Cyanosis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Cyanosis}}
{{Cyanosis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}  


==Overview==
==Overview==
In [[central cyanosis]] saturation of [[oxygen]] is less than 85% when there is reduced hemoglobin more than 5g/dl following a [[intrapulmonary shunt]] or [[intracardiac shunt]] leading to mixing of arterial and venous [[ oxygen]] content. In [[peripheral cyanosis]], the saturation of [[oxygen]] is normal and there is [[peripheral capillary bed]] [[vasoconstriction]] due to low [[cardiac output]] state or [[sepsis]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
 
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid19445736">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson K, Smollin C |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning (acute) |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2008 |issue= |pages= |date=July 2008 |pmid=19445736 |pmc=2907971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning]]<ref name="pmid29417853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, Rege SV, Holstege CP |title=Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume= |issue= |pages=1–9 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29417853 |doi=10.1080/15563650.2018.1435886 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Malathion]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]<ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid6021453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH |title=Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=528–35 |date=April 1967 |pmid=6021453 |pmc=1617449 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid10407699">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barton ED |title=Tension pneumothorax |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=269–74 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10407699 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hemothorax]]
*[[Hemothorax]]
*[[Malathion]]
*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18272123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang RF, Hung TY, Chong CF, Wang TL, Chen CC |title=Central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension combined with pericarditis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=248.e1–2 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18272123 |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2007.04.007 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]<ref name="pmid28722864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Costello RA, Nehring SM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722864 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]<ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]<ref name="pmid21716107">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bodson L, Bouferrache K, Vieillard-Baron A |title=Cardiac tamponade |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=416–24 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21716107 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283491f27 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]<ref name="pmid4173631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komine S |title=In vitro studies on the degradation and synthesis of serum proteins in placentae. I. Synthesis of serum proteins |journal=Nippon Juigaku Zasshi |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |date=February 1964 |pmid=4173631 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Birth asphyxia]]<ref name="pmid19727322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinhorn RH |title=Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate |journal=Clin Pediatr Emerg Med |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=169–175 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19727322 |pmc=2598396 |doi=10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]<ref name="pmid27275041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S |title=Amniotic fluid embolism |journal=J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |date= 2016 |pmid=27275041 |pmc=4874066 |doi=10.4103/0970-9185.173356 |url=}}</ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Birth asphyxia]]
====Central Cyanosis====
*[[High altitude]]
There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:
*[[Methemoglobinemia]]
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''<ref name="pmid21051109">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dueñas-Laita A, Burillo Putze G, Alonso JR, Bajo A, Climent B, Corral E, Felices F, Ferrer A, Hernández Frutos MP, Nogué S, Puiguriguer J |title=[Basis for the clinical management of fire smoke poisoning "Docohumo Madrid 2010"] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Med Intensiva |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=609–19 |date=December 2010 |pmid=21051109 |doi=10.1016/j.medin.2010.07.007 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
*[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
**[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
**Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Transposition of the great arteries]]
**Intentional or unintentional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, [[Propane]], [[methane]], [[Butane|butane,]] [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]])
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
*'''Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:'''
**External compression
**[[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid29083723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Costumbrado J, Ghassemzadeh S |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29083723 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Hemothorax]]
**[[Flail chest]]
*'''Hypoventilation:'''
**'''Upper airway obstruction:''' <ref name="pmid29261942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gossman WG, Burns B |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29261942 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
***[[Foreign body aspiration]]
***[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]]
***[[Epiglottitis]]
***[[Tracheitis|Bacterial tracheitis]]
***Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures)
***[[Acute chest syndrome]]<ref name="pmid29279787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L |title=Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease |journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=191–201 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29279787 |pmc=5733742 |doi=10.1089/ped.2017.0814 |url=}}</ref>
***Congenital airway abnormalities:
****[[Choanal atresia]]
****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
****[[Macroglossia]]
****[[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
**'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''<ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722998 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722938">{{cite journal |vauthors=Memon J, Manganaro SN |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722938 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
***[[CNS depression]]
***[[Birth asphyxia]]
***Severe head trauma
***[[Apnea of prematurity]]
***[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])
***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
***[[Seizure|Seizures]]
***Cyanotic breath holding spells<ref name="pmid28555179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT |title=The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=5 |issue= |pages=106 |date= 2017 |pmid=28555179 |pmc=5430373 |doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00106 |url=}}</ref>
***[[Coma]]
**'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''
***[[Myasthenia gravis]]
***Injury to the phrenic nerve
***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
*'''Intrinsic lung diseases''':<ref name="pmid8575588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maitre B, Similowski T, Derenne JP |title=Physical examination of the adult patient with respiratory diseases: inspection and palpation |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=1584–93 |date=September 1995 |pmid=8575588 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26760414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hermansen CL, Mahajan A |title=Newborn Respiratory Distress |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=994–1002 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26760414 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21471096">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bishop NB, Stankiewicz P, Steinhorn RH |title=Alveolar capillary dysplasia |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=172–9 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21471096 |pmc=3172887 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201010-1697CI |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Justice NA, Le JK |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722988 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25274969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M |title=Respiratory distress in the newborn |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=417–28; quiz 429 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25274969 |pmc=4533247 |doi=10.1542/pir.35-10-417 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Asthma]]
**[[COPD]]
**[[Pneumonia]]
**[[Bronchiolitis]]
**[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease)
**[[Empyema]]
**[[Pleural effusion]]
**[[Cystic fibrosis]]
**[[Atelectasis]]
**[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
**[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]]
*'''Vascular causes''':
**[[Cardiac tamponade]]
**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):'''<ref name="pmid16199347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woods WA, McCulloch MA |title=Cardiovascular emergencies in the pediatric patient |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=1233–49 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16199347 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref>
***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''
****[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]]<ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref>
****Tricuspid valve anomalies:
*****[[Tricuspid atresia]]
*****[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
*****[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]]
****[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular)
****[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum
***'''Increased pulmonary flow:'''
****[[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
****[[Truncus arteriosus]]
****[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
***'''Heart failure:'''  Conditions that present with cyanosis and  severe heart failure include:
****Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]])
****[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]]
****Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]]
**[[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]
**[[Congestive heart failure]]
**[[Atrial septal defect]]
**[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
**[[Pulmonary edema]]
**[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
**[[Pulmonary embolism]]
**Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
**Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
**[[Shock]]
**[[Sepsis]]
**[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]<ref name="pmid27275041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S |title=Amniotic fluid embolism |journal=J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |date= 2016 |pmid=27275041 |pmc=4874066 |doi=10.4103/0970-9185.173356 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Hematologic abnormalities:'''<ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)
**[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)
**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity:
***Hb Kansas
***Hb Beth Israel
***Hb Saint Mande
***Hb Bruxells
**[[Polycythemia vera]]
**[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*'''Metabolic disorders:'''
**Severe [[hypoglycemia]]
**[[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]
*'''Miscellaneous''':
**[[:Category:Drugs|Drugs]] and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]]:<ref name="pmid29171648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M |title=Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures |journal=Agri |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=173–176 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29171648 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15249969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K |title=[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication] |language=German |journal=Anaesthesist |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=826–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15249969 |doi=10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1 |url=}}</ref>
***[[Beta blockers]]
***[[Nitrite]] or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, [[nitroglycerin]])
***[[Dapsone]]
***[[Sulfonamides]]
***[[Benzocaine]]
***[[Chloroquine]]
***[[Heroin]]
**Venomous [[snakebites]]<ref name="pmid25866646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y |title=Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment |journal=J Intensive Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=16 |date= 2015 |pmid=25866646 |pmc=4393627 |doi=10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8 |url=}}</ref>
**Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)<ref name="pmid28722926">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Virji M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722926 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Altitude sickness|High altitude]]<ref name="pmid28613569">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JD, Vincent AL |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28613569 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
**[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
**[[Drowning]]
**Chocking
**Hanging
**[[Hypothermia]]
 
====Peripheral Cyanosis:====
There following are some of the common causes of peripheral cyanosis: <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref>
*Various conditions that cause central cyanosis can also present with peripheral cyanosis.
*Common conditions where peripheral cyanosis is more specific:
**[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]
**[[Acrocyanosis]]
**[[Erythrocyanosis]]
**[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
**[[Raynaud's disease]]
**Arterial obstruction:
***[[Peripheral arterial disease|Peripheral vascular disease]]
***[[Buergers disease]]
**Venous obstruction:
***[[Thromboembolism]]
***[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
***[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
**Decreased cardiac output:
***[[Congestive heart failure|Left-sided heart failure]]
***[[Shock]]
***[[Hypovolemia]]
**Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
 
====Pseudocyanosis:====
*Metals:
**[[Silver nitrate]]
**[[Silver iodide]]
**[[Silver]]
**[[Lead]]
*Drugs:
**[[Phenothiazine|Phenothiazines]]
**[[Amiodarone]]
**[[Chloroquine|Chloroquine hydrochloride]]
*Pigmentary lesions (eg, [[Mongolian spot]]<nowiki/>s, large birthmarks)
*Extensive tattoos
*Consumption of blue or purple-dyed food


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality ]], [[Acrocyanosis]], [[Air embolism]], [[Aotic arches defects]], [[Atrial myxoma]], [[Cassirer disease]], [[Complicated ventricular septal defect]], [[Congenitally uncorrected transposition of the great arteries]], [[Cor biloculare]], [[Cor triatrium]], [[Coronary artery anomaly]], [[Critical valvular aortic stenosis]], [[Crocq disease]], [[Deep vein thrombosis]], [[Double outlet right ventricle]], [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[Erythrocyanosis]], [[Heart attack]], [[Heart failure]], [[HLHC]], [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[Hypovolemia]], [[Interrupted aortic arch]], [[Isolated ventriculoarterial discordance]], [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Meadow's syndrome]], [[Mitral atresia in infants]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Ostium primum atrial septal defect]], [[Partial atrioventricular canal]], [[Patent ductus arteriosus]], [[Patent foramen ovale]], [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[Peripheral vascular disease]], [[Phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas]], [[Pulmonary atresia]], [[Pulmonary stenosis]], [[Pulmonary venous return anomaly]], [[Respiratory muscle paralysis]], [[Right ventricle hypoplasia]], [[Shock]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Subpulmonary stenosis]], [[Superior vena cava syndrome]], [[TAPVC]], [[Taussig Bing syndrome]], [[Tetralogy of Fallot]], [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous congestion]], [[Transposition of the great arteries]], [[Tricuspid atresia]], [[Tricuspid stenosis]], [[Truncus arteriosus]], [[Twisted atrioventricular connections]], [[Vascular malposition]], [[Vein of Galen aneurysm]], [[Ventriculoarterial discordance with atrioventricular concordance]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]], [[Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[acrocyanosis]], [[air embolism]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[alveolar capillary dysplasia ]] , [[aortic arch anomalies|aortic arch defects]], [[aortic coarctation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[thromboembolism|arterial occlusion]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]], [[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]], [[blue baby syndrome]], [[Buergers disease]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor biloculare]], [[cor triatriatum]], [[coronary artery anomaly]], [[aortic stenosis|critical valvular aortic stenosis]], [[Crocq disease]], [[cyanotic congenital heart disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[double inlet left ventricle]], [[double outlet right ventricle]], [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[heart attack]], [[hemothorax]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[hypovolemia]], [[hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[intermittent claudication]], [[ischemic heart disease]], isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, [[laryngeal edema]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[mitral atresia|mitral atresia in infants]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[atrioventricular canal|partial atrioventricular canal]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension classification|persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[persistent truncus arteriosus]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]], [[TAPVC|pulmonary venous return anomaly]], [[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|right ventricle hypoplasia]], [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]], [[shock]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[pulmonary stenosis|subpulmonary stenosis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[TAPVC]], [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[tricuspid atresia]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[truncus arteriosus]], vascular malposition, [[vascular rings]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrodynia]], [[Anchovy ]], [[Apple seed]], [[Apricot seed]], [[Bitter almond poisoning]], [[Carbamates]], [[Chronic mercury exposure]], [[Clupeotoxin]], [[Cyanide]], [[Herring poisoning]], [[Hydrogen sulfide]], [[Lantana poisoning]], [[Lead]], [[Organophosphates]], [[Sea snake venom]], [[Silicosis ]], [[Silver]], [[Silver iodide]], [[Silver nitrate]], [[Stachybotrys chartarum exposure]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-trinitrotoluene]], [[4-Nitrophenol]], [[list of poisonous plants|anchovy poisoning]], [[aniline]], [[anisidine]], [[antifreeze]], [[list of poisonous plants|apple seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|apricot seed poisoning]], [[arsine|arsine gas]], [[list of poisonous plants|bird cherry seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|bitter almond seed poisoning]], [[snakebites|brown snake poisoning]], [[carbamates]], [[chlorate salts]], [[chlorobenzene]], [[mercury|chronic mercury exposure]], clupeotoxin, [[cyanide poisoning]], [[demeton-S-methyl]], [[diazinon]], [[dichlorvos]], [[dicrotophos]], [[dinitrocresol]], [[dioxathion]], [[disulfoton]], [[endosulfan]], [[epichlorohydrin]], [[ethion]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[ethylene]], [[fensulfothion]], [[fenthion]], [[methylmercury|herring poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[iron poisoning]], [[mimicry|lantana poisoning]], [[lead]], [[malathion]], [[methidathion]], [[methiocarb]], [[methomyl]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[paraquat]], [[parathion]], [[phosdrin]], [[profenofos]], [[propane]], [[snakebites|sea snake venom]], [[silver iodide]], [[silver nitrate]], [[silver]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[snakebites]], stachybotrys chartarum exposure, [[strychnine]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[terbufos]], [[pyrophosphate|tetraethyl pyrophosphate]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[thioglycolic acid]], [[trichloroethylene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chromhidrosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acrodynia]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[angioneurotic edema]], [[chromhidrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[Acetaminophen and propoxyphene]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Beta blockers]], [[Chloroquine]], [[Codeine]], [[Dapsone]], [[Desmopressin]], [[Dilaudid]], [[Heroin]], [[Hydrocodone]], [[Lortab]], [[Meperidine]], [[Methadone]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Morphine]], [[Nitrates]], [[Nitroglycerin]], [[Pentamidine Isethionate]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Primaquine ]], [[Sulfonamides]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[amiodarone]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[benzocaine]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[beta blockers]],[[bicisate dihydrochloride]], [[bufotenin]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clorazepate]], [[codeine]], [[dapsone]], [[desmopressin]], [[diazepam]], [[dilaudid]], [[gray baby syndrome]], [[hydrocodone]], [[hydroquinone]], [[ibuprofen]], [[Imipenem-Cilastatin]],[[lorazepam]], [[lortab]], maternal sedation, [[meperidine]], [[methadone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[midazolam]], [[morphine]], [[narcotics]], [[nitrates]], [[nitrazepam]], [[nitrites]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[oxazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenol]], [[phenothiazines]], [[primaquine ]] , [[ribavirin]], [[rifampin]], [[sedatives]], [[sulfonamides]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Choanal atresia]], [[epiglottitis]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[macroglossia]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[micrognathia]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[retrognathia]], [[craniofacial anomalies|syndromic microphthalmia type 9]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoadrenalism]], [[Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal hemorrhage]], [[congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[hypoadrenalism]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Liddle's syndrome|pseudoaldosteronism]], [[hyperchloremic acidosis|type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Insect sting allergy]], [[Acrodynia]], [[Chronic mercury exposure]], [[Silicosis ]], [[Anthracosis]], [[Asbestosis]], [[Berylliosis]], [[Pneumoconiosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[Silicosiderosis]], [[Silicosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Asbestosis]], [[berylliosis]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[cold exposure]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[insect sting allergy]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|silicosiderosis]], [[silicosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cirrhosis of liver]], [[Ivemark syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Boerhaave syndrome]], [[Cast syndrome]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[congenital diaphragmatic hernia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[duodenal atresia]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrofacial dysostosis, Rodriguez type]], [[Adams–Oliver syndrome]], [[Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome]], [[Anophthalmia - pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome]], [[Congenital cyanosis]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[Matthew-Wood syndrome]], [[MCOPS9]], [[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 ]], [[Pierre Robin's syndrome]], [[Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome]], [[Short stature - webbed neck - heart disease]], [[Shprintzen syndorme]], [[Syndromic microphthalmia type 9]], [[Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]], [[Velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[Polycythemia vera]], [[Vaquez disease]], [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[acrocephalopolysyndactyly]], [[acrofacial dysostosis]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], [[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|chromosome 22q11 deletion]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 ]] , [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[VLCAD deficiency]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]], [[Methemoglobinemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Polycythemia vera]], [[Sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[Vaquez disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Blood transfusion]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Iatrogenic pneumothorax ]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mendelson's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchiectasis]], [[Croup]], [[Legionnaires disease]], [[Lung abscess]], [[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease ]], [[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]], [[Western equine encephalitis]], [[Whooping cough]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Acute histoplasmosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]], [[anthracosis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[bordetella pertussis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[legionellosis]], [[legionnaire's disease]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[melioidosis]], [[meningitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sepsis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcal group B invasive disease]] , [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[western equine encephalitis]], [[whooping cough]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]], [[Diaphragmatic paralysis ]], [[Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type ]], [[Micrognathia]], [[Retrognathia]], [[Lsaacs' syndrome]], [[Neuromyotonia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adams–Oliver syndrome]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[thoracic dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage]], [[Lsaacs' syndrome]], [[Neuromyotonia]], [[Tonic-clonic seizures]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Diaphragmatic paralysis ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adams-Oliver syndrome]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[birth asphyxia]], [[cerebral hypoxia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[head trauma]], [[cerebral hypoxia|hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[meningitis]], [[monomelic amyotrophy]], [[mountain sickness]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[phrenic nerve|phrenic nerve injury]], [[seizure]], [[sleep apnea]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[tonic-clonic seizures]], [[vein of Galen|vein of Galen aneurysm]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]], [[western equine encephalitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Hypoglycemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dehydration]], diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Meadow's syndrome]], [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[Birth asphyxia]], [[Meconium aspiration]], [[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cystic hygroma]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sneddon syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Iron]], [[Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[Acetaminophen and propoxyphene]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Beta blockers]], [[Chloroquine]], [[Codeine]], [[Dapsone]], [[Dilaudid]], [[Heroin]], [[Hydrocodone]], [[Lortab]], [[Meperidine]], [[Methadone]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Morphine]], [[Nitrates]], [[Nitroglycerin]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Primaquine ]], [[Sulfonamides]], [[Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[Morphine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Drug overdose]], [[heroin]], [[phosdrin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[shaken baby syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute histoplasmosis]], [[Acute interstitial pneumonitis]], [[Airway obstruction ]], [[Alveolar capillary dysplasia ]], [[Anthracosis]], [[Asbestosis]], [[Berylliosis]], [[Birth asphyxia]], [[Bronchiolitis]], [[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[Bronchospasm]], [[Choanal atresia]], [[Chronic bronchitis]], [[Cold exposure]], [[Congenital laryngomalacia]], [[Decreased oxygen saturation ]], [[Emphysema]], [[Epiglottitis]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Familial interstitial fibrosis ]], [[Familial Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis]], [[Fibrosing alveolitis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]], [[Hemothorax]], [[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]], [[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]], [[Idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis ]], [[Infantile apnea]], [[Laryngeal cleft]], [[Meconium aspiration]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[Pleural effusion]], [, [[Pneumoconiosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[Pulmonary edema]], [[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pulmonary hemorrhage]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Respiratory depression]], [[Respiratory distress syndrome]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Sepsis]], [[Severe asthma]], [[Severe COPD]], [[Shallow breathing]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[Silicosiderosis]], [[Silicosis]], [[Spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[Suffocation]], [[Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]], [[Tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[Tracheal stenosis syndromes]], [[Tracheoesophageal fistula with out esophageal fistula]], [[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]], [[Unilateral pulmonary agenesis]], [[Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[Vascular rings]], [[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas]], [[Pierre Robin's syndrome]], [[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]], [[Croup]], [[Whooping cough]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acrocyanosis]], [[acute interstitial pneumonitis]], air leak syndromes, [[airway obstruction]], [[alveolar capillary dysplasia]], [[angioneurotic edema]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[aspiration]], [[asthma]], [[atelectasis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[bronchospasm]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[chylothorax]], [[community-acquired pneumonia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]], [[congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia]], [[Crocq disease]], [[croup]], [[cystic fibrosis]], diaphragmatic paralysis, [[emphysema]], [[empyema]], [[epiglottitis]], erythrocyanosis, [[exercise-induced asthma]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[interstitial fibrosis|familial interstitial fibrosis]] , [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[fibrosing alveolitis]], [[flail chest]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]] , [[hemothorax]], [[hyaline membrane disease]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[hypoventilation]], [[hypoxemia]], [[hypoxia (medical)]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[tracheal stenosis|idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis]] , [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]], [[infantile apnea]], [[interstitial lung disease]], laryngeal cleft, [[laryngeal edema]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]] , [[lobar emphysema]], [[lung abscess]], Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[meconium aspiration syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[mountain sickness]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary artery sling]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hemorrhage]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[respiratory depression]], [[respiratory distress syndrome]], [[respiratory failure]], respiratory muscle paralysis, [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[sleep apnea]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[surfactant deficient disease|surfactant metabolism dysfunction]], [[tension pneumothorax]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheal stenosis]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[transient tachypnea of the newborn]], [[unilateral pulmonary agenesis]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[whooping cough]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[dehydration]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypermagnesemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lupus]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[Insect sting allergy]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angioneurotic edema]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[Buergers disease]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]],  [[insect sting allergy]], [[laryngeal edema]], [[lupus]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[Raynaud's disease]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Drowning]], [[Flial chest]], [[Head trauma]], [[Penetrating chest wound]], [[Shaken baby syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Flail chest]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[chest trauma|penetrating chest wounds]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[electrical injury|thermal injury]],
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[High altitude]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Immobility]], [[Mountain sickness]], [[Pseudocyanosis]], [[Sudden infant death syndrome]], [[Suffocation]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Choking]], [[drowning]], [[strangling|hanging]], [[high altitude]], [[hypothermia]], [[immobility]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 198: Line 350:
*[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
*[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome
*[[Bicisate dihydrochloride]]
*[[Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
*[[Birth asphyxia]]
*[[Birth asphyxia]]
Line 212: Line 365:
*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
*[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[Buergers disease]]
*[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
*[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
*[[Bufotenin]]
*[[Bufotenin]]
Line 217: Line 371:
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*Cassirer disease
*[[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]]
*[[Cast syndrome]]
*[[Cast syndrome]]
*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
Line 279: Line 433:
*[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
*[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
*[[Drowning]]
*[[Drowning]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Drug overdose]]
*[[Drug overdose]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Duodenal atresia]]
*[[Duodenal atresia]]
*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
Line 398: Line 552:
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[myasthenia gravis|Neonatal myasthenia gravis]]
*[[Neuromyotonia]]
*[[Neuromyotonia]]
*[[Nitrates]]
*[[Nitrates]]
Line 408: Line 563:
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Pancoast tumor]]
*[[Pancoast tumor]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Paraquat]]
*[[Paraquat]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
*[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
Line 538: Line 693:
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
===Causes of Cyanosis Based on Classification===
====Causes of Central Cyanosis====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
*[[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene]]
*[[4-Nitrophenol]]
*[[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
*[[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]]
*[[Acrodynia]]
*[[Acrofacial dysostosis]]
*[[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]]
*[[Acute interstitial pneumonitis]]
*[[Adams-Oliver syndrome]]
*[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
*[[Air embolism]]
*Air leak syndromes
*[[Airway obstruction ]]
*Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome
*[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia ]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amyl nitrite]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Anchovy poisoning]]
*[[Angioneurotic edema]]
*[[Aniline]]
*[[Anisidine]]
*[[Anthracosis]]
*[[Antifreeze]]
*[[aortic arch anomalies|Aotic arch defects]]
*[[Aortic coarctation]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Apnea of prematurity]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Apple seed poisoning]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Apricot seed poisoning]]
*[[arsine|Arsine gas]]
*[[thromboembolism|Arterial occlusion]]
*[[Asbestosis]]
*[[Aspiration]]
*[[Atelectasis]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Bacterial tracheitis]]
*[[Benign familial neonatal convulsions]]
*[[Benzocaine]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Berylliosis]]
*[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
*Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome
*[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
*[[Birth asphyxia]]
*[[list of poisonous plants|Bitter almond poisoning]]
*[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
*[[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
*[[Blue baby syndrome]]
*[[Boerhaave syndrome]]
*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Bronchiolitis]]
*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
*[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
*[[Bufotenin]]
*[[Carbamates]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]]
*[[Cast syndrome]]
*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*[[Chlorate salts]]
*[[Chlorobenzene]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Choanal atresia]]
*[[Choking]]
*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
*[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
*[[Chromhidrosis]]
*[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|Chromosome 22q11 deletion]]
*[[Chronic bronchitis]]
*[[mercury|Chronic mercury exposure]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chylothorax]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
*[[Clonazepam]]
*[[Clorazepate]]
*Clupeotoxin
*[[Coal worker's pneumoconiosis]]
*[[Codeine]]
*[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
*[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]
*[[Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]]
*[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]
*[[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Cor biloculare]]
*[[Cor triatriatum]]
*[[Coronary artery anomaly]]
*[[aortic stenosis|Critical valvular aortic stenosis]]
*[[Crocq disease]]
*[[Croup]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cystic hygroma]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*Diaphragmatic paralysis
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diazinon]]
*[[Dichlorvos]]
*[[Dicrotophos]]
*[[DiGeorge syndrome]]
*[[Dilaudid]]
*[[Dinitrocresol]]
*[[Dioxathion]]
*Diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*[[Disulfoton]]
*[[Double inlet left ventricle]]
*[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
*[[Drowning]]
*[[Drug overdose]]
*[[Duodenal atresia]]
*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
*[[Emphysema]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Endosulfan]]
*[[Epichlorohydrin]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Esophageal atresia]]
*[[Ethion]]
*[[Ethylene]]
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Ethylene oxide]]
*[[Exercise-induced asthma]]
*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
*[[interstitial fibrosis|Familial interstitial fibrosis]]
*[[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]]
*[[Fensulfothion]]
*[[Fenthion]]
*[[Fibrosing alveolitis]]
*[[Flail chest]]
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Goodpasture syndrome]]
*[[Gray baby syndrome]]
*[[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]]
*[[strangling|Hanging]]
*[[Head trauma]]
*[[Heart attack]]
*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
*[[Hemothorax]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[methylmercury|Herring poisoning]]
*[[High altitude]]
*[[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
*[[Hyaline membrane disease]]
*[[Hydrocodone]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Hydroquinone]]
*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
*[[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
*[[Hypoadrenalism]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
*[[Hypoventilation]]
*[[Hypovolemia]]
*[[Hypoxemia]]
*[[Hypoxia (medical)]]
*[[cerebral hypoxia|Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]]
*[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]]
*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[tracheal stenosis|Idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]]
*[[apnea|Infantile apnea]]
*[[Insect sting allergy]]
*[[Intermittent claudication]]
*[[Interrupted aortic arch]]
*[[Interstitial lung disease]]
*[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
*[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
*[[Iron poisoning]]
*[[Isaac's syndrome]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*Isolated ventriculoarterial discordance
*[[Ivemark syndrome]]
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
*[[mimicry|Lantana poisoning]]
*Laryngeal cleft
*[[Laryngeal edema]]
*[[Laryngomalacia]]
*[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Legionellosis]]
*[[Legionnaire's disease]]
*[[Fryns syndrome|Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]]
*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Lobar emphysema]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Lortab]]
*[[Ludwig's angina]]
*[[Lung abscess]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Macroglossia]]
*[[Malathion]]
*[[superior vena cava syndrome|Malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*Maternal sedation
*Matthew-Wood syndrome
*[[Meadows syndrome]]
*[[Meconium aspiration syndrome]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Mendelson's syndrome]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Meperidine]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methemoglobinemia]]
*[[Methidathion]]
*[[Methiocarb]]
*[[Methomyl]]
*[[Metoclopramide]]
*[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]]
*[[Micrognathia]]
*[[Midazolam]]
*[[mitral atresia|Mitral atresia in infants]]
*[[Monomelic amyotrophy]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Mountain sickness]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[Neuromyotonia]]
*[[Nitrates]]
*[[Nitrazepam]]
*[[Nitrites]]
*[[Nitroglycerin]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Osler-Vaquez disease]]
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Pancoast tumor]]
*[[Paraquat]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Parathion]]
*[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
*[[Patent foramen ovale]]
*[[chest trauma|Penetrating chest wounds]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Peripheral arterial disease]]
*[[pulmonary hypertension classification|Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]]
*[[Persistent truncus arteriosus]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Phenazopyridine]]
*[[Phenol]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Phlegmasia alba dolens]]
*[[Phlegmasia cerulea dolens]]
*[[Phosdrin]]
*[[phrenic nerve|Phrenic nerve injury]]
*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
*[[Pierre Robin syndrome]]
*[[Pleural effusion]]
*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Primaquine ]]
*[[Profenofos]]
*[[Propane]]
*[[Liddle's syndrome|Pseudoaldosteronism]]
*Pseudocyanosis
*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Pulmonary artery sling]]
*[[Pulmonary atresia]]
*[[Pulmonary edema]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Pulmonary hypoplasia]]
*[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
*[[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]]
*[[TAPVC|Pulmonary venous return anomaly]]
*[[Respiratory depression]]
*[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*Respiratory muscle paralysis
*[[Retrognathia]]
*[[Ribavirin]]
*[[Rifampin]]
*[[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|Right ventricle hypoplasia]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
*[[Sakati syndrome]]
*[[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[snakebites|Sea snake venom]]
*[[Sedatives]]
*[[Seizure]]
*[[Shaken baby syndrome]]
*[[Shaver's disease]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Shprintzen syndrome]]
*[[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|Silicosiderosis]]
*[[Silicosis]]
*[[Silver]]
*[[Silver iodide]]
*[[Silver nitrate]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Smoke inhalation]]
*[[Snakebites]]
*[[Sneddon syndrome]]
*[[Spontaneous pneumothorax]]
*Stachybotrys chartarum exposure
*[[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease]]
*[[Strychnine]]
*[[pulmonary stenosis|Subpulmonary stenosis]]
*[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
*[[Suffocation]]
*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
*[[Sulfonamides]]
*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[surfactant deficient disease|Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]]
*[[craniofacial anomalies|Syndromic microphthalmia type 9]]
*[[TAPVC]]
*[[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Terbufos]]
*[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Tetrodotoxin]]
*[[electrical injury|Thermal injury]]
*[[Thioglycolic acid]]
*[[arthrogryposis|Thoracic dystrophy]]
*[[Tonic-clonic seizures]]
*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
*[[tracheal disease|Tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]]
*[[Tracheal stenosis]]
*[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
*[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
*[[Trichloroethylene]]
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
*[[Truncus arteriosus]]
*[[hyperchloremic acidosis|Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]]
*[[Unilateral pulmonary agenesis]]
*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]]
*[[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
*Vascular malposition
*[[Vascular rings]]
*[[Vein of Galen|Vein of Galen aneurysm]]
*[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[VLCAD deficiency]]
*[[Vocal cord paralysis]]
*[[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
*[[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
*[[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
*[[Western equine encephalitis]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
{{col-end}}
===Causes of peripheral cyanosis===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acrocyanosis]]
*[[Buerger's disease]]
*[[Cold exposure]]
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
*[[Erythrocyanosis]]
*[[Hypovolemia]]
*[[Left sided heart faiure]]
*[[Peripheral vascular disease]]
*[[Raynaud's disease]]
*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Thromboembolism]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
 
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Physical Examination]]
[[Category:Physical Examination]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 19:49, 29 January 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

In central cyanosis saturation of oxygen is less than 85% when there is reduced hemoglobin more than 5g/dl following a intrapulmonary shunt or intracardiac shunt leading to mixing of arterial and venous oxygen content. In peripheral cyanosis, the saturation of oxygen is normal and there is peripheral capillary bed vasoconstriction due to low cardiac output state or sepsis.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Central Cyanosis

There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:

Peripheral Cyanosis:

There following are some of the common causes of peripheral cyanosis: [34][35]

Pseudocyanosis:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aberrant subclavian artery, acrocyanosis, air embolism, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, alveolar capillary dysplasia , aortic arch defects, aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, arterial occlusion, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, Blalock-Taussig shunt, Bland-White-Garland syndrome, blue baby syndrome, Buergers disease, cardiac tamponade, cardiomyopathy, Cassirer disease, cholesterol emboli syndrome, cholesterol pneumonia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, cor biloculare, cor triatriatum, coronary artery anomaly, critical valvular aortic stenosis, Crocq disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, double inlet left ventricle, double outlet right ventricle, Ebstein anomaly, Eisenmenger syndrome, familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, heart attack, hemothorax, hypocalcemia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, hypovolemia, hypoxemia, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, ischemic heart disease, isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, Ivemark syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, laryngeal edema, malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Meadows syndrome, mitral atresia in infants, myocardial infarction, partial atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, peripartum cardiomyopathy, peripheral arterial disease, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, persistent truncus arteriosus, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, pseudocyanosis, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary venous return anomaly, right ventricle hypoplasia, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, shock, Sneddon syndrome, subpulmonary stenosis, superior vena cava syndrome, TAPVC, Taussig-Bing syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, transposition of the great vessels, tricuspid atresia, tricuspid stenosis, truncus arteriosus, vascular malposition, vascular rings, velocardiofacial syndrome, ventricular septal defect
Chemical / poisoning 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 4-Nitrophenol, anchovy poisoning, aniline, anisidine, antifreeze, apple seed poisoning, apricot seed poisoning, arsine gas, bird cherry seed poisoning, bitter almond seed poisoning, brown snake poisoning, carbamates, chlorate salts, chlorobenzene, chronic mercury exposure, clupeotoxin, cyanide poisoning, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dinitrocresol, dioxathion, disulfoton, endosulfan, epichlorohydrin, ethion, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, ethylene, fensulfothion, fenthion, herring poisoning, hydrogen sulfide, iron poisoning, lantana poisoning, lead, malathion, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat, parathion, phosdrin, profenofos, propane, sea snake venom, silver iodide, silver nitrate, silver, smoke inhalation, snakebites, stachybotrys chartarum exposure, strychnine, sulfur dioxide, terbufos, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, tetrodotoxin, thioglycolic acid, trichloroethylene
Dermatologic Acrodynia, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, angioneurotic edema, chromhidrosis
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen and hydrocodone, amiodarone, amyl nitrite, benzocaine, benzodiazepines, beta blockers,bicisate dihydrochloride, bufotenin, chloramphenicol, chloroquine, clonazepam, clorazepate, codeine, dapsone, desmopressin, diazepam, dilaudid, gray baby syndrome, hydrocodone, hydroquinone, ibuprofen, Imipenem-Cilastatin,lorazepam, lortab, maternal sedation, meperidine, methadone, metoclopramide, midazolam, morphine, narcotics, nitrates, nitrazepam, nitrites, nitroglycerin, oxazepam, phenazopyridine, phenol, phenothiazines, primaquine , ribavirin, rifampin, sedatives, sulfonamides
Ear Nose Throat Choanal atresia, epiglottitis, laryngomalacia, laryngotracheomalacia, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type, Ludwig's angina, macroglossia, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1, micrognathia, Pierre Robin syndrome, retrognathia, syndromic microphthalmia type 9, vocal cord paralysis, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Endocrine Adrenal hemorrhage, congenital hyperinsulinism, hypoadrenalism, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, pseudoaldosteronism, type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Environmental Asbestosis, berylliosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, cold exposure, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, insect sting allergy, pneumoconiosis, Shaver's disease, silicosiderosis, silicosis
Gastroenterologic Boerhaave syndrome, Cast syndrome, cirrhosis of liver, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cystic fibrosis, duodenal atresia, esophageal atresia, tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheoesophageal fistula
Genetic 1p36 deletion syndrome, acrocephalopolysyndactyly, acrofacial dysostosis, benign familial neonatal convulsions, chromosome 22q11 deletion, cystic fibrosis, DiGeorge syndrome, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Marfan syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 , Sakati syndrome, Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome, Shprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, VLCAD deficiency, Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Hematologic Blood transfusion, cystic hygroma, deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemoglobinopathy, methemoglobinemia, Osler-Vaquez disease, phlegmasia alba dolens, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, polycythemia vera, pulmonary embolism, sulfhemoglobinemia, Vaquez disease
Iatrogenic Mendelson's syndrome
Infectious Disease Acute histoplasmosis, anthracosis, bacterial tracheitis, bordetella pertussis, epiglottitis, legionellosis, legionnaire's disease, Ludwig's angina, melioidosis, meningitis, pertussis, sepsis, streptococcal group B invasive disease , Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome, western equine encephalitis, whooping cough
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Adams–Oliver syndrome, Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, Isaac's syndrome, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1, neuromyotonia, thoracic dystrophy
Neurologic Adams-Oliver syndrome, benign familial neonatal convulsions, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, birth asphyxia, cerebral hypoxia, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, encephalitis, head trauma, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, Isaac's syndrome, meningitis, monomelic amyotrophy, mountain sickness, neonatal myasthenia gravis, neuromyotonia, obstructive sleep apnea, perinatal asphyxia, phrenic nerve injury, seizure, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, suffocation, tonic-clonic seizures, vein of Galen aneurysm, vocal cord paralysis, Werdnig-Hoffman disease, western equine encephalitis
Nutritional / Metabolic Dehydration, diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Meadows syndrome, Mendelson's syndrome, peripartum cardiomyopathy
Oncologic Cystic hygroma, malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome, Osler-Vaquez disease, Pancoast tumor, polycythemia vera, Vaquez disease
Opthalmologic Matthew-Wood syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity Drug overdose, heroin, phosdrin
Psychiatric Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, shaken baby syndrome
Pulmonary Acrocyanosis, acute interstitial pneumonitis, air leak syndromes, airway obstruction, alveolar capillary dysplasia, angioneurotic edema, apnea of prematurity, aspiration, asthma, atelectasis, bacterial tracheitis, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchospasm, Cassirer disease, cholesterol pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chylothorax, community-acquired pneumonia, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, Crocq disease, croup, cystic fibrosis, diaphragmatic paralysis, emphysema, empyema, epiglottitis, erythrocyanosis, exercise-induced asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, familial interstitial fibrosis , familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, fibrosing alveolitis, flail chest, foreign body aspiration, Hamman-Rich syndrome , hemothorax, hyaline membrane disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hypoxia (medical), idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis , infant respiratory distress syndrome, infantile apnea, interstitial lung disease, laryngeal cleft, laryngeal edema, laryngomalacia, laryngotracheomalacia, lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type , lobar emphysema, lung abscess, Matthew-Wood syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, Mendelson's syndrome, mountain sickness, obstructive sleep apnea, Pancoast tumor, perinatal asphyxia, Pickwickian syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, pleural effusion, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pseudocyanosis, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary artery sling, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory depression, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, respiratory muscle paralysis, sarcoidosis, Shaver's disease, sleep apnea, smoke inhalation, spontaneous pneumothorax, sudden infant death syndrome, suffocation, surfactant metabolism dysfunction, tension pneumothorax, tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, transient tachypnea of the newborn, unilateral pulmonary agenesis, unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia, whooping cough
Renal / Electrolyte Cholesterol emboli syndrome, dehydration, Goodpasture syndrome, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Angioneurotic edema, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, Buergers disease, DiGeorge syndrome, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Goodpasture syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, insect sting allergy, laryngeal edema, lupus, neonatal myasthenia gravis, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sarcoidosis, Shprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome
Sexual Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome
Trauma Flail chest, head trauma, hemothorax, penetrating chest wounds, shaken baby syndrome, thermal injury,
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Choking, drowning, hanging, high altitude, hypothermia, immobility

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Cyanosis Based on Classification

Causes of Central Cyanosis


Causes of peripheral cyanosis

References

  1. ↑ Olson K, Smollin C (July 2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907971. PMID 19445736.
  2. ↑ Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, Rege SV, Holstege CP (February 2018). "Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning". Clin Toxicol (Phila): 1–9. doi:10.1080/15563650.2018.1435886. PMID 29417853.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
  4. ↑ Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH (April 1967). "Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism". Ann. Surg. 165 (4): 528–35. PMC 1617449. PMID 6021453.
  5. ↑ Barton ED (July 1999). "Tension pneumothorax". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 5 (4): 269–74. PMID 10407699.
  6. ↑ Wang RF, Hung TY, Chong CF, Wang TL, Chen CC (February 2008). "Central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension combined with pericarditis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am J Emerg Med. 26 (2): 248.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.04.007. PMID 18272123.
  7. ↑ Costello RA, Nehring SM. PMID 28722864. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
  9. ↑ Bodson L, Bouferrache K, Vieillard-Baron A (October 2011). "Cardiac tamponade". Curr Opin Crit Care. 17 (5): 416–24. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283491f27. PMID 21716107.
  10. ↑ Komine S (February 1964). "In vitro studies on the degradation and synthesis of serum proteins in placentae. I. Synthesis of serum proteins". Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 26 (1): 15–23. PMID 4173631.
  11. ↑ Steinhorn RH (September 2008). "Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate". Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 9 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMC 2598396. PMID 19727322.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S (2016). "Amniotic fluid embolism". J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 32 (2): 153–9. doi:10.4103/0970-9185.173356. PMC 4874066. PMID 27275041.
  13. ↑ Dueñas-Laita A, Burillo Putze G, Alonso JR, Bajo A, Climent B, Corral E, Felices F, Ferrer A, Hernández Frutos MP, Nogué S, Puiguriguer J (December 2010). "[Basis for the clinical management of fire smoke poisoning "Docohumo Madrid 2010"]". Med Intensiva (in Spanish; Castilian). 34 (9): 609–19. doi:10.1016/j.medin.2010.07.007. PMID 21051109.
  14. ↑ Costumbrado J, Ghassemzadeh S. PMID 29083723. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Gossman WG, Burns B. PMID 29261942. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ↑ Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L (December 2017). "Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 30 (4): 191–201. doi:10.1089/ped.2017.0814. PMC 5733742. PMID 29279787.
  17. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC. PMID 28722923. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS. PMID 28722998. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ Memon J, Manganaro SN. PMID 28722938. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT (2017). "The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia". Front Pediatr. 5: 106. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00106. PMC 5430373. PMID 28555179.
  21. ↑ Maitre B, Similowski T, Derenne JP (September 1995). "Physical examination of the adult patient with respiratory diseases: inspection and palpation". Eur. Respir. J. 8 (9): 1584–93. PMID 8575588.
  22. ↑ Hermansen CL, Mahajan A (December 2015). "Newborn Respiratory Distress". Am Fam Physician. 92 (11): 994–1002. PMID 26760414.
  23. ↑ Bishop NB, Stankiewicz P, Steinhorn RH (July 2011). "Alveolar capillary dysplasia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184 (2): 172–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201010-1697CI. PMC 3172887. PMID 21471096.
  24. ↑ Justice NA, Le JK. PMID 28722988. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M (October 2014). "Respiratory distress in the newborn". Pediatr Rev. 35 (10): 417–28, quiz 429. doi:10.1542/pir.35-10-417. PMC 4533247. PMID 25274969.
  26. ↑ Woods WA, McCulloch MA (November 2005). "Cardiovascular emergencies in the pediatric patient". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 23 (4): 1233–49. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.003. PMID 16199347.
  27. ↑ Driscoll DJ (February 1990). "Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 37 (1): 1–23. PMID 2407997.
  28. ↑ Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M (February 2018). "Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year". Med Clin (Barc). doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009. PMID 29439874.
  29. ↑ Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M (October 2017). "Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures". Agri. 29 (4): 173–176. PMID 29171648.
  30. ↑ Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K (September 2004). "[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication]". Anaesthesist (in German). 53 (9): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1. PMID 15249969.
  31. ↑ Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
  32. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Virji M. PMID 28722926. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. ↑ Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
  35. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
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