Interstitial nephritis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Interstitial nephritis}}
{{Interstitial nephritis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{M.B}}


==Overview==
Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly [[analgesics]] and [[antibiotics]]. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as [[microbial]] infections. 
==Causes==
==Causes==
Common causes include infection, or reaction to medication (such as an [[analgesic]] or [[antibiotic]]s). 71%<ref name="pmid14671029">{{cite journal |author=Baker R, Pusey C |title=The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis |journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=8-11 |year=2004 |pmid=14671029|url=http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/8}}</ref> to 92%<ref name="pmid15340098">{{cite journal |author=Clarkson M, Giblin L, O'Connell F, O'Kelly P, Walshe J, Conlon P, O'Meara Y, Dormon A, Campbell E, Donohoe J |title=Acute interstitial nephritis: clinical features and response to corticosteroid therapy |journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=2778-83 |year=2004 |pmid=15340098}}</ref> of cases are reported to be caused by drugs. This disease is also caused by other diseases and toxins that do damage to the kidney. Both acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis can be caused by a bacterial infection in the kidneys, known as [[pyelonephritis]]. The most common cause is by an allergic reaction to a drug. The drugs that are known to cause this sort of reaction are antibiotics such as penicillin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin. The time between exposure to the drug and the development of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis can be anywhere from 5 days to 5 weeks.
===Drugs ===
* 70 to 75 percent (with antibiotics responsible for 30 to 49 percent of these cases)<ref name="BakerPusey2004">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=R. J.|last2=Pusey|first2=C. D.|title=The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis|journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation|volume=19|issue=1|year=2004|pages=8–11|issn=0931-0509|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfg464}}</ref>
 
* Any drug has the potentiality to cause AIN, among case reports of many drugs causing AIN, but only a few have been reported with biopsy-proven AIN. The most common proven drugs cause of AIN includes:<ref>Neilson EG. Pathogenesis and therapy of interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int
1989; 35:1257</ref><ref>Ten RM, Torres VE, Milliner DS, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis:
immunologic and clinical aspects. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63:921</ref><ref>Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;
9:506</ref><ref>Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;
9:506</ref><ref>Torpey N, Barker T, Ross C. Drug-induced tubulo-interstitial nephritis
secondary to proton pump inhibitors: experience from a single UK renal
unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1441</ref><ref>Wang YC, Lin YF, Chao TK, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis with prominent
eosinophil infiltration. Clin Nephrol 2009; 71:187</ref>
 
* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
 
* Penicillins and cephalosporins
* Antimicrobial sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
* Rifampin
* Diuretics, including loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, and
* Thiazide-type diuretics
* Ciprofloxacin and, perhaps to a lesser degree other quinolones
* Cimetidine
* Allopurinol
* Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole
* Indinavir
* 5-aminosalicylates (eg, mesalamine)
 
=== <big>'''Infections'''</big> ===
Multiple organisms may cause TIN including bacterial viral fungal parasitic infections.<ref>Kodner CM, Kudrimoti A. Diagnosis and management of acute interstitial
nephritis. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67:2527</ref><ref>Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, et al. Biopsy-proven acute interstitial
nephritis, 1993-2011: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:558</ref><ref>Chang JF, Peng YS, Tsai CC, et al. A possible rare cause of renal failure in
streptococcal infection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:368</ref><ref>Agrawal V, Crisi GM, D'Agati VD, Freda BJ. Renal sarcoidosis presenting as
acute kidney injury with granulomatous interstitial nephritis and vasculitis.
Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 59:303</ref><ref>Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1.</ref><ref>Baksh FK, Finkelstein SD, Swalsky PA, et al. Molecular genotyping of BK
and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:354</ref>
 
==== Bacteria ====
* Legionella,
* Leptospira,
* Streptococcus,
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
* Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Yersinia,
* Enterococcus
* Escherichia coli
 
==== Virus ====
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
* Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
* Aolyomavirus,
* Adenovirus,
* Candida
 
==== parasites ====
* Leishmania
* Toxoplasma
 
=== Immunologic diseases ===
* Sarcoidosis
 
* SLE,
 
* Sjögren's syndrome
 
=== Less Common Causes ===
Less common causes of TIN include:
* Heavy metals (eg, lead, cadmium, mercury)
* Obstructive uropathy, nephrolithiasis, reflux disease
* Neoplasia (eg, myeloma, leukemia, amyloidosis)
* Metabolic diseases (eg, hypercalcemia, cystinosis, potassium depletion, hyperoxaluria)
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Kawasaki's disease]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aristolochia]],  [[Quinine]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Rubeola infection]],
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acetaminophen ]] ,  [[Acyclovir]],  [[Aldomet]],  [[Allopurinol]],  [[Alpha-interferon]],  [[Amlodipine]],  [[Ampicillin]],  [[Anitrim]],  [[Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies ]] ,  [[Apo-sulfatrim]],  [[Aspirin]],  [[Azathioprine]],  [[Bactelan]],  [[Batrizol]],  [[Bumetanide]],  [[Captopril]],  [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Cefaclor]],  [[Cefotaxime sodium]],  [[Cefoxitin sodium]],  [[Cephalosporin]],  [[Chlorthalidone]],  [[Cimetidine ]] ,  [[Ciprofloxacin]],  [[Clofibrate]],  [[Cox-2 inhibitors]],  [[Creatine]],  [[Dabrafenib mesylate]],  [[Diazepam]],  [[Diclofenac]],  [[Diflunisal]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Diphenylhydantoin]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Doxycycline]],  [[Ectaprim]],  [[Enterobacticel]],  [[Erythromycin]],  [[Esteprim]],  [[Ethambutol]],  [[Famotidine]],  [[Fenoprofen]],  [[Flurbiprofen]],  [[Furosemide]],  [[Griseofulvin]],  [[Hydralazine]],  [[Hydrochlorothiazide]],  [[Ibuprofen]],  [[Indinavir]],  [[Indomethacin]],  [[Isobac]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Kelfiprim]],  [[Ketoprofen]],  [[Lansoprazole]],  [[Macrolides]],  [[Mesalamine]],  [[Mesalazine]],  [[Methicillin]],  [[Metoxiprim]],  [[Minocycline hydrochloride]],  [[Naproxen]],  [[Novo-trimel]],  [[Nu-cotrimox]],  [[Olsalazine]],  [[Omeprazole]],  [[Oxacillin]],  [[Oxaprozin]],  [[Oxytetracycline]],  [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]],  [[Penicillin ]] ,  [[Phenindione]],  [[Phenobarbital]],  [[Phenteramine]],  [[Phenylpropanolamine]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]],  [[Piroxicam]],  [[Polymyxin]],  [[Pranlukast]],  [[Propylthioruacil]],  [[Pro-trin]],  [[Rabeprazole]],  [[Ranitidine]],  [[Rifampin]],  [[Roubac]],  [[Streptomycin]],  [[Sulfatrim ds]],  [[Sulfinpyrazone]],  [[Sulfonamide]],  [[Sulfoxaprim]],  [[Sulindac]],  [[Syraprim]],  [[Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]],  [[Tetracycline]],  [[Thiazide diuretics]],  [[Tolmetin]],  [[Treponema]],  [[Triamterene]],  [[Trimesuxol]],  [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]],  [[Trimetoger]],  [[Trimetox]],  [[Trimzol]],  [[Trisulfa]],  [[Trisulfam]], [[Uroplus ds]],  [[Uroplus ss]],  [[Vancomycin]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Sjogren syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Escherichia coli]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alport syndrome]], [[Bardet-biedl syndrome]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypercalcemia]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]], [[Hyperuricemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Sickle cell disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adenovirus]],  [[Brucella]],  [[Candida]],  [[Chlamydia]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]],  [[Cytomegalovirus]],  [[Diphtheria]],  [[Enterococcus]],  [[Epstein-barr virus ]] ,  [[Escherichia coli]],  [[Francisella]],  [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Hiv infection]],  [[Legionellosis]],  [[Leishmaniasis]],  [[Leptospirosis]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Mycoplasma infection]],  [[Polyomavirus]],  [[Rickettsia infection]],  [[Rubeola infection]],  [[Streptococcal infection]],  [[Syphilis]],  [[Toxoplasmosis]],  [[Uveitis]],  [[Yersinia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Creatine]], [[Hyperuricemia]], [[Hypokalemia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Myeloma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Uveitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cocaine]]
 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hantaan virus]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]],  [[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Reflux nephropathy]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Sensenbrenner syndrome]],  [[Tubulointerstitial nephritis]],  [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Igg4-related disease]], [[Kawasaki's disease]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Sicca syndrome]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hiv infection]],  [[Syphilis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*[[Acetaminophen]] ([[Tylenol]])
{{columns-list|
*[[Acetaminophen ]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Aldomet]]
*[[Aldomet]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Alpha-interferon]]
*[[Alpha-interferon]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
*[[Amlodipine]]<ref name="pmid10940749">{{cite journal |author=Ejaz AA, Fitzpatrick PM, Haley WE, Wasiluk A, Durkin AJ, Zachariah PK |title=Amlodipine besylate induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=[[Nephron]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=354–6 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10940749 |doi= |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?DOI=45688&typ=pdf |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Anitrim]]
*[[Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies ]]
*[[Apo-sulfatrim]]
*[[Aristolochia]]
*[[Aristolochia]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]]
*[[Bactelan]]
*[[Bardet-biedl syndrome]]
*[[Batrizol]]
*[[Brucella]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Captopril]]
*[[Captopril]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[cefoxitin sodium]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cefoxitin sodium]]
*[[Cephalosporin]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Cimetidine ]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]<ref name="pmid10575299">{{cite journal |author=Andrews PA, Robinson GT |title=Intravascular haemolysis and interstitial nephritis in association with ciprofloxacin |journal=[[Nephron]] |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=359–60 |year=1999 |pmid=10575299 |doi= |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?DOI=45429&typ=pdf |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Creatine]]<ref name="pmid10075534">{{cite journal |author=Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE |title=Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=340 |issue=10 |pages=814–5 |year=1999 |month=March |pmid=10075534 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199903113401017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199903113401017 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]] infection
*[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]
*[[dabrafenib mesylate]]
*[[Cox-2 inhibitors]]
*[[Creatine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dabrafenib mesylate]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Diltiazem]]<ref name="pmid9640485">{{cite journal |author=Abadín JA, Durán JA, Pérez de León JA |title=Probable diltiazem-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=[[The Annals of Pharmacotherapy]] |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=656–8 |year=1998 |month=June |pmid=9640485 |doi= |url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9640485 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphenylhydantoin]]
*[[Diphenylhydantoin]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] infection
*[[Ectaprim]]
*[[Enterobacticel]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[Epstein-barr virus ]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Esteprim]]
*[[Ethambutol]]
*[[Ethambutol]]
*[[Famotidine]]
*[[Famotidine]]
*[[Fenoprofen]]
*[[Fenoprofen]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Francisella]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Hantaan virus]]
*[[Hantaan virus]]
*[[HIV]] infection
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Hiv infection]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hypercalcimia]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*Hyperkalaemic distal [[renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Hyperuricemia]]
*[[Hyperuricemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Igg4-related disease]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Indomethacin]]
*[[Indomethacin]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Isobac]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Kawasaki's disease]]
*[[Kawasaki's disease]]
*[[Kelfiprim]]
*[[Ketoprofen]]
*[[Ketoprofen]]
*[[Lansoprazole]]
*[[Lansoprazole]]
Line 68: Line 278:
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Mesalazine]]<ref name="pmid10632639">{{cite journal |author=Corrigan G, Stevens PE |title=Review article: interstitial nephritis associated with the use of mesalazine in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=[[Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=2000 |month=January |pmid=10632639 |doi= |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0269-2813&date=2000&volume=14&issue=1&spage=1 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Mesalazine]]
*[[Methicillin]]
*[[Methicillin]]
*[[Metoxiprim]]
*[[Minocycline hydrochloride]]
*[[Minocycline hydrochloride]]
*[[Mycoplasma]] infection
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycoplasma infection]]
*[[Myeloma]]
*[[Myeloma]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[Omeprazole]]<ref name="pmid10924942">{{cite journal |author=Post AT, Voorhorst G, Zanen AL |title=Reversible renal failure after treatment with omeprazole |journal=[[The Netherlands Journal of Medicine]] |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=58–61 |year=2000 |month=August |pmid=10924942 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Novo-trimel]]
*[[Nu-cotrimox]]
*[[Olsalazine]]
*[[Omeprazole]]
*[[Omeprazole]]
*[[Oxacillin]]
*[[Oxacillin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxytetracycline]]
*[[Oxytetracycline]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]]
*[[Penicillin ]]
*[[Phenindione]]
*[[Phenindione]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phenteramine]]<ref name="pmid9799071">{{cite journal |author=Markowitz GS, Tartini A, D'Agati VD |title=Acute interstitial nephritis following treatment with anorectic agents phentermine and phendimetrazine |journal=[[Clinical Nephrology]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=252–4 |year=1998 |month=October |pmid=9799071 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Phenteramine]]
*[[Phenylpropanolamine]]
*[[Phenylpropanolamine]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Piperacillin/tazobactam]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Polymyxin]]
*[[Polymyxin]]
*[[Pranlukast]]<ref name="pmid9792602">{{cite journal |author=Schurman SJ, Alderman JM, Massanari M, Lacson AG, Perlman SA |title=Tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by the leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast |journal=[[Chest]] |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=1220–3 |year=1998 |month=October |pmid=9792602 |doi= |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9792602 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Polyomavirus]]
*[[Propylthioruacil]]<ref name="pmid9550661">{{cite journal |author=Fang JT, Huang CC |title=Propylthiouracil-induced acute interstitial nephritis with acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis: successful therapy with steroids |journal=[[Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=757–8 |year=1998 |month=March |pmid=9550661 |doi= |url=http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9550661 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Pranlukast]]
*[[Propylthioruacil]]
*[[Pro-trin]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Rabeprazole]]
*[[Rabeprazole]]
*[[Ranitidine]]<ref>Gaughan WJ, Sheth VR, Francos GC, Michael HJ, Burke JF. Ranitidine-induced acute interstitial nephritis with epithelial cell foot process fusion. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22(2):337.</ref><ref>Neelakantappa K, Gallo GR, Lowenstein J. Ranitidine-associated interstitial nephritis and Fanconi syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22(2):333.</ref>
*[[Ranitidine]]
*[[Reflux nephropathy]]
*[[Reflux nephropathy]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Rickettsia]] infection
*[[Rickettsia infection]]
*[[Rifampin]]
*[[Rifampin]]
*[[Rubeola]] infection
*[[Roubac]]
*[[Rubeola infection]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]]
*[[Sensenbrenner syndrome]]
*[[Sicca syndrome]]
*[[Sicca syndrome]]
Line 103: Line 323:
*[[Streptococcal infection]]
*[[Streptococcal infection]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
*[[Sulfatrim ds]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Sulfonamide]]
*[[Sulfoxaprim]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sulfonamide]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Syraprim]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate
*[[Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate]]
*[[Tetracycline]]
*[[Tetracycline]]
*[[Thiazide]] diuretics
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Treponema]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Trimesuxol]]
*[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
*[[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
*[[Vancomycin]]<ref name="pmid9825081">{{cite journal |author=Wai AO, Lo AM, Abdo A, Marra F |title=Vancomycin-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=[[The Annals of Pharmacotherapy]] |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1160–4 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9825081 |doi= |url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9825081 |accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
*[[Trimetoger]]
*[[Trimetox]]
*[[Trimzol]]
*[[Trisulfa]]
*[[Trisulfam]]
*[[Tubulointerstitial nephritis]]
*[[Uroplus ds]]
*[[Uroplus ss]]
*[[Uveitis]]
*[[Vancomycin]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Yersinia]]
}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:28, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohsen Basiri M.D.

Overview

Common causes of interstitial nephritis include drug side effects, particularly analgesics and antibiotics. Other common causes include associated nephrologic conditions, as well as microbial infections.

Causes

Drugs

  • 70 to 75 percent (with antibiotics responsible for 30 to 49 percent of these cases)[1]
  • Any drug has the potentiality to cause AIN, among case reports of many drugs causing AIN, but only a few have been reported with biopsy-proven AIN. The most common proven drugs cause of AIN includes:[2][3][4][5][6][7]
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
  • Penicillins and cephalosporins
  • Antimicrobial sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
  • Rifampin
  • Diuretics, including loop diuretics such as furosemide and bumetanide, and
  • Thiazide-type diuretics
  • Ciprofloxacin and, perhaps to a lesser degree other quinolones
  • Cimetidine
  • Allopurinol
  • Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole
  • Indinavir
  • 5-aminosalicylates (eg, mesalamine)

Infections

Multiple organisms may cause TIN including bacterial viral fungal parasitic infections.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

Bacteria

  • Legionella,
  • Leptospira,
  • Streptococcus,
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Yersinia,
  • Enterococcus
  • Escherichia coli

Virus

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
  • Aolyomavirus,
  • Adenovirus,
  • Candida

parasites

  • Leishmania
  • Toxoplasma

Immunologic diseases

  • Sarcoidosis
  • SLE,
  • Sjögren's syndrome

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of TIN include:

  • Heavy metals (eg, lead, cadmium, mercury)
  • Obstructive uropathy, nephrolithiasis, reflux disease
  • Neoplasia (eg, myeloma, leukemia, amyloidosis)
  • Metabolic diseases (eg, hypercalcemia, cystinosis, potassium depletion, hyperoxaluria)
Cardiovascular Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Kawasaki's disease
Chemical/Poisoning Aristolochia, Quinine, Thiazide diuretics
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Rubeola infection,
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen  , Acyclovir, Aldomet, Allopurinol, Alpha-interferon, Amlodipine, Ampicillin, Anitrim, Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies  , Apo-sulfatrim, Aspirin, Azathioprine, Bactelan, Batrizol, Bumetanide, Captopril, Carbamazepine, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime sodium, Cefoxitin sodium, Cephalosporin, Chlorthalidone, Cimetidine  , Ciprofloxacin, Clofibrate, Cox-2 inhibitors, Creatine, Dabrafenib mesylate, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Diltiazem, Diphenylhydantoin, Diuretics, Doxycycline, Ectaprim, Enterobacticel, Erythromycin, Esteprim, Ethambutol, Famotidine, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Furosemide, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibuprofen, Indinavir, Indomethacin, Isobac, Isoniazid, Kelfiprim, Ketoprofen, Lansoprazole, Macrolides, Mesalamine, Mesalazine, Methicillin, Metoxiprim, Minocycline hydrochloride, Naproxen, Novo-trimel, Nu-cotrimox, Olsalazine, Omeprazole, Oxacillin, Oxaprozin, Oxytetracycline, Pegylated interferon alfa-2b, Penicillin , Phenindione, Phenobarbital, Phenteramine, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenytoin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, Piroxicam, Polymyxin, Pranlukast, Propylthioruacil, Pro-trin, Rabeprazole, Ranitidine, Rifampin, Roubac, Streptomycin, Sulfatrim ds, Sulfinpyrazone, Sulfonamide, Sulfoxaprim, Sulindac, Syraprim, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tetracycline, Thiazide diuretics, Tolmetin, Treponema, Triamterene, Trimesuxol, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Trimetoger, Trimetox, Trimzol, Trisulfa, Trisulfam, Uroplus ds, Uroplus ss, Vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat Sjogren syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Escherichia coli, Inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic Alport syndrome, Bardet-biedl syndrome
Hematologic Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hyperuricemia, Hypokalemia, Sickle cell disease
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Adenovirus, Brucella, Candida, Chlamydia, Coccidioidomycosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Cytomegalovirus, Diphtheria, Enterococcus, Epstein-barr virus  , Escherichia coli, Francisella, Hantaan virus, Histoplasmosis, Hiv infection, Legionellosis, Leishmaniasis, Leptospirosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma infection, Polyomavirus, Rickettsia infection, Rubeola infection, Streptococcal infection, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Uveitis, Yersinia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Creatine, Hyperuricemia, Hypokalemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Myeloma
Ophthalmologic Uveitis
Overdose/Toxicity Cocaine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Hantaan virus, Histoplasmosis, Sarcoidosis
Renal/Electrolyte Alport syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hyperkalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Reflux nephropathy, Renal failure, Sensenbrenner syndrome, Tubulointerstitial nephritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Igg4-related disease, Kawasaki's disease, Sarcoidosis, Sicca syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Hiv infection, Syphilis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Baker, R. J.; Pusey, C. D. (2004). "The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 19 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg464. ISSN 0931-0509.
  2. ↑ Neilson EG. Pathogenesis and therapy of interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 1989; 35:1257
  3. ↑ Ten RM, Torres VE, Milliner DS, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis: immunologic and clinical aspects. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63:921
  4. ↑ Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:506
  5. ↑ Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:506
  6. ↑ Torpey N, Barker T, Ross C. Drug-induced tubulo-interstitial nephritis secondary to proton pump inhibitors: experience from a single UK renal unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1441
  7. ↑ Wang YC, Lin YF, Chao TK, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis with prominent eosinophil infiltration. Clin Nephrol 2009; 71:187
  8. ↑ Kodner CM, Kudrimoti A. Diagnosis and management of acute interstitial nephritis. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67:2527
  9. ↑ Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, et al. Biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis, 1993-2011: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:558
  10. ↑ Chang JF, Peng YS, Tsai CC, et al. A possible rare cause of renal failure in streptococcal infection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:368
  11. ↑ Agrawal V, Crisi GM, D'Agati VD, Freda BJ. Renal sarcoidosis presenting as acute kidney injury with granulomatous interstitial nephritis and vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 59:303
  12. ↑ Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1.
  13. ↑ Baksh FK, Finkelstein SD, Swalsky PA, et al. Molecular genotyping of BK and JC viruses in human polyomavirus-associated interstitial nephritis after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:354

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