia|Demophobia]]
*[[Depersonalization]]
*[[Light chain deposition disease|Deposition diseases related fibromyalgia ]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Dermatillomania]]
*[[Dermatillomania]]
 
*[[Dexamethasone|Dexamethasone oral]]
*[[Dexamethasone Oral ]]
*[[Dexedrine overdose]]
 
*[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine|Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine]]  
*[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]]
 
*[[Dhat syndrome]]
*[[Dhat syndrome]]
 
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Dicyclomine ]]
*[[Thoracic diaphragm|Diaphragmatic paralysis]]
 
*[[Dicyclomine]]
*[[Diethylcathinone]]
*[[Diethylcathinone]]
 
*[[Diethylpropion]]
*[[Diethylpropion ]]
*[[Dilaudid withdrawal]]
 
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
 
*[[Withdrawal syndrome|Discontinuation syndrome]]
*[[Oikophobia|Domatophobia]]
*[[Dosulepin hydrochloride (withdrawal)]]
*[[Dosulepin hydrochloride (withdrawal)]]
 
*[[Doxylamine]]  
*[[Doxylamine]]
*[[Drug  withdrawal]]
 
*[[Drug abuse]]
*[[Drug addiction]]
*[[hypertension|Drug-induced hypertension ]]
 
*[[Dual disorder]]
*[[Dual disorder]]
 
*[[Dysmorphophobia]]
*[[Dysomnia]]
*[[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease]]
*[[Eating disorder]]
*[[Eating disorder]]
*[[ECA stack]]
*[[ECA stack]]
 
*[[specific phobia|Ecclesiophobia(fear of churches)]]
*[[Efavirenz ]]
*[[Phobia|Ecophobia(abnormal fear or dislike of returning home)]]
 
*[[Ecstasy addiction]]
*[[Ecstasy withdrawal]]
*[[Efavirenz]]
*[[Phobia|Eisoptrophobia(scared of your own reflection)]]
*[[Elective mutism ]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
*[[specific phobia|Electrophobia(is the fear of electricity)]]
*[[specific phobia|Ailurophobia(irrational fear of cats)]]
*[[Emetophobia]]
*[[Emotional conflict]]
*[[Emotional conflict]]
 
*[[Emotional disorders]]
*[[Enoxacin ]]
*[[Emphysema]]
 
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Enetophobia]]
*[[Enoxacin]]
*[[specific phobia|Entomophobia(fear of ants)]]
*[[Equinophobia]]
*[[Equinophobia]]
 
*[[Blushing|Ereuthophobia]]
*[[Ergophobia|Ergasiophobia]]
*[[Ergophobia]]
*[[Phobias|Erotophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Erythrophobia(fear of redness)]]
*[[hypertension|Erythropoietin-induced hypertension]]
*[[Ethcathinone]]
*[[Ethcathinone]]
 
*[[Ethylamine ]]
*[[Existential anxiety]]
*[[Familial dysautonomia ]]
 
*[[Fear]]
*[[Fear]]
 
*[[Fear of bees]]  
*[[Fear of bees]]
*[[Fear of childbirth]]  
 
*[[Fear of children]]  
*[[Fear of childbirth]]
 
*[[Fear of children]]
 
*[[Female hysteria]]
*[[Female hysteria]]
 
*[[Fentanyl Oral Transmucosal (patient information)|Fentanyl oral transmucosal]]
*[[Fentanyl Oral Transmucosal ]]
*[[Fentanyl skin patches (patient information)|Fentanyl skin patches]]
 
*[[Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine|Fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine]]
*[[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
 
*[[stress|Financial stress]]
*[[Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine ]]
*[[Fludrocortisone acetate]]
 
{{ColBreak}}
 
*[[Fludrocortisone Acetate ]]
 
*[[Fluoxetine]]
*[[Fluoxetine]]
 
*[[Fluphenazine]]
*[[Fluphenazine ]]
*[[Fluticasone Oral Inhalation (patient information)|Fluticasone oral inhalation]]
 
*[[Food additives ]]
*[[Fluticasone Oral Inhalation ]]
*[[Frigophobia ]]
 
*[[Gabapentin]]
*[[Gabapentin]]
 
*[[specific phobia|Galeophobia(fear of dead fish)]]
*[[phobia|Gamophobia ]]
*[[Gastrointestinal disorders]]
*General somatic pain
*[[Generalized anxiety disorder]]
*[[Generalized anxiety disorder]]
 
*[[Phobia|Geniophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Genuphobia(fear of ones own knees)]]
*[[Phobia|Gephyrophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Gerascophobia]]
*[[Gerontophobia]]
*[[Gerontophobia]]
 
*[[Phobia|Geumophobia]]
*[[Ginseng|Ginseng overdose]]
*[[Ginseng|Ginseng  adverse reaction]]
*[[Glatiramer acetate]]
*[[Glatiramer acetate]]
 
*[[Glossophobia]]  
*[[Glossophobia]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease|Glycogen storage disease type 6 ]]
 
*[[Glycopyrrolate]]
*[[Glycopyrrolate ]]
*[[Goldenseal|Golden seal  overdose]]
 
*[[phobia|Graphophobia ]]
*[[Graves disease]]
*[[Guarana|Guarana overuse]]
*[[Gulf War syndrome]]
*[[Gymnophobia]]
*[[Gymnophobia]]
 
*[[Gynophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Hadeophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Hagiophobia]]
*[[Hallucinogen]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
 
*[[Amaxophobia|Hamaxophobia]]
*[[specific phobia|Haphephobia(fear of touching or of being touched)]]
*[[Harpaxophobia]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Heart disease]]
*[[Heliophobia]]
*[[Specific phobia|Helminthophobia(fear of worms)]]
*[[Blood phobia|Hematophobia]]
*[[Conium|Hemlock poisoning]]
*[[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Heroin]]
 
*[[Heroin dependence]]
*[[Holiday stress]]
*[[Heroin withdrawal]]
 
*[[Herpetophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Heterophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia]]
*[[Hiatus hernia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*High t4 syndrome
*[[Equinophobia|Hippophobia ]]
*[[Phobia|Hodophobia ]]
*[[Holiday stress]]  
*[[Phobia|Homophobia]] 
*[[Huntington's disease]]
*[[Huntington's disease]]
*[[Hydrocodone]]
*[[Hydrocodone]]
 
*[[Hydrocortisone]]
*[[Hydrocortisone Injection ]]
*[[specific phobia|Hydrophophobia(fear of rabies)]]
 
*[[Hydrocortisone Oral ]]
 
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
 
*[[hypertension|Hyperaldosteronism-induced hypertension]]
*[[Hyperglycemia]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hyperoxia ]]
*[[Food intolerance|Hypersensitivity to food]]
*[[Hypersomnia]]
*[[Hypersomnia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
 
*[[Hypertension|Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis]]
*[[Hypertension ]]
*[[Essential hypertension|Hypertension, essential ]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperventilation]]
*[[Hyperventilation]]
*[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
*[[Hyperventilation syndrome]]
*[[Hypervigilance]]
*[[Hypervigilance]]
 
*[[Somniphobia|Hypnophobia]]
*[[Hypoadrenalism]]
*[[Hypochondria]]
*[[Hypochondria]]
 
*[[Hypoglycaemia]]
*[[Hysterical contagion]]
*[[Hypoparathyroidism ]]
 
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Imatinib ]]
*[[Hysteria]]
 
*[[Hysterical contagion]]  
*[[Phobia|Iatrophobia]]
*[[Specific phobia|Ichthyophobia(Fear of fish)]]
*[[Imatinib]]  
*[[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Connective tissue disorders|Heritable connective tissue disorders]]
*[[Insect bites and stings|Insect bite allergy]]
*[[Insomnia]]
*[[Insomnia]]
*[[Insulinoma]]
*[[Insulinoma]]
 
*[[Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneous Injection|Interferon beta-1a subcutaneous injection]]  
*[[Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneous Injection ]]
*[[Interferon Beta-1b Injection|Interferon beta-1b injection]]
 
*[[Phobia|Iophobia(fear of being poisoned)]]
*[[Interferon Beta-1b Injection ]]
*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
 
*[[Irukandji syndrome]]  
*[[Irukandji syndrome]]
*[[Social phobia|Kakorrhaphiophobia( persistent fear of failure)]]
 
*[[Horror vacui|Kenophobia]]
*[[Jerusalem syndrome]]
*[[Astraphobia|Keraunophobia]]
 
*[[Phobia|Kinetophobia(pathological fear of movement)]]
*[[Leuprolide ]]
*[[Kleptophobia ]]
 
*[[Phobia|Kynophobia ]]
*[[Levetiracetam ]]
*[[Lead]]
 
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[Leuprolide]]  
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Levodopa]]
*[[Levodopa]]
 
*[[hypertension|Licorice-induced hypertension]]
*[[Liothyronine ]]
*[[Lidocaine|Lidocaine toxicity ]]
 
*[[Limbic encephalitis ]]
*[[Limnophobia ]]
*[[Linonophobia]]
*[[Liothyronine]]
*[[Lofepramine]]
*[[Lofepramine]]
 
*[[Lomefloxacin hydrochloride]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Loratadine]]
 
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Lysergic acid diethylamide ]]
*[[Major depressive disorder]]
*[[Malignant hypertension ]]
*[[Malingering]]
*[[Manganese]]
*[[Mania]]
*[[Cannabis (drug) detailed information|Marijuana addiction]]
*[[Cannabis (drug) detailed information|Marijuana withdrawal ]]
*[[Neuroacanthocytosis|Mc leod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]]
*[[MDPV]]
*[[MDPV]]
 
*[[specific phobia|Mechanophobia(fear of machines)]]
*[[Medical students' disease]]
*[[Medical students' disease]]
 
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Mental breakdown]]
*[[Mental breakdown]]
*[[MeOPP]]
*[[MeOPP]]
 
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Mesalamine ]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
 
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Methamphetamine overdose]]  
 
*[[Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine withdrawal]]
*[[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]
*[[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]
 
*[[Methylphenidate Transdermal (patient information)|Methylphenidate transdermal]]
*[[Methylphenidate Transdermal ]]
*[[Methylprednisolone|Methylprednisolone oral]]
 
*[[Methylprednisolone|Methylprednisolone sodium succinate injection]]
*[[Methylprednisolone Oral ]]
*[[Metrazol]]  
 
*[[Middle ear infection]]
*[[Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate Injection ]]
*[[Mifepristone]]  
 
*[[Migraine]]
*[[Metrazol]]
*[[Chronic pain|Mild chronic pain]]
 
*[[Mild traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Mifepristone]]
 
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Mirtazapine]]
 
*[[Mysophobia ]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
*[[Snakebites (Patient information)|Moccasin snake poisoning]]
*[[Moclobemide]]
*[[Moclobemide]]
*[[Modafinil]]
*[[Modafinil]]
 
*[[Moderate chronic pain]]
*[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]
*[[Monocrotophos]]
 
*[[Autophobia|Monophobia]]
*[[Mood disorder]]
*[[MSG]]
*[[Ipomoea|Morning glory poisoning]]
*[[Motofen]]
*[[Motofen]]
 
*[[Mountain sickness]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
 
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Nabilone ]]
*[[Mumps]]
 
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Naltrexone ]]
*[[Musophobia]]
 
*[[Myocardial infarction]]  
*[[Myofascial pain syndromes]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Naltrexone]]
*[[Narcotic addiction ]]
*[[hypertension|Nasal decongestant-induced hypertension]]
*[[Near-death experience]]
*[[specific phobia|Necrophobia(irrational fear of dead things)]]
*[[Phobia|Negrophobia]]
*[[Neophobia]]
*[[Neurosis]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Neurotoxicity syndromes ]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Night terror]]
*[[Night terror]]
 
*[[Nilutamide]]
*[[Nitrogen narcosis]]
*[[Nitrogen narcosis]]
 
*[[Fear of the dark|Noctiphobia ]]
*[[Norfloxacin ]]
*[[Psychosis|Nonaffective psychosis]]
 
*[[Norfloxacin]]  
*[[Norplant]]
*[[Norplant]]  
 
*[[Nortriptyline]]
*[[Nortriptyline ]]
*[[Nosophobia ]]
 
*[[Nymphomania]]
*[[Nyctophobia]]
*[[Obsessive compulsive disorder]]
 
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]
*[[Agoraphobia|Ochlophobia]]
 
*[[Oculogyric crisis]]
*[[Oculogyric crisis]]
 
*[[Odontophobia]]
*[[Orlistat ]]
*[[Odynophobia]]
 
*[[Oikophobia]]
*[[Oil-based paint]]
*[[Olfactophobia]]
*[[Opioid addiction ]]
*[[Opium withdrawal ]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Organophosphate insecticide poisoning ]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[Specific phobia|Ornithophobia(irrational fear of birds) ]]
*[[Orthostatic intolerance]]
*[[Orthostatic intolerance]]
 
*[[Orthostatic intolerance ]]
*[[Oxaliplatin injection ]]
*[[Osmophobia ]]
 
*[[Oxaliplatin injection]]  
*[[Palinopsia]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
 
*[[Oxycontin addiction ]]
*[[Pain killer addiction ]]
*[[Palinopsia]]  
*[[Panic attack ]]
*[[Panic disorder]]
*[[Panic disorder]]
 
*[[phobia|Panphobia ]]
*[[Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis ]]
*[[Paranoia]]
*[[Paranoia]]
 
*[[Parasitophobia ]]
*[[Paranoid-schizoid position]]
*[[Diseases of the Parathyroid Gland|Parathyroid diseases]]
 
*[[Parkinson disease ]]  
{{ColBreak}}
 
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
 
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
 
*[[phobia|Pediophobia]]
*[[Penis panic]]
*[[Pellagra]]
 
*[[Culture-bound syndrome|Penis panic]]
*[[Pentostatin ]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
 
*[[Peptic ulcer]]
*[[PFPP]]
*[[Percocet|Percocet withdrawal]]
 
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Personality disorders]]
*[[PFPP]]  
*[[Phagophobia ]]
*[[Pharmacophobia ]]
*[[Phobia|Phasmophobia(fear of ghosts)]]
*[[Phencyclidine]]
*[[Phenibut (withdrawal)]]
*[[Phenibut (withdrawal)]]
*[[Phenylephrine]]
*[[Phenylephrine]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
 
*[[Pheochromocytoma|Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertension ]]
*[[Phobia]]
*[[Phobia|Phobophobia]]
*[[Phonophobia ]]
*[[Photophobia ]]
*[[Physical addiction ]]
*[[Pipradrol]]
*[[Pipradrol]]
 
*[[Piracetam]]
*[[Piracetam]]
*[[Hypopituitarism|Pituitary dysfunction]]
 
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Posaconazole ]]
*[[phobia|Pogonophobia(fear of beards)]]
 
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Post traumatic stress disorder ]]
*[[Porphyria ]]
 
*[[Posaconazole]]  
*[[Post-concussion syndrome]]
*[[Post traumatic stress disorder]]
 
*[[Post-concussion syndrome]]  
*[[Pulmonary embolism|Postoperative pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Postpartum depression]]
*[[hyperthyroidism|Postpartum hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Postpartum thyroiditis]]
*[[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
*[[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
 
*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]]  
*[[Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]]
*[[Phobia|Potophobia(fear of alcohol) ]]
 
*[[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder ]]
*[[Premenstrual syndrome]]
*[[Premenstrual syndrome]]  
 
*[[Addiction|Prescribed medication addiction]]
*[[Promethazine ]]
*[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
 
*[[Promethazine]]  
*[[Pseudodysphagia]]
*[[Pseudodysphagia]]  
 
*[[Pseudoephedrine]]
*[[Pseudoephedrine]]
*[[Psychiatric Disorders]]
*[[Psychiatric medication]]
*[[Psychiatric medication]]
 
*[[Psychoactive drug]]  
*[[Psychoactive drug]]
*[[Psychological addiction]]
 
*[[Mental disorder|Psychological disorders]]
*[[Psychological trauma]]
*[[Psychological trauma]]  
 
*[[Psychoneurosis ]]
*[[Pulmonary edema]]
*[[Psychophobia ]]
 
*[[Puberty ]]
*[[Pulmonary Embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary edema]]  
 
*[[Pulmonary embolism ]]
*[[Pericarditis|Pyogenic pericarditis]]  
*[[Pyrophobia]]
*[[Pyrovalerone]]
*[[Pyrovalerone]]
 
*[[Quetiapine]]  
*[[Quetiapine]]
 
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rabies]]
 
*[[Rape trauma syndrome ]]
*[[Reactive attachment disorder|Reactive attachment disorder of early childhood ]]
*[[Depression|Reactive depression ]]
*[[Rebound hypertension]]
*[[Reboxetine]]
*[[Reboxetine]]
 
*[[Fire ant|Red fire ant]]
*[[Renovascular hypertension ]]
*[[Resistant hypertension]]
*[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
*[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
 
*[[Respiratory depression ]]
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*[[Pericarditis|Rheumatic pericarditis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Gerstmann syndrome|Right parietal lobe syndrome]]
*[[Rilmenidine]]
*[[Rilmenidine]]
 
*[[Rilpivirine]]
*[[Ringxiety]]
*[[Ringxiety]]
 
*[[Risperidone]]  
*[[Risperidone]]
*[[Methylphenidate|Ritalin withdrawal]]
 
*[[Ropinirole]]
*[[Ropinirole ]]
*[[Salicylate]]
 
*[[Sassafras|Sassafras oil adverse reaction ]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Phobia|Scoleciphobia ]]
*[[phobias|Scopophobia ]]
*[[Nyctophobia|Scotophobia]]
*[[Sea snake poisoning ]]
*[[Secondary pulmonary hypertension ]]
*[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]
*[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]
 
*[[Selenium dioxide ]]
*[[Self harm ]]
*[[Separation anxiety disorder]]
*[[Separation anxiety disorder]]
 
*[[Serious Emotional Disturbance|Serious emotional disturbance]]  
*[[Serious Emotional Disturbance]]
*[[Serotonin syndrome]]  
 
*[[Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]]  
*[[Serotonin syndrome]]
 
*[[Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]]
 
*[[Sertraline]]
*[[Sertraline]]
 
*[[chronic pain|Severe chronic pain]]
*[[Sibutramine ]]
*[[Shallow breathing ]]
 
*[[Shock]]
*[[Sibutramine]]
*[[Phobia|Siderodromophobia ]]
*[[Sinus arrhythmia ]]
*[[Sinus node disease ]]
*[[Sinus tachycardia ]]
*[[Sitophobia ]]
*[[Situational depression ]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sleep disturbance]]
*[[Addiction|Sleeping pill addiction ]]
*[[Social anxiety]]
*[[Social anxiety]]
 
*[[Social anxiety disorder]]
*[[Social Anxiety Disorder]]
 
*[[Social phobia]]
*[[Social phobia]]
*[[Sociophobia]]
*[[Sociophobia]]
 
*[[Sodium fluoroacetate|Sodium monofluoroacetate]]
*[[Somniphobia]]
*[[Somatic symptom disorder]]
 
*[[Somatoform disorder]]
*[[Somniphobia]]  
*[[Sotos syndrome ]]
*[[Phobia|Specific phobias]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum ]]
*[[Stage fright]]
*[[Stage fright]]
 
*[[Astasia-abasia|Stasiphobia ]]
*[[Stiff person syndrome]]
*[[Stiff person syndrome]]
 
*[[Stranger anxiety]]  
*[[Stranger anxiety]]
*[[Stress]]
 
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Stress (medicine)]]
*[[Stridor]]
 
*[[Strychnine ]]
*[[Phobia|Stygiophobia]]
*[[Subacute thyroiditis]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Substance abuse]]
*[[Substance abuse]]
 
*[[Drug withdrawal|Substance withdrawal syndrome ]]
*[[Sulfite]]
*[[Sunday night blues]]
*[[Sunday night blues]]
 
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia]]  
*[[Supraventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Sydenham chorea ]]
 
*[[Sympathomimetic drug]]
*[[Sympathomimetics]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Taijin kyofusho|Taijin-kyofusho syndrome]]
*[[Tanorexia]]
*[[Tanorexia]]
 
*[[Phobia|Technophobia(fear or dislike of advanced technology)]]
*[[Technostress]]
*[[Technostress]]
 
*[[Bruxism]]
*[[Temozolomide ]]
*[[phobia|Telephone phobia ]]
 
*[[Temozolomide]]
*[[Temporal arteritis]]
*[[Temporal lobe epilepsy]]
*[[Tension myositis syndrome|Tension myositis]]
*[[Terbutaline]]
*[[Terbutaline]]
*[[Test anxiety]]
*[[Test anxiety]]
 
*[[Tetanus]]
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Phobia|Thalassophobia(persistent fear of the sea) ]]
 
*[[Thallium ]]
*[[Thanatophobia ]]
*[[phobia|Theophobia ]]
*[[Phobia|Thermophobia ]]
*[[specific phobia|Thixophobia( fear of touching or of being touched) ]]
*[[Thyroid disease|Thyroid disorders ]]
*[[Specific phobia|Tocophobia( fear of pregnancy and childbirth) ]]
*[[Toluene ]]
*[[Topiramate]]  
*[[phobia|Topophobia]]
*[[Toxic shock syndrome ]]
*[[phobia|Toxicophobia ]]
*[[Tramadol]]
*[[Tramadol]]
 
*[[Tranquilizer addiction]]
*[[Tranquilizer|Tranquilizer withdrawal]]
*[[Transfusion reaction]]
*[[Traumatic stress]]
*[[Traumatic stress]]
 
*[[specific phobia|Traumatophobia ]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Tretinoin]]
*[[Tretinoin]]
 
*[[Triamcinolone oral]]
*[[Triamcinolone Oral ]]
 
*[[Triazolam]]
*[[Triazolam]]
 
*[[Trichodynia]]  
*[[Trichodynia]]
*[[phobias|Trichophobia]]
 
*[[Trichotillomania]]
*[[Trichotillomania]]
 
*[[Trifluoperazine ]]  
*[[Trifluoperazine Oral ]]
*[[Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine]]  
 
*[[Trimipramine]]
*[[Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine]]
*[[Phobia|Triskaidekaphobia]]
 
*Troell-junet syndrome
*[[Trimipramine ]]
*[[Fire ant|Tropical fire ant]]
 
*[[Trypanophobia]]
*[[Trypanophobia]]
 
*[[Tuberculous pericarditis ]]
*[[Variegate porphyria]]
*[[phobia|Tyrannophobia]]
 
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
*[[Paruresis|Urophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Vaccinophobia]]
*[[Acute varnish makers' and painters' Naptha |Varnish makers' and painters' naptha]]
*[[Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
*[[Variegate porphyria]]  
*[[Vascular malformations of the brain]]
*[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
*[[Shellfish poisoning|Venerupin shellfish poisoning]]
*[[Phobia|Vermiphobia(fear of worms)]]
*[[Vicodin|Vicodin withdrawal ]]
*[[pericarditis|Viral pericarditis ]]
*[[Viral pneumonia]]
*[[Vitiligo ]]
*[[Volume depletion]]
*[[WAGR syndrome]]
*[[Wasp]]
*[[Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome ]]
*[[Westphal disease ]]
*[[Whiplash ]]
*[[Wilms tumor]]
*[[Wilson's disease ]]
*[[Alcohol|Alcohol Withdrawal]]
*[[Wolfram's disease]]
*[[Workplace stress]]
*[[Workplace stress]]
 
*[[Alprazolam|Xanax withdrawal]]
*[[Chromophobia|Xanthophobia ]]
*[[Phobia|Xenophobia]]
*[[Phobia|Xerophobia ]]
*[[Xylene]]
*[[Yohimbine]]
*[[Yohimbine]]
*[[Phobia|Zelophobia ]]
*[[Phobia|Zemmiphobia ]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
*[[Phobia|Zoophobia]]
*[[Zopiclone]]


*[[Ziprasidone ]]


*[[Zopiclone]]




{{EndMultiCol}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
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[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]

Latest revision as of 20:26, 29 July 2020

Anxiety Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Life threatening causes of anxiety include anaphylaxis, acute coronary syndromes, cardiogenic shock, and myocardial infarction. Other common causes include anemia, caffeine, diabetes, and hyperthyroidism.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

[1][2][3][4][5]

Cardiovascular Accelerated hypertension , Acute Coronary Syndromes, Angina pectoris, Aortic aneurysm, Bacterial pericarditis, Cardiac arrhythmia, Cardiac tamponade, Cardiogenic shock, Cerebrovascular disease, Chest pain, chronic orthostatic hypotension, Congenital heart disease, Congestive cardiac failure, Constrictive pericarditis , constrictive tuberculous pericarditis , decreased cardiac output, Heart disease, Hypertension, Mitral valve prolapse, Myocardial infarction, Orthostatic intolerance, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Sinus arrhythmia, Sinus node disease, Sinus tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia
Chemical / poisoning Amines, Barium nitrate, Carbamate insecticide poisoning, Carbon disulfide,Lead poisoning, Manganese, Mercury, Organophosphate poisoning
Dermatologic Acne, insect bite allergy, lupus, Pellagra, Vitiligo
Drug Side Effect Acamprosate calcium, Acetaminophen, alpha-methyltryptamine, amantadine, amobarbital sodium, amphetamine, antidepressants, anorexia nervosa, aripiprazole, armodafinil, bortezomib, buprenorphine, bupropion, buspirone, butorphanol, caffeine, cannabis, carbamazepine, cimetidine, clobazam, clofarabine Injection, cocaine, caspofungin acetate, cyclosporine, dexamethasone Oral, dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine, dicyclomine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, ECA stack, efavirenz, enoxacin, epinephrine (aerosol), ethcathinone, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, Fentanyl fludrocortisone acetate, fluticasone Oral Inhalation , fluoxetine, fluphenazine, fluticasone Oral Inhalation, gabapentin, ginseng, paroxetine, pergolide, phencyclidine, phenylephrine
Ear Nose Throat Burning mouth syndrome, cholesteatoma, infectious mononucleosis, middle ear infection
Endocrine Addison's disease, adrenal cortex diseases, adrenal gland hypofunction, autoimmune thyroid diseases, Graves disease, adrenal hypertension, adrenal tumor, anorexia nervosa, autoimmune thyroid diseases, carcinoid syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, conn syndrome-induced hypertension, cushing's disease, cushing syndrome, diabetes, eating disorder, Ectopic ACTH Syndrome, Graves disease, high t4 syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism hypoadrenalism, hypoglycaemia, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, insulinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, pheochromocytoma, pituitary dysfunction, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis
Environmental Nitrogen narcosis
Gastroenterologic Anorexia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, chest pain, congenital hepatic porphyria, Crohn's disease, eating disorder, hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, hiatus hernia, irritable bowel syndrome, pellagra, ulcerative colitis, Wilson's disease
Genetic 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, acute intermittent porphyria, Asperger syndrome, celiac disease, chromosome 22q deletion, congenital heart disease, Crohn's disease, early-onset Alzheimer's disease, familial dysautonomia, Gulf War syndrome, heritable connective tissue disorders, velocardiofacial syndrome, WAGR syndrome
Hematologic Anemia
Iatrogenic Akathisia
Infectious Disease Brucellosis, cystitis, encephalitis, infectious mononucleosis, neurosyphilis, rabies, tetanus, toxic shock syndrome, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Tension myositis
Neurologic Aging brain syndrome, akathisia, Alzheimer disease, Asperger syndrome, autism, autoimmune limbic encephalitis, autonomic dysreflexia autonomic hyperreflexia, brain tumor, delirium, delirium tremens, dementia, early-onset Alzheimer's, encephalitis, familial dysautonomia, head injury, hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, Huntington's disease, hypersomnia, limbic encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, pellagra, post-concussion syndrome, Right parietal lobe syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, temporal arteritis, temporal lobe epilepsy, vascular malformations of the brain, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wilson's disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Acute intermittent porphyria, celiac disease, food additives, glycogen storage disease type 6, hyperglycemia, hypoglycaemia, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, pellagra, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wilson's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Menopause, postpartum depression, postpartum thyroiditis, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, premenstrual syndrome
Oncologic Adrenal tumor, brain tumor, carcinoid syndrome, insulinoma, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
Opthalmologic Oculogyric crisis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, temporal arteritis
Overdose / Toxicity Alcohol intoxication, amphetamine abuse, barbiturate abuse, benzodiazepine abuse, caffeine addiction , chemical addiction, cocaine addiction, crack addiction, cyclosporine toxicity, ecstasy addiction, ginseng overdose, lidocaine toxicity, marijuana addiction, methamphetamine overdose, narcotic addiction
Psychiatric Abuse, Phonophobia, acrophobia, acute stress disorder, addiction, adjustment disorder, agoraphobia, alcohol withdrawal, anglophobia, anorexia nervosa, anthropophobia, antipsychotic (withdrawal), Asperger syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, behavioral disorders, belonephobia, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, bibliophobia, binge eating disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, bromidrosiphobia, bruxism, bulimia nervosa, cainophobia, cancerophobia, cardiophobia, cheimatophobia, cherophobia, child abuse, chrematophobia, chronic stress, claustrophobia, cocaine withdrawal, coitophobia, combat stress reaction, coulrophobia(fear of clowns), delirium tremens, dementia, demophobia
Pulmonary Airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, aspiration pneumonia, asthma, chest pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic respiratory failure, decreased oxygen saturation, diaphragmatic paralysis, emphysema, hyperoxia, hyperventilation syndrome, hyperventilation, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pneumothorax, respiratory alkalosis, stridor
Renal / Electrolyte Cystitis, Electrolyte disturbance, hematuria syndrome, lupus, Uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, anaphylaxis, fibromyalgia, Graves disease, Gulf War syndrome, hypersensitivity to food, insect bite allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, velocardiofacial syndrome, vitiligo, Wilson's disease
Sexual Female hysteria, neurosyphilis, puberty
Trauma Concussion, head injury,
Urologic hematuria syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Dental No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Thobois S, Prange S, Sgambato-Faure V, Tremblay L, Broussolle E (2017). "Imaging the Etiology of Apathy, Anxiety, and Depression in Parkinson's Disease: Implication for Treatment". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 17 (10): 76. doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0788-0. PMID 28822071.
  2. ↑ Tseng CC, Hu LY, Liu ME, Yang AC, Shen CC, Tsai SJ (2017). "Bidirectional association between Bell's palsy and anxiety disorders: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study". J Affect Disord. 215: 269–273. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.051. PMID 28359982.
  3. ↑ Pham T, Sauro KM, Patten SB, Wiebe S, Fiest KM, Bulloch A, Jetté N (2017). "The prevalence of anxiety and associated factors in persons with epilepsy". Epilepsia. 58 (8): e107–e110. doi:10.1111/epi.13817. PMID 28597927. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  4. ↑ Mitsikostas DD, Ljubisavljevic S, Deligianni CI (2017). "Refractory burning mouth syndrome: clinical and paraclinical evaluation, comorbiities, treatment and outcome". J Headache Pain. 18 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0745-y. PMC 5371535. PMID 28357703.
  5. ↑ Empty citation (help)

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