Pharyngitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Pharyngitis}}
{{Pharyngitis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
 
==Overview==
[[Pharyngitis]] can be caused by infectious [[microorganisms]] or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by [[viruses]] but may be caused by [[bacterial]] or [[fungal]] etiology. [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (GERD) or particularly [[extraesophageal]] reflux (EER) can also cause acid [[pharyngitis]] in adults and children. 


==Causes==
==Causes==
The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as the common cold.  This is because viruses and bacteria often settle in this part of the body after a person inhales dust or water vapor containing the microorganism.  Infection can also arise when a person touches their nose or mouth after having touched an object shared with another person with the disease.  The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the body tissue.
===Life Threatening Causes===
[[Life-threatening]] causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left [[untreated]].


===Viral sore throats===
*[[Anthrax]]
These comprise about 90% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections. 
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Adenovirus]] - the most common of the viral causes.  Typically the degree of neck [[lymph node]] enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although is very painful.
*[[Orthomyxoviridae]] which cause [[influenza]] - present with rapid onset high temperature, headache and generalized ache. A sore throat may be associated.
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]] ("glandular fever") caused by the [[Epstein-Barr virus]].  This may cause significant lymph gland swelling and an[[exudative]] tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The [[heterophile test]] can be used if this is suspected.
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] can cause multiple [[mouth ulcers]].
*[[Measles]]
*[[Common cold]]


===Bacterial sore throats===
===Common Causes===
====Group A streptococcal====
[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus]] (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.<ref name="pmid9745311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pichichero ME |title=Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=291–302 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9745311 |doi=10.1542/pir.19-9-291 |url=}}</ref>
:''See also [[Strep throat]]''
*[[Adenovirus]]
The most common bacterial agent is  [[streptococcus]]. Unlike adenovirus, there tends to be greater generalized symptoms and more signs to find. Typically enlarged and tender lymph glands, with bright red inflamed and swollen throat, the patient may have a high temperature, headache, and aching muscles ([[myalgia]]) and joints ([[arthralgia]]).
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
It may be impossible to distinguish between viral and bacterial causes of sore throat.<ref name="pmid1565052">{{cite journal |author=Del Mar C|title=Managing sore throat: a literature review. I. Making the diagnosis |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=156 |issue=8 |pages=572-5 |year=1992 |pmid=1565052|doi=}}</ref>
*[[Influenza]]
 
*[[Group A streptococcus]]
Some immune-system meditated complications may occur:
* [[Scarlet fever]] with its vivid [[rash]], although the milder disease seen after the 1950's suggests that the bacteria may have  mutated to less virulent illness and some doctors now call this ''[[scarlatina]]'' (literally a 'little scarlet fever')
* Historically the most important complication was of the generalized inflammatory disorder of [[rheumatic fever]] which could later result in ''[[Rheumatic fever#Complications|rheumatic heart disease]]'' affecting the valves of the heart. Antibiotics may reduce the incidence of this complication to under one-third.<!--
  --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane">{{cite journal | author=Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. | title=Antibiotics for sore throat | journal=The[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | year=2004 | issue=Issue 2 | pages=Art. No.: CD000023.pub2 |id={{doi|10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub2}} | url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD000023/frame.html}} - Meta-analysis of published research</ref><!--
-->However, the incidence of rheumatic fever in developed-regions of the world remains low even though the use of antibiotics has been declining.<!--
  --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Antibiotics for sore throat to prevent rheumatic fever: Yes or No? How the Cochrane Library can help | journal=CMAJ |month=September 28 | year=2004 | volume=171 | issue=7 | id={{doi|10.1503/cmaj.1041275}} | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/171/7/721}} - Canadian Medical Association Journal  commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
  --><ref>{{cite journal | title=Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? | journal=MJA | year=2002 | volume=177 |issue=9 | pages=512-515| url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_09_041102/dan10028_fm.html}} - Medical Journal of Australia commentary on Cochrane analysis</ref><!--
-->This may be a result of a change in the prevalence of various strains of bacteria.  In underdeveloped regions, untreated streptococcal infection can still give rise to rheumatic heart disease and may be due to environmental factors, or reflect a genetic predisposition of the patient to the disease.
* [[Glomerulonephritis|Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] is an inflammation of the kidney.  It is disputed whether antibiotics might reduce<!--
  --><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska A, Biernacka A, Tomaszewska B, Winiecka W, Wierciński R, Porowski T | title = [The course of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis depending on methods of treatment for the preceding respiratory tract infection] | journal = Wiad Lek | volume = 54 |issue = 1-2 | pages = 56-63 | year = 2001 | id = PMID 11344703}}</ref><!--
--> the small risk of this or not.<!--
  --><ref name="pharyngitis-cochrane" />
* Very rarely there may occur a secondary infection behind the tonsils which may cause a life-threatening [[septicaemia]] ([[Lemierre's syndrome]]).
 
====Diphtheria====
[[Diphtheria]] is a potentially life threatening upper respiratory infection caused by ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood [[vaccination]] programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetic acid]], [[chemical burn|chemical exposure]], [[Hydrogen Sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], [[platinosis]]
[[Acetic acid]],
[[Grape seed extract]],
[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcets syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[abatacept]], [[Acetazolamide Oral|acetazolamide oral]], [[acetohexamide ]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[adefovir]], [[alefacept]], [[alfuzosin]], [[allopurinol]], [[altretamine]], [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]], [[Amikacin Sulfate|amikacin sulfate]], [[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[amobarbital]], [[amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin Sodium|ampicillin sodium]], [[anagrelide]], [[anakinra]], [[anastrozole]], [[anisindione]], [[anticholinergic]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[asparaginase]], [[atorvastatin]], [[auranofin]], [[Azelastine Ophthalmic|azelastine ophthalmic]], [[aztreonam]], [[benazepril]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|brinzolamide ophthalmic]], [[Budesonide Inhalation Powder|budesonide inhalation powder]], [[bumetanide]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butorphanol]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carteolol]], [[cefadroxil]], [[Cefamandole Nafate|cefamandole nafate]], [[Cefazolin Sodium|cefazolin sodium]], [[cefepime]], [[Cefoperazone Sodium|cefoperazone sodium]], [[Cefotaxime Sodium|cefotaxime sodium]], [[Cefotetan Disodium|cefotetan disodium]], [[cefoxitin sodium]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ceftizoxime sodium]], [[ceftriaxone sodium]], [[cefuroxime sodium]], [[cephalexin]], [[cephradine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[cilostazol]], [[cladribine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]], [[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|cyanocobalamin nasal]], [[cytarabine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin ]], [[dapsone]], [[danazol]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[daunorubicin]], [[desloratadine]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|diclofenac and misoprostol]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diphtheria]], [[disopyramide]], [[docetaxel]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin]], [[efalizumab]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[Epinastine Ophthalmic|epinastine ophthalmic]], [[epirubicin]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[eprosartan]], [[erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole|erythromycin and sulfisoxazole]], [[etanercept]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[Ethosuximide Oral|ethosuximide oral]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[fentanyl (transdermal)|fentanyl skin patches]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|flunisolide nasal inhalation]], [[fluorouracil]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[foscarnet sodium]], [[fosinopril]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[glatiramer ]], [[glipizide]], [[glyburide]], [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[ibandronate]], [[ifosfamide]], [[imatinib]], [[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium|imipenem and cilastatin sodium]], [[infliximab]], [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation|insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation]], [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular|interferon beta-1a intramuscular]], [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation|ipratropium and albuterol inhalation]], [[irbesartan]], [[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|ketotifen ophthalmic]], [[lamotrigine]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levocetirizine]], [[lisinopril]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[losartan]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[meprobamate]], [[meropenem]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[mesalamine]], [[methimazole]], [[methotrexate]], [[Methsuximide Oral|methsuximide oral]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[minocycline]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic|moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[Nafcillin Sodium|nafcillin sodium]], [[natalizumab]], [[Nedocromil oral inhalation|nedocromil oral inhalation]], [[nisoldipine]], [[Olopatadine ophthalmic|olopatadine ophthalmic]], [[omeprazole]], [[Oxacillin Sodium|oxacillin sodium]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[palivizumab]], [[pamidronate]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium|penicillin G potassium or sodium]], [[Penicillamine]] [[Pentamidine Isethionate|pentamidine isethionate]], [[pentostatin]], [[perindopril]], [[phenobarbital]], [[Phenytoin oral|phenytoin oral]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[Piperacillin sodium|piperacillin sodium]], [[plicamycin]], [[pramlintide]], [[Prazosin and polythiazide|prazosin and polythiazide]], [[primaquine]], [[primidone]], [[procarbazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[Propranolol Oral|propranolol oral]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramipril]], [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate|ranitidine bismuth citrate]], [[rifabutin]], [[rimexolone]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[rifaximin]], [[rituximab]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[Salmeterol oral inhalation|salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[secobarbital]], [[sibutramine]], [[silver sulfadiazine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sodium dichloroisocyanurate]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[spironolactone]], [[streptozocin]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[tamsulosin]], [[telmisartan]], [[teniposide]], [[terbinafine]], [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)|teriparatide (rDNA origin)]], [[thioguanine]], [[thiotepa]], [[Ticarcillin Disodium|ticarcillin disodium]], [[ticlopidine]], [[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|tiotropium oral inhalation]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[trandolapril]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|triamcinolone nasal inhalation]], [[trimethadione]], [[trimipramine]], [[Valproic Acid|valproic acid]], [[Verapamil and Trandolapril|verapamil and trandolapril]], [[vinblastine]], [[Vinorelbine Tartrate|vinorelbine tartrate]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[zalcitabine]], [[Zolmitriptan Nasal|zolmitriptan nasal]], [[zonisamide]]
[[Abacavir]],
[[Abatacept Injection (patient information)]],
[[Acetazolamide Oral]],
[[Acetohexamide ]],
[[Aciclovir]],
[[Acyclovir ]],
[[Adalimumab  ]],
[[Adefovir ]],
[[Alefacept  ]],
[[Alfuzosin ]],
[[Allopurinol ]],
[[Altretamine ]],
[[Amlodipine and Benazepril]],
[[Amikacin Sulfate ]],
[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
[[Amobarbital ]],
[[Amphotericin B ]],
[[Ampicillin Sodium ]],
[[Anagrelide ]],
[[Anakinra ]],
[[Anastrozole ]],
[[Anisindione ]],
[[Anticholinergic]],
[[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) ]],
[[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) ]],
[[Asparaginase ]],
[[Atorvastatin ]],
[[Auranofin ]],
[[Azelastine Ophthalmic ]],
[[Aztreonam  ]],
[[Benazepril ]],
[[Bevacizumab  ]],
[[Bortezomib ]],
[[Bosentan ]],
[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]],
[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]],
[[Bumetanide ]],
[[Buspirone]],
[[Busulfan ]],
[[Butabarbital ]],
[[Butorphanol]],
[[Candesartan ]],
[[Capecitabine ]],
[[Captopril ]],
[[Carteolol ]],
[[Cefadroxil ]],
[[Cefamandole Nafate ]],
[[Cefazolin Sodium ]],
[[Cefepime  ]],
[[Cefoperazone Sodium ]],
[[Cefotaxime Sodium ]],
[[Cefotetan Disodium ]],
[[Cefoxitin Sodium  ]],
[[Cefpodoxime ]],
[[Ceftazidime  ]],
[[Ceftizoxime Sodium  ]],
[[Ceftriaxone Sodium  ]],
[[Cefuroxime Sodium  ]],
[[Cephalexin ]],
[[Cephradine  ]],
[[Cetuximab  ]],
[[Chlorambucil ]],
[[Chlorothiazide ]],
[[Chlorpropamide ]],
[[Chlorthalidone ]],
[[Cilostazol ]],
[[Cladribine ]],
[[Clofarabine  ]],
[[Clofibrate]],
[[Co-trimoxazole ]],
[[Conjugated estrogens]]
[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal ]],
[[Cytarabine ]],
[[Dacarbazine ]],
[[Dactinomycin ]],[[Dapsone]]
[[Danazol ]],
[[Darbepoetin Alfa  ]],
[[Daunorubicin ]],
[[Desloratadine ]],
[[Desmopressin]],
[[Dexmethylphenidate]],
[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]],
[[Diethylpropion ]],
[[Diphtheria]],
[[Disopyramide ]],
[[Docetaxel ]],
[[Dornase Alfa ]],
[[Doxorubicin ]],
[[Efalizumab  ]],
[[Efavirenz ]],
[[Emtricitabine ]],
[[Enalapril ]],
[[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]],
[[Epirubicin  ]],
[[Epoetin Alfa  ]],
[[Eprosartan ]],
[[Erlotinib ]],
[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole ]],
[[Etanercept  ]],
[[Ethacrynic Acid ]],
[[Ethosuximide Oral ]],
[[Etodolac ]],
[[Etoposide Oral and  ]],
[[Ezetimibe ]],
[[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]],
[[Flavoxate ]],
[[Floxuridine ]],
[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation ]],
[[Fluorouracil ]],
[[Fluphenazine ]],
[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Formoterol ]],
[[Fosamprenavir ]],
[[Foscarnet Sodium  ]],
[[Fosinopril ]],
[[Fulvestrant  ]],
[[Furosemide ]],
[[Gabapentin ]],
[[Ganciclovir ]],
[[Gatifloxacin ]],
[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
[[Glatiramer  ]],
[[Glipizide ]],
[[Glyburide ]],
[[Grifulvin V]],
[[Griseofulvin ]],
[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
[[Ibandronate ]],
[[Ifosfamide ]],
[[Imatinib ]],
[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium ]],
[[Infliximab  ]],
[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation ]],
[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]],
[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]],
[[Irbesartan ]],
[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic ]],
[[Lamotrigine]],
[[Levetiracetam ]],
[[Levocetirizine]],
[[Lisinopril ]],
[[Lomustine ]],
[[Loratadine ]],
[[Losartan ]],
[[Mechlorethamine ]],
[[Mefenamic acid]],
[[Melphalan ]],
[[Meprobamate ]],  
[[Meropenem]],
[[Mercaptopurine]],
[[Mesalamine ]],
[[Methimazole ]],
[[Methotrexate ]],
[[Methsuximide Oral ]],
[[Methyclothiazide ]],
[[Metolazone ]],
[[Metoprolol]],
[[Minocycline]],
[[Mitomycin ]],
[[Modafinil ]],
[[Moexipril ]],
[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]],
[[Nafcillin Sodium ]],
[[Natalizumab  ]],
[[Nedocromil oral inhalation ]],
[[Nisoldipine ]],
[[Olopatadine ophthalmic ]],
[[Omeprazole]],
[[Oxacillin Sodium ]],
[[Oxaliplatin  ]],
[[Oxcarbazepine ]],
[[Paclitaxel]],
[[Palivizumab  ]],
[[Pamidronate  ]],
[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]],
[[Penicillamine]]
[[Pentamidine Isethionate]],
[[Pentostatin ]],
[[Perindopril ]],
[[Phenobarbital ]],
[[Phenytoin oral ]],
[[Pindolol ]],
[[Pioglitazone ]],
[[Piperacillin sodium ]],
[[Plicamycin ]],
[[Pramlintide  ]],
[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]],
[[Primaquine ]],
[[Primidone ]],
[[Procarbazine ]],
[[Promethazine ]],
[[Propafenone ]],
[[Propranolol Oral ]],
[[Propylthiouracil ]],
[[Quetiapine ]],
[[Quinapril ]],
[[Rabeprazole]],
[[Ramipril ]],
[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]],
[[Rifabutin ]],
[[Risedronate ]],
[[Risperidone ]],
[[Rifaximin]],
[[Rituximab  ]],
[[Ropinirole ]],
[[Rosiglitazone ]],
[[Rosuvastatin ]],
[[Salmeterol oral inhalation ]],
[[Scopolamine]],
[[Secobarbital ]],
[[Sibutramine ]],
[[Silver sulfadiazine ]],
[[Sitagliptin ]],
[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
[[Sodium oxybate ]],
[[Spironolactone ]],
[[Streptozocin ]],
[[Sulfadiazine ]],
[[Sulfasalazine ]],
[[Sulfinpyrazone ]],
[[Sulfisoxazole ]],
[[Tamsulosin ]],
[[Telmisartan ]],
[[Teniposide ]],
[[Terbinafine ]],
[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]],
[[Thioguanine ]],
[[Thiotepa ]],
[[Ticarcillin Disodium ]],
[[Ticlopidine ]],
[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Tizanidine]],
[[Tocainide ]],
[[Tolazamide ]],
[[Tolbutamide ]],
[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
[[Trandolapril ]],
[[Trastuzumab ]],
[[Trazodone]],
[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation ]],
[[Trimethadione ]],
[[Trimipramine ]],
[[Valproic Acid ]],
[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]],
[[Vinblastine ]],
[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
[[Von Willebrand factor]],
[[Zalcitabine ]],
[[Zolmitriptan Nasal ]],
[[Zonisamide ]],
[[Conjugated estrogens]]
 
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angina tonsillaris]], [[Bezold's abscess]], [[dysphagia]], [[ear pain]], [[empty nose syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[herpangina]], [[laryngitis]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[oropharyngeal lesion]], [[otalgia]], [[post-nasal drip]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[sinusitis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[tonsillolith]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]  
[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]],
Allergic pharynigits,
[[Angina tonsillaris]],
[[Epiglottitis]],
Fungal pharyngitis,
[[Laryngeal cancer]],
[[Laryngitis]],
[[Oropharyngeal lesion]],
[[Peritonsillar abscess]],
[[Post-nasal drip]],
[[Sinusitis]],
[[Thyroiditis]],
[[Tonsillitis]],
[[Tonsillolith]],
[[Tracheobronchitis]],
[[Retropharyngeal abscess]],
 
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thyroiditis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoke]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pollution|Environmental pollutants]], [[lepidopterism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[GERD]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysphagia]], [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]],  [[GERD]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neutropenia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
[[Leukemia]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]], [[invisalign]], [[nasogastric intubation]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
[[Invisalign]],
[[Nasogastric intubation]],
[[Radiation]],
[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[adenovirus]], [[pharyngitis|allergic pharyngitis]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[anthrax]], [[arcanobacterium haemolyticum]], [[arcanobacterium]],  [[Bezold's abscess]], [[blastomyces]], [[candida albicans]], [[phlegmon|cervical phlegmon]], [[chickenpox]], [[chlamydia pneumonia]], [[chlamydophila pneumoniae]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]], [[collinsonia canadensis]], [[coronavirus]], [[corynebacterium diphtheriae]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cryptococcus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[deep neck infection]], [[diphtheria]], [[Duke's disease]], [[ebola]], [[echovirus]], [[encephalitis lethargica]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[francisella tularensis]], [[pharyngitis|fungal pharyngitis]], [[fusobacterium necrophorum]], [[fusobacterium]], [[Gonococcal|gonococcal pharyngitis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[Group A streptococcal infection]], [[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]], [[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpesviridae]], [[Histoplasmosis|histoplasma]], [[HIV]], [[human parainfluenza viruses]], [[influenza]], [[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]], [[klebsiella]], [[laryngitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Lemierre's syndrome]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[metapneumovirus]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[neisseria gonorrheae]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[oral candidiasis]], [[PANDAS]], [[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|paracoccidioides]], [[parainfluenza]], [[pasteurella]], [[pemphigus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[pharyngoconjunctival fever]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliovirus]], [[Q fever]], [[rabies]], [[rat bite fever]], [[Respiratory Syncitial virus|respiratory syncitial virus]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[rhinosporidiosis|rhinosporidium]], [[rhinovirus]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[sinusitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[strep throat]], [[streptococcal infections]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[syphillis]], [[the clap]], [[tonsillitis]], [[toxemia]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tularemia]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
[[Anthrax]],
[[Adenovirus]],
[[Arcanobacterium]],
[[Candida Albicans]],
[[Chlamydia pneumoniae]],
[[Coronavirus]],
[[Coxsackie A virus]],
[[Coxsackie B ]],
[[Cryptococcus]],
[[Cytomegalovirus]],
[[Diphtheria]],
[[Duke's disease]],
[[Ebola]],
[[Enterovirus]],
[[Epstein-Barr Virus]],
[[Fusobacterium]],
[[Gonococcal Infections]],
[[Group A streptococcal infection]],
[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]],
[[Herpangina]],
[[Herpesviridae]],
[[Histoplasma]],
[[Human parainfluenza viruses]],
[[Infectious mononucleosis]],
[[Influenza]],
[[Lassa Fever]],
[[Lemierre's syndrome]],
[[Moraxella catarrhalis]],
[[Mumps]],
[[Parainfluenza]],
[[Pneumococcus]],
[[Poliovirus]],
[[Q Fever]],
[[Rabies]],
[[Rhinovirus]],
[[Scarlet fever]],
[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
[[Strep throat]],
[[Syphillis]],
[[Tularemia]],
[[Mycobacterium]],
[[Mycoplasma]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 422: Line 76:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Encephalitis lethargica]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[encephalitis lethargica]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
[[Lymphoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 445: Line 96:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]], [[toxins]]
[[Cocaine]],
[[Hydrogen sulfide]],
[[Methotrexate (patient information)]],
[[Peginterferon alfa-2a (patient information)]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[PANDAS]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[laryngitis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 466: Line 112:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hay fever]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[arthralgia]], [[Behcets syndrome]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[immunocompromised host]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[platinosis]], [[Still's disease]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]],
[[Kawasaki disease]],
[[Lymphadenitis]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 478: Line 120:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Trauma to the throat
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 486: Line 128:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign body]]
[[Foreign body]]
Chemical burns
|-
|-
|}
|} <ref name="pmid22338589">Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis.] ''Infect Disord Drug Targets'' 12 (4):281-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22338589 22338589]</ref><ref name="pmid7989695">Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7989695 Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.] ''J Emerg Med'' 12 (5):665-80. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7989695 7989695]</ref>


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{columns-list|4|
*[[Abacavir ]]
*[[Abacavir]]
*[[Abatacept ]]
*[[Abatacept]]  
*[[Acetazolamide Oral ]]
*[[Acetazolamide Oral|Acetazolamide oral]]
*[[Acetic acid]]
*[[Acetic acid]]
*[[Acetohexamide ]]
*[[Acetohexamide]]
*[[Aciclovir]]
*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
*[[Acyclovir ]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Adalimumab ]]
*[[Adalimumab]]
*[[Adefovir ]]
*[[Adefovir]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Alefacept ]]
*[[Alefacept]]
*[[Alfuzosin ]]
*[[Alfuzosin]]  
*Allergic Pharyngitis
*[[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]]
*[[Allopurinol ]]
*[[Allopurinol]]  
*[[Altretamine ]]
*[[Altretamine]]
*[[Amikacin Sulfate  ]]
*[[Amikacin sulfate]]
*[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
*[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide|Amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Amobarbital ]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Amphotericin B ]]
*[[Amobarbital]]
*[[Ampicillin Sodium ]]
*[[Amphotericin B]]
*[[Anagrelide ]]
*[[Ampicillin Sodium|Ampicillin sodium]]
*[[Anakinra ]]
*[[Anagrelide]]
*[[Anastrozole ]]
*[[Anakinra]]
*[[Anastrozole]]  
*[[Angina tonsillaris]]
*[[Angina tonsillaris]]
*[[Anisindione ]]
*[[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Anisindione]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Anthrax]]  
*[[Anticholinergic]]
*[[Anticholinergic]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) ]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (human)]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) ]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (recombinant)]]
*[[Arcanobacterium]]
*[[Arcanobacterium]]
*[[Arcanobacterium haemolyticum]]
*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
*[[Asparaginase ]]
*[[Arthralgia]]
*[[Atorvastatin ]]
*[[Asparaginase]]  
* [[Atripala]] (combination of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate)
*[[Atorvastatin]]
*[[Auranofin ]]
*[[Atripala]]
*[[Azelastine Ophthalmic ]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Aztreonam ]]
*[[Azelastine]]
*[[Behcets Syndrome]]
*[[Azelastine Ophthalmic|Azelastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Benazepril ]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Bevacizumab ]]
*[[Behcets syndrome]]
*[[Benazepril]]
*[[Benzydamine]]
*[[Bevacizumab]]
*[[Bezold's abscess]]
*[[Bezold's abscess]]
*[[Blastomyces]]
*[[Blastomyces]]
*[[Bortezomib ]]
*[[Bortezomib]]
*[[Bosentan ]]
*[[Bosentan]]
*[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]]
*[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|Brinzolamide ophthalmic]]  
*[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]]
*[[Budesonide inhalation powder]]
*[[Bumetanide ]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Busulfan ]]
*[[Busulfan]]
*[[Butabarbital ]]
*[[Butabarbital]]
*[[Butorphanol]]
*[[Butorphanol]]
*[[Candesartan ]]
*[[Candesartan]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Capecitabine ]]
*[[Capecitabine]]
*[[Captopril ]]
*[[Captopril]]
*[[Carteolol ]]
*[[Carbimazole]]
*[[Cefadroxil ]]
*[[Carteolol]]
*[[Cefamandole Nafate  ]]
*[[Cefadroxil]]
*[[Cefazolin Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefalexin]]
*[[Cefepime ]]
*[[Cefamandole nafate]]
*[[Cefoperazone Sodium ]]
*[[Cefazolin sodium]]
*[[Cefotaxime Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefditoren]]
*[[Cefotetan Disodium  ]]
*[[Cefepime]]
*[[Cefoxitin Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefixime]]
*[[Cefpodoxime ]]
*[[Cefoperazone Sodium|Cefoperazone sodium]]
*[[Ceftazidime ]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Ceftizoxime Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefotetan disodium]]
*[[Ceftriaxone Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefoxitin sodium]]
*[[Cefuroxime Sodium  ]]
*[[Cefpodoxime]]
*[[Cephalexin ]]
*[[Ceftazidime]]
*[[Cephradine ]]
*[[Ceftibuten]]
*Cervical phlegmon
*[[Ceftizoxime sodium]]
*[[Cetuximab ]]
*[[Ceftriaxone sodium]]  
*Chemical burns
*[[Cefuroxime sodium]]
*[[Cephalexin]]
*[[Cephradine]]
*[[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[chemical burn|Chemical exposure]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chickenpox]]
*[[Chlamydia pneumonia]]
*[[Chlamydia pneumonia]]
*[[Chlorambucil ]]
*[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]
*[[Chlorothiazide ]]
*[[Chlorambucil]]
*[[Chlorpropamide ]]
*[[Chloroacetophenone]]
*[[Chlorthalidone ]]
*[[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile|Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile]]
*[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
*[[Chlorothiazide]]
*[[Cilostazol ]]
*[[chlorpheniramine|Chlorpheniramine maleate]]
*[[Cladribine ]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]  
*[[Clofarabine ]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cilostazol]]
*[[Cladribine]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[clemastine|Clemastine fumarate]]
*[[Clofarabine]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[CMV pneumonitis]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Collinsonia canadensis]]
*[[Coronavirus]]
*[[Coronavirus]]
*[[Co-trimoxazole ]]
*[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
*[[Co-trimoxazole]]  
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
*[[Coxsackie B]]
*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
*[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation ]]
*[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|Cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]]
*[[Cryptococcus]]
*[[Cryptococcus]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal ]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|Cyanocobalamin nasal]]
*[[Cytarabine ]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dacarbazine ]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dactinomycin ]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Danazol ]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Darbepoetin Alfa  ]]
*[[Darbepoetin alfa]]  
*[[Daunorubicin ]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*Deep neck space infections
*[[Deep neck infection]]
*[[Desloratadine ]]
*[[Desloratadine]]  
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
*[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
*[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]]
*[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|Diclofenac and misoprostol]]
*[[Diethylpropion ]]
*[[Diethylpropion]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Disopyramide ]]
*[[Disopyramide]]  
*[[Docetaxel ]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Dornase Alfa ]]
*[[Dornase alfa]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Doxorubicin]]  
*[[Doxorubicin ]]
*[[Duke's disease]]
*[[Duke's disease]]
*[[Dysphagia]]
*[[Ear pain]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Efalizumab ]]
*[[Echovirus]]
*[[Efavirenz ]]
*[[Efalizumab]]
*[[Emtricitabine ]]
*[[Efavirenz]]
*[[Enalapril ]]
*[[Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]]
*[[Empty nose syndrome]]
*[[Emtricitabine]]
*[[Enalapril]]
*[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
*[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
*Environmental pollutants
*[[Endoscopy]]
*[[pollution|Environmental pollutants]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]]
*[[Epinastine Ophthalmic|Epinastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Epirubicin ]]
*[[Epirubicin]]  
*[[Epoetin Alfa  ]]
*[[Epoetin alfa]]
*[[Eprosartan ]]
*[[Eprosartan]]
*[[Epstein-Barr Virus]]
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
*[[Erlotinib ]]
*[[Erlotinib]]
*[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole ]]
*[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole]]
*[[Etanercept ]]
*[[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy]]
*[[Ethacrynic Acid ]]
*[[Etanercept]]
*[[Ethosuximide Oral ]]
*[[Ethacrynic acid]]  
*[[Etodolac ]]
*[[Ethosuximide Oral|Ethosuximide oral]]
*[[Etodolac]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Ezetimibe ]]
*[[Ezetimibe]]
*[[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]]
*[[Ezetimibe/simvastatin]]
*[[Flavoxate ]]
*[[fentanyl (transdermal)|Fentanyl skin patches]]
*[[Floxuridine ]]
*[[Flavoxate]]
*[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation ]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Fluorouracil ]]
*[[Flu vaccine]]
*[[Fluphenazine ]]
*[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|Flunisolide nasal inhalation]]  
*[[Fluticasone]] (aerosol and spray)
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation ]]
*[[Fluphenazine]]  
*[[Fluticasone]]
*[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|Fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Formoterol ]]
*[[Formoterol]]
*[[Fosamprenavir ]]
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
*[[Foscarnet Sodium  ]]
*[[Foscarnet sodium]]
*[[Fosinopril ]]
*[[Fosinopril]]
*[[Fulvestrant ]]
*[[Francisella tularensis]]
*[[Furosemide ]]
*[[Fulvestrant]]
*[[Fusobacterium]]
*[[pharyngitis|Fungal pharyngitis]]
*[[Gabapentin ]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Ganciclovir ]]
*[[Fusobacterium]]
*[[Gatifloxacin ]]
*[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]
*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
*[[Gabapentin]]  
*[[Ganciclovir]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|Gemcitabine hydrochloride]]
*[[GERD]]
*[[GERD]]
*[[Glatiramer ]]
*[[Glatiramer]]
*[[Glipizide ]]
*[[Glipizide]]
*[[Glyburide ]]
*[[Glyburide]]
*[[Gonococcal Infections]]
*[[Gonococcal infection|Gonococcal pharyngitis]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Grifulvin V]]
*[[Grifulvin V]]
*[[Griseofulvin ]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
*[[Group A streptococcal infection]]
*[[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]]
*[[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hay fever]]
*[[Hay fever]]  
*[[Hemophilus Influenza]]
*[[Herpangina]]
*[[Herpangina]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Herpesviridae]]
*[[Herpesviridae]]
*[[Histoplasma]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[HPV Vaccine]] ([[Gardasil]])
*[[Histoplasmosis|Histoplasma]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HPV Vaccine]]
*[[Human parainfluenza viruses]]
*[[Human parainfluenza viruses]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Ibandronate ]]
*[[Ibandronate]]  
*[[Ifosfamide ]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Imatinib ]]
*[[Imatinib]]
*[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium ]]
*[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Immunocompromised host]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Influenza]]
*[[Influenza]]
*[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation ]]
*[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation]]
*[[Insulin lispro]]
*[[Insulin lispro]]
*[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]]
*[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular]]
*[[Invisalign]]
*[[Invisalign]]
*[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]]
*[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation]]
*[[Irbesartan ]]
*[[Irbesartan]]
*[[Sitagliptin]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*Kelbsiella
*[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|Ketotifen ophthalmic]]
*[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic ]]
*[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]
*[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
*[[Laryngitis]]
*[[Laryngitis]]
*[[Lassa Fever]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lemierre's syndrome]]
*[[Lemierre's syndrome]]
*[[Lepidopterism]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Levetiracetam ]]
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Lisinopril ]]
*[[Lisinopril]]
*[[Lomustine ]]
*[[Lomustine]]
*[[Loratadine ]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Losartan ]]
*[[Losartan]]
*[[Ludwig's angina]]
*[[Ludwig's angina]]
*[[Lymphadenitis]]
*[[Lymphadenitis]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Mechlorethamine ]]
*[[Lymphoproliferative disorders]]
*[[Mechlorethamine]]
*[[Mefenamic acid]]
*[[Mefenamic acid]]
*[[Melphalan ]]
*[[Melphalan]]  
*[[Meprobamate ]]
*[[Meprobamate]]
*[[Mercaptopurine]]
*[[Mercaptopurine]]
*[[Mesalamine ]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Methimazole ]]
*[[Metapneumovirus]]
*[[Methotrexate ]]
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methsuximide Oral ]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methyclothiazide ]]
*[[Methsuximide Oral|Methsuximide oral]]
*[[Metolazone ]]
*[[Methyclothiazide]]
*[[Metolazone]]
*[[Metoprolol]]
*[[Metoprolol]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Mitomycin ]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Modafinil ]]
*[[Modafinil]]
*[[Moexipril ]]
*[[Moexipril]]
*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
*[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]
*[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]]
*[[Morpholine]]
*[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mycobacterium]]
*[[Mycobacterium]]  
*[[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Nafcillin Sodium  ]]
*[[Nafcillin sodium]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Nasogastric intubation]]
*[[Nasogastric intubation]]
*[[Natalizumab ]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
*[[Nedocromil oral inhalation ]]
*[[Natalizumab]]
*[[Neutropenia]]
*[[Nedocromil oral inhalation]]
*[[Nisoldipine ]]
*[[Neisseria gonorrheae]]
*[[Olopatadine ophthalmic ]]
*[[Nisoldipine]]
*[[Non-specific urethritis]]
*[[Olopatadine]]
*[[Olopatadine ophthalmic]]
*[[Oral candidiasis]]  
*[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
*[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
*[[Oxacillin Sodium ]]
*[[Otalgia]]
*[[Oxaliplatin ]]
*[[Oxacillin Sodium|Oxacillin sodium]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Paclitaxel]]
*[[Paclitaxel]]
*[[Palivizumab ]]
*[[Palivizumab]]
*[[Pamidronate ]]
*[[Pamidronate]]  
*Paracoccidiodes
*[[PANDAS]]
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
*[[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides]]
*[[Pemetrexed ]]
*[[Parainfluenza]]
*[[Pasteurella]]
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a]]
*[[Pemetrexed]]
*[[Pemphigus]]
*[[Pemphigus]]
*[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Pentamidine Isethionate  ]]
*[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]]
*[[Pentostatin ]]
*[[Pentamidine isethionate]]
*[[Perindopril ]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Perindopril]]
*[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
*[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
*[[Peritonsillar abscess]]
*[[Peritonsillar abscess]]
*[[Phenobarbital ]]
*[[Pharyngoconjunctival fever]]
*[[Phenytoin oral ]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Pindolol ]]
*[[Phenytoin oral]]
*[[Pioglitazone ]]
*[[Pindolol]]
*[[Piperacillin sodium ]]
*[[Pioglitazone]]
*[[Plicamycin ]]
*[[Piperacillin sodium]]
*[[Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-Valent]] ([[Prevnar 13]]): in infants and toddlers
*[[Platinosis]]  
*[[Plicamycin]]
*[[Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-Valent]]
*[[Pneumococcus]]
*[[Pneumococcus]]
*[[Poliovirus]]
*[[Poliovirus]]
*[[Post-nasal drip]]
*[[Post-nasal drip]]
*[[Pramlintide ]]
*[[Pramlintide]]
*[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]]
*[[Prazosin and polythiazide]]
*[[Primaquine ]]
*[[Primaquine]]
*[[Primidone ]]
*[[Primidone]]
*[[Procarbazine ]]
*[[Procarbazine]]
*[[Promethazine ]]
*[[Promethazine]]
*[[Propafenone ]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propranolol Oral ]]
*[[Propranolol Oral|Propranolol oral]]
*[[Propylthiouracil ]]
*[[Propylthiouracil]]
*[[Q Fever]]
*[[Pulmozyme]]
*[[Quetiapine ]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Quinapril ]]
*[[Quetiapine]]
*[[Quinapril]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Ramipril ]]
*[[Ramipril]]
*[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]]
*[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate]]
*[[Respiratory Syncitial virus]]
*[[Rat bite fever]]
*[[Respiratory Syncitial virus|Respiratory syncitial virus]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
*Rhinosporodium
*[[rhinosporidiosis|Rhinosporidium]]
*[[Rhinovirus]]
*[[Rhinovirus]]  
*[[Rifabutin ]]
*[[Rifabutin]]
*[[Risedronate ]]
*[[Risedronate]]  
*[[Risperidone ]]
*[[Risperidone]]
*[[Rituximab ]]
*[[Rituximab]]
*[[Ropinirole ]]
*[[Ropinirole]]  
*[[Rosiglitazone ]]
*[[Rosiglitazone]]
*[[Rosuvastatin ]]
*[[Rosuvastatin]]
*[[Salmeterol oral inhalation ]]
*[[Salmeterol oral inhalation]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Scarlet fever]]
*[[Scarlet fever]]
*[[Scrumpox]]
*[[Scrumpox]]
*[[Secobarbital ]]
*[[Secobarbital]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]  
*[[Sibutramine ]]
*[[Sibutramine]]
*[[Silver sulfadiazine ]]
*[[Silver sulfadiazine]]
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Sitagliptin ]]
*[[Sitagliptin]]
*[[Smoke]]
*[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]]
*[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]]
*[[Sodium oxybate ]]
*[[Sodium oxybate]]
*[[Spironolactone ]]
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Strep throat]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Streptozocin ]]
*[[Still's disease]]
*[[Sulfadiazine ]]
*[[Strep throat]]
*[[Sulfasalazine ]]
*[[Streptococcal infections]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone ]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Sulfisoxazole ]]
*[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]
*[[Syphillis]]
*[[Streptococcus suis]]
*[[Tamsulosin ]]
*[[Streptozocin]]
*[[Telmisartan ]]
*[[Sulfadiazine]]
*[[Teniposide ]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Terbinafine ]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]]
*[[Sulfisoxazole]]
*[[Thioguanine ]]
*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride|Sulfuryl fluoride]]
*[[Thiotepa ]]
*[[Syphillis]]  
*[[Tamsulosin]]
*[[Tavist]]
*[[Telmisartan]]
*[[Teniposide]]
*[[Terbinafine]]
*[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)]]
*[[The clap]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Thiotepa]]
*[[Thyroiditis]]
*[[Thyroiditis]]
*[[Ticarcillin Disodium  ]]
*[[Ticarcillin disodium]]  
*[[Ticlopidine ]]
*[[Ticlopidine]]  
*[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation ]]
*[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|Tiotropium oral inhalation]]
*[[Tocainide ]]
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]  
*[[Tolazamide ]]
*[[Tocainide]]
*[[Tolbutamide ]]
*[[Tolazamide]]  
*[[Tolbutamide]]
*[[Tonsillitis]]
*[[Tonsillitis]]
*[[Tonsillolith]]
*[[Tonsillolith]]
*[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]]
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Toxins]]
*[[Topotecan Hydrochloride|Topotecan hydrochloride]]
*[[Toxemia]]
*[[Toxins]]  
*[[Tracheitis]]
*[[Tracheitis]]
*[[Tracheobronchitis]]
*[[Tracheobronchitis]]
*[[Trandolapril ]]
*[[Trandolapril]]
*[[Trastuzumab ]]
*[[Trastuzumab]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation ]]
*[[Treponema pallidum]]
*[[Trimethadione ]]
*[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|Triamcinolone nasal inhalation]]
*[[Trimipramine ]]
*[[Trimethadione]]  
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Trimipramine]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infection]]
*[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
*[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
*[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
*[[Valproic Acid ]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]]
*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril]]
*[[Vinblastine ]]
*[[Vinblastine]]
*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate|Vinorelbine tartrate]]
*Vocal abuse
*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
*[[Zalcitabine ]]
*[[Zalcitabine]]
*[[Zolmitriptan Nasal ]]
*[[Zolmitriptan Nasal|Zolmitriptan nasal]]
*[[Zonisamide ]]
*[[Zonisamide]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
}}


==References==
==References==
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{{WH}}
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{{WS}}
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[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, 24 December 2020

Pharyngitis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pharyngitis can be caused by infectious microorganisms or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by viruses but may be caused by bacterial or fungal etiology. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or particularly extraesophageal reflux (EER) can also cause acid pharyngitis in adults and children. 

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.[1]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning Acetic acid, chemical exposure, hydrogen sulfide, platinosis
Dermatologic Behcets syndrome, lepidopterism, scarlet fever, scrumpox, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Drug Side Effect Abacavir, abatacept, acetazolamide oral, acetohexamide , acyclovir, adalimumab, adefovir, alefacept, alfuzosin, allopurinol, altretamine, Amlodipine and Benazepril, amikacin sulfate, Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide, amobarbital, amphotericin B, ampicillin sodium, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, anisindione, anticholinergic, antihemophilic factor (human), antihemophilic factor (recombinant), asparaginase, atorvastatin, auranofin, azelastine ophthalmic, aztreonam, benazepril, bevacizumab, bortezomib, bosentan, brinzolamide ophthalmic, budesonide inhalation powder, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, butabarbital, butorphanol, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carteolol, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin sodium, cefepime, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, cephradine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chlorothiazide, chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cilostazol, cladribine, clofarabine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, cromolyn sodium oral inhalation, cyanocobalamin nasal, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin , dapsone, danazol, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, desloratadine, desmopressin, dexmethylphenidate, diclofenac and misoprostol, diethylpropion, diphtheria, disopyramide, docetaxel, dornase alfa, doxorubicin, efalizumab, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enalapril, epinastine ophthalmic, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, eprosartan, erlotinib, erythromycin and sulfisoxazole, etanercept, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide oral, etodolac, etoposide, ezetimibe, fentanyl skin patches, flavoxate, floxuridine, flunisolide nasal inhalation, fluorouracil, fluphenazine, fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet sodium, fosinopril, fulvestrant, furosemide, gabapentin, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine hydrochloride, glatiramer , glipizide, glyburide, grifulvin V, griseofulvin, hydrochlorothiazide, ibandronate, ifosfamide, imatinib, imipenem and cilastatin sodium, infliximab, insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation, interferon beta-1a intramuscular, ipratropium and albuterol inhalation, irbesartan, ketotifen ophthalmic, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, levocetirizine, lisinopril, lomustine, loratadine, losartan, mechlorethamine, mefenamic acid, megestrol, melphalan, meprobamate, meropenem, mercaptopurine, mesalamine, methimazole, methotrexate, methsuximide oral, methyclothiazide, metolazone, metoprolol, minocycline, mitomycin, modafinil, moexipril, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nafcillin sodium, natalizumab, nedocromil oral inhalation, nisoldipine, olopatadine ophthalmic, omeprazole, oxacillin sodium, oxaliplatin, oxcarbazepine, paclitaxel, palivizumab, pamidronate, peginterferon alfa-2a, penicillin G potassium or sodium, Penicillamine pentamidine isethionate, pentostatin, perindopril, phenobarbital, phenytoin oral, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperacillin sodium, plicamycin, pramlintide, prazosin and polythiazide, primaquine, primidone, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol oral, propylthiouracil, quetiapine, quinapril, rabeprazole, ramipril, ranitidine bismuth citrate, rifabutin, rimexolone, risedronate, risperidone, rifaximin, rituximab, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, salmeterol oral inhalation, sargramostim, scopolamine, secobarbital, sibutramine, silver sulfadiazine, sitagliptin, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium oxybate, spironolactone, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulfisoxazole, tamsulosin, telmisartan, teniposide, terbinafine, teriparatide (rDNA origin), thioguanine, thiotepa, ticarcillin disodium, ticlopidine, tiotropium oral inhalation, tizanidine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, topotecan hydrochloride, trandolapril, trastuzumab, trazodone, triamcinolone nasal inhalation, trimethadione, trimipramine, valproic acid, verapamil and trandolapril, vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, Von Willebrand factor, zalcitabine, zolmitriptan nasal, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat Angina tonsillaris, Bezold's abscess, dysphagia, ear pain, empty nose syndrome, epiglottitis, herpangina, laryngitis, Ludwig's angina, oropharyngeal lesion, otalgia, post-nasal drip, retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, tonsillitis, tonsillolith, uvulitis, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Endocrine Thyroiditis
Environmental Environmental pollutants, lepidopterism
Gastroenterologic Dysphagia, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, GERD
Genetic Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis
Hematologic Leukemia, Von Willebrand factor
Iatrogenic Endoscopy, invisalign, nasogastric intubation, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Infectious Disease Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, allergic pharyngitis, angina tonsillaris, anthrax, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, arcanobacterium, Bezold's abscess, blastomyces, candida albicans, cervical phlegmon, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, chlamydophila pneumoniae, CMV pneumonitis, coccidioidomycosis, collinsonia canadensis, coronavirus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, deep neck infection, diphtheria, Duke's disease, ebola, echovirus, encephalitis lethargica, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus, francisella tularensis, fungal pharyngitis, fusobacterium necrophorum, fusobacterium, gonococcal pharyngitis, gonorrhea, Group A streptococcal infection, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpesviridae, histoplasma, HIV, human parainfluenza viruses, influenza, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, klebsiella, laryngitis, lassa fever, Lemierre's syndrome, lymphadenitis, metapneumovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, mumps, mycobacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrheae, non-specific urethritis, oral candidiasis, PANDAS, paracoccidioides, parainfluenza, pasteurella, pemphigus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngoconjunctival fever, pneumococcus, poliovirus, Q fever, rabies, rat bite fever, respiratory syncitial virus, retropharyngeal abscess, rhinosporidium, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scrumpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, strep throat, streptococcal infections, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus suis, syphillis, the clap, tonsillitis, toxemia, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, treponema pallidum, tularemia, upper respiratory tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis lethargica
Nutritional / Metabolic Ariboflavinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Cervical phlegmon
Oncologic Laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Cocaine, toxins
Psychiatric Chronic fatigue syndrome, PANDAS
Pulmonary Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), CMV pneumonitis, epiglottitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hay fever, laryngitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic pharyngitis, ankylosing spondylitis, arthralgia, Behcets syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hay fever, immunocompromised host, lymphadenitis, lymphoproliferative disorders, periodic fever syndrome, platinosis, Still's disease, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Foreign body

[2][3]

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
4

References

  1. ↑ Pichichero ME (September 1998). "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections". Pediatr Rev. 19 (9): 291–302. doi:10.1542/pir.19-9-291. PMID 9745311.
  2. ↑ Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 12 (4):281-5. PMID: 22338589
  3. ↑ Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5):665-80. PMID: 7989695

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