Atelectasis causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 15:03, 21 March 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

The most common cause of atelectasis is postoperative atelectasis, due to the effect of surgical manipulation or general anaesthesia on the patient. Obstructive atelectasis mostly develops due to blockage within the bronchiole or bronchus, which may be within the airway (foreign bodies, mucus plugs), arising from the wall (tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma) or space occupying lesions within the thoracic cavity (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). Causes of non-obstructive atelectasis include impaired surfactant formation or activation, leading to alveolar collapse due to increased surface tension.

Causes

Atelectasis may arise due to obstructive and non-obstructive causes.

Obstructive atelectasis

Common causes of obstructive atelectasis include obstruction by:^[1]

Foreign bodies
Tumors
Mucus plugs
Middle lobe syndrome^[2]^[3]

Non-obstructive atelectasis

Non obstructive atelectasis may occur due to the following reasons:^[1]^[4]

Type of non-obstructive atelectasis	Pathophysiology behind atelectasis
Cicatrisation atelectasis	Severe lung scarring caused by necrotizing pneumonia or granulomatous diseases
Replacement atelectasis	Lung infiltration
Adhesive atelectasis	Diminished levels of surfactant Presents as ARDS
Passive atelectasis	Absence of contact between the parietal and visceral pleurae due to Fluid (pleural effusion) Air (pneumothorax) Blood (hemothorax)
Rounded atelectasis	Formation of fibrous bands which adhere the lung to the pleura in patients with asbestosis
Postoperative atelectasis	Complication of surgery or anaesthesia leading to decreased surfactant activity and dysfunction of the diaphragm

Common Causes

The most common causes of atelectasis are:

Anesthesia
Foreign bodies
Lung Disease: Pulmonary embolism, lower respiratory tract infections
Mucus plug
Pleural Effusion
Tumors
Blood clot
Chest trauma
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Scarring of lung parenchyma
Acetaminophen
Follitropin beta
Urofollitropin

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Anesthesia, Acetaminophen, Follitropin beta, Urofollitropin
Ear Nose Throat	Mucus Plug
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Blood clot
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Tumors
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Lung Disease, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Scarring of lung tissue
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Chest Trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign object in the airway

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acetaminophen
Anesthesia
Blood clot
Chest trauma
Follitropin beta
Foreign object in the airway
Lung disease
Mucus plug
Pleural effusion
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Scarring of lung tissue
Tumors
Urofollitropin

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic".
↑ Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF (2006). "Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome". Med. J. Aust. 184 (6): 294–5. PMID 16548837.
↑ Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C (1983). "Peripheral middle lobe syndrome". Radiology. 149 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925. PMID 6611925.
↑ "Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention".

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlAtelectasis_-_Symptoms_and_causes_-_Mayo_Clinic-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic".

[pmid16548837-2] Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF (2006). "Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome". Med. J. Aust. 184 (6): 294–5. PMID 16548837.

[pmid6611925-3] Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C (1983). "Peripheral middle lobe syndrome". Radiology. 149 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925. PMID 6611925.

[urlAtelectasis_|_Causes,_Symptoms,_Treatment_&_Prevention-4] "Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention".

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[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Atelectasis}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
-{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' Somal Khan, M.D.
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Cherry}}
 ==Overview==
-The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, restricted breathing after abdominal surgery.  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a [[bronchiole]] or [[bronchus]], which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually [[squamous cell carcinoma]]) or compressing from the outside ([[tumor]], [[lymph node]], [[Tuberculosis|tubercle]]).  Another cause is poor [[pulmonary surfactant|surfactant]] spreading during [[Inhalation|inspiration]], causing an increase in [[surface tension]] which tends to collapse smaller alveoli.
+The most common cause of atelectasis is postoperative atelectasis, due to the effect of surgical manipulation or [[general anaesthesia]] on the patient. Obstructive atelectasis mostly develops due to blockage within the [[bronchiole]] or [[bronchus]], which may be within the [[airway]] (foreign bodies, mucus plugs), arising from the wall (tumors such as [[squamous cell carcinoma]]) or space occupying lesions within the [[thoracic cavity]] ([[tumor]], [[lymph node]], [[Tuberculosis|tubercle]]). Causes of non-obstructive atelectasis include impaired [[pulmonary surfactant|surfactant]] formation or activation, leading to alveolar collapse due to increased [[surface tension]].
+==Causes==
+[[Atelectasis]] may arise due to [[Obstruction|obstructive]] and non-obstructive causes.
-=====Drug Induced=====
+=== Obstructive atelectasis ===
+Common causes of obstructive atelectasis include obstruction by:<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* Foreign bodies
+* Tumors
+* Mucus plugs
+* Middle lobe syndrome<ref name="pmid16548837">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF |title=Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=294–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16548837 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6611925">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C |title=Peripheral middle lobe syndrome |journal=Radiology |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |year=1983 |pmid=6611925 |doi=10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925 |url=}}</ref>
+=== Non-obstructive atelectasis ===
+* Non obstructive atelectasis may occur due to the following reasons:<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlAtelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention">{{cite web |url=http://www.innerbody.com/diseases-conditions/atelectasis |title=Atelectasis &#124; Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Type of non-obstructive atelectasis
+!Pathophysiology behind  atelectasis
+|-
+|Cicatrisation atelectasis
+|Severe lung scarring caused by necrotizing [[pneumonia]] or [[Sarcoidosis|granulomatous diseases]]
+|-
+|Replacement atelectasis
+|[[Lung]] infiltration
+|-
+|Adhesive atelectasis
+|Diminished levels of [[Pulmonary surfactant|surfactant]]
+Presents as [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]
+|-
+|Passive atelectasis
+|Absence of contact between the [[Parietal pleura|parietal]] and [[Visceral pleura|visceral pleurae]] due to
+* Fluid ([[pleural effusion]])
+* Air ([[pneumothorax]])
+* Blood ([[hemothorax]])
+|-
+|Rounded atelectasis
+|Formation of fibrous bands which adhere the [[lung]] to the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] in patients with [[asbestosis]]
+|-
+|Postoperative atelectasis
+|Complication of [[surgery]] or [[Anesthesia|anaesthesia]] leading to decreased surfactant activity and dysfunction of the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]
+|}
+===Common Causes===
+The most common causes of atelectasis are:
+* [[Anesthesia]]
+* Foreign bodies
+* [[Lung Disease]]: [[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Lower respiratory tract infection|lower respiratory tract infections]]
+* [[Mucus]] plug
+* [[Pleural Effusion]]
+* [[Tumors]]
+* [[Blood clot]]
+* Chest trauma
+* [[Pneumonia]]
+* [[Pneumothorax]]
+* Scarring of lung parenchyma
+* [[Acetaminophen]]
+* [[Follitropin beta]]
+* [[Urofollitropin]]
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anesthesia]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Follitropin beta]], [[Urofollitropin]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mucus]] Plug
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Blood clot]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Tumors]]
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Opthalmologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Lung Disease]], [[Pleural effusion]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Scarring of lung tissue
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | Chest Trauma
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+| bgcolor="Beige" | Foreign object in the airway
+|-
+|}
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 * [[Acetaminophen]]
+* [[Anesthesia]]
+* [[Blood clot]]
+* Chest trauma
 * [[Follitropin beta]]
+* Foreign object in the airway
+* [[Lung disease]]
+* [[Mucus]] plug
+* [[Pleural effusion]]
+* [[Pneumonia]]
+* [[Pneumothorax]]
+* Scarring of lung tissue
+* [[Tumors]]
 * [[Urofollitropin]]
+{{col-end}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 20: / Line 205: @@
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
 [[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
 [[Category:Radiology]]
 [[Category:Needs overview]]