Jaundice causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 22:26, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatima Shaukat, MD [2]

Overview

Common causes of jaundice are classified under conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either increased bilirubin production in the body, impaired hepatic bilirubin uptake in the liver or impaired bilirubin uptake in the liver, all of which causes pooling of unconjugated bilirubin in the body leading to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. On the other hand, intra or extra hepatic cholestasis lead to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

Causes

Jaundice may be caused by:^[1]^[2]^[3]

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubenemia includes:^[4]^[5]

Common Causes

Increased bilirubin production:
- Extravascular hemolysis
- Extravasation of blood into tissues
- Intravascular hemolysis
- Wilson's disease
Impaired hepatic bilirubin uptake:
- Heart failure
- Portosystemic shunts
- Drugs - Rifampin, Probenecid
Impaired bilirubin conjugation:^[6]
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II
- Gilbert syndrome
- Ethinyl estradiol
- Liver diseases - chronic hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis

Less Common Causes

Increased bilirubin production:
- Dyserythropoiesis
Impaired hepatic bilirubin uptake:
- Some patients with Gilbert syndrome
- Drugs - Flavaspadic acid, Bunamiodyl
Impaired bilirubin conjugation:
- Neonates
- Hyperthyroidism

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinimia includes: ^[7]

Common Causes

Intrahepatic cholestasis:
- Viral hepatitis^[3]
- Alcoholic hepatitis^[8]
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Chronic hepatitis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis^[8]
- Drugs and toxins (eg, alkylated steroids, chlorpromazine, herbal medications [eg, Jamaican bush tea], arsenic)
- Sepsis and hypoperfusion states
- Infiltrative diseases (eg, amyloidosis, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)
- Pregnancy
- Cirrhosis
Extrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction):
- Choledocholithiasis
- Intrinsic and extrinsic tumors (eg, cholangiocarcinoma)
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Acute and chronic pancreatitis

Less Common Causes

Intrahepatic cholestasis:
- Total parenteral nutrition
- Postoperative cholestasis
- Following organ transplantation
- Hepatic crisis in sickle-cell disease
Extrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction):
- AIDS cholangiopathy
- Certain parasitic infections (eg, Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes)
- Strictures after invasive procedures
Defect of canalicular organic anion transport:
- Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Defect of sinusoidal re uptake of conjugated bilirubin:
- Rotor syndrome

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Eclampsia, Alagille syndrome, Infective endocarditis, Lupus, Trisomy 18, Heart failure
Chemical / poisoning	1,2-Dibromoethane, 2-acetylamino-fluorene, 2-Nitropropane, 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine, 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, 8-Hydroxyquinolone, Acer rubrum, Acetates, Acetonitrile, Acetylene Tetrabromide, Acrylonitrile, Aflatoxin, Albitocin, Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Amines, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons, Allyl alcohol, Amanita phalloides, Aromatic amines, Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arsenic, Arsine, Benzene, Benzyl chloride, Beryllium, Bipyridyl pesticides, Black nightshade poisoning, Boron, Cadmium, Capecitabine, Carbarsone, Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides, Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Tetrachloride, caspofungin acetate, Chloramphenicol, Chlorate salts, Chlordane, Chlorinated benzenes, Chlorinated naphthalene, Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives, Chloroform, Chloromethane, Chloroprene, Chromium, Comfrey, Copper, Cresol, Cycasin, Cyclochlorotine,Dapsone, Dibromochloropropane, Diethylene Glycol, Dimethyl sulfate, Dimethylnitrosamine, Dinitrobenzene, Dinitrocresol, Dinitrophenol, Dinitrotoluene, Eltrombopag, Ethanolamines, Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl alcohol, Ethyl benzene, Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Salicylate, Ethylene chlorohydrin, Ethylene Dibromide, Ethylene dichloride, Ethylene oxide, Ethylenediamine, Fluoxymesterone, Germander, Germanium, Gold, Hafnium, Horse nettle , Hydrochlorothiazide ,Icterogenin, Hydrogen bromides, Hydrogen Cyanide, Indospicine, Isopropyl acetate, Kepone pesticides, Lanthanides, Lead, Mercaptans, Mercury, Meropenem, Methoxyflurane, Methyl acetate, Methyl Bromide, Methyl Chloride, Methylene chloride, Methylene Dianiline, Metolachlor, miltefosine, Monomethylhydrazine,Nabumetone, N,N-Dimethylformamide, N-butyl acetate, N-N-Dimethylacetamide, N-Nitrosodimethylamine, N-propyl acetate, Naphthalene, Naphthol, Ngaione, Nickel, Niobium, Nitriles, Nitrobenzene, Nitromethane, Nitroparaffins, Ochratoxin, Para-Dichlorobenzene, Phosphine, Phosphorus, Phthalic Anhydride, Picric Acid, Polybrominated biphenyls, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Polygonum multiflorum, Probenecid, Propylene dichloride, Psoralea Corylifolia, Pyrogallol, Pyrrolidizine, Ragwort, Rubratoxin, Safrole, Solanine, Solder, Sterigmatocystin, Stibine,, Tellurium, Tetrachloroethane, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetramethylthiuram disulfide, Thallium, Thioxanthene, Thorium dioxide, Thorotrast , Toluene, Trichloroethylene, Trinitrotoluene, Uranium, Vicia faba, Vinyl Chloride, White Phosphorus, Xylene, alkylated steroids, chlorpromazine, Jamaican bush tea
Dermatologic	Griscelli disease, NISCH syndrome, Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Lupus, Hemochromatosis
Drug Side Effect	5-Fluorocytosine, Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Aldesleukin, Allopurinol, Alprazolam, Amineptine, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amodiaquine, Amphotericin, Anabolic C-17, Aztreonam, Bicalutamide, Bromazepam, Buprenorphine, Butyrophenones, Bunamiodyl, Cabozantinib, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime sodium, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Cephalosporins, Chlordiazepoxide, Chlorpromazine, Cidofovir, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Co-amoxiclav, Cobicistat, Colchicine,crofelemer, Cyclopropane, Cycloserine, Cytarabine, Dantrolene, Dapsone, Daptomycin, Deracoxib, Diazepam, Diflunisal, Diphenoxylate and Atropine, Disulfiram, Docetaxel, Doxepine, Duloxetine, Dydrogesterone, Erythromycin estolate, Erythromycin Ethyl succinate, Estrogen and Progestin, Ethionamide, Fenoprofen, Flavaspadic acid, Flucloxacillin, Flurbiprofen, Framycetin, Fusidic acid, Griseofulvin, Halothane, Hycanthone, Hydroxyzine, Ibuprofen, ibuprofen lysine, Idoxuridine, Imipramine, Indinavir, Indomethacin, Isoniazid, Itraconazole, Ixabepilone, Ketoconazole, Loprazolam, Loratadine, Lorazepam, Lormetazepam, Meloxicam, Mepacrine, Mephenytoin, Mercaptopurinr, Metaxalone, Methocarbamol, Methimazole, Methyldopa, Metronidazole, Minocycline, Mirtazapine, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Naproxen, Niacin, Nitrofurantoin, Nitrous Oxide, Nizatidine, Novobiocin, Olanzapine, Oxandrolone, Oxaprozin, Oxycodone, p-aminosalicylic acid, Papaverine, Paroxetine, Pegaspargase, Penicillin, Pergolide, Phenol, Phenothiazine, Phenylbutazone, Phenytoin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, pomalidomide, Promethazine, Pyridine, Rifampin, Quinupristin dalfopristin, Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia, Quinolone, Ranitidine, Repaglinide, Rifampicin, Salicylate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate Sibutramine, Sorafenib, Spectinomycin, Sulindac, Sulfasalazine, Sulphonamides, Tamoxifen, Tegaserod, Telithromycin, Tetracycline, Thalidomide, Thiabendazole, Trazodone, Triazolam, Trovafloxacin mesylate, Valproic acid, Vidarabine, Zoxazolamine, zileuton
Ear Nose Throat	Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
Endocrine	Gestational diabetes, Growth hormone deficiency, Hyperthyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Thyroid agenesis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Accessory pancreas, Acinic cell carcinoma, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Acute Cholecystitis, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Acute hepatitis, Acute liver failure, Addison-Gull syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Angiosarcoma of the liver, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Ascending cholangitis, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Baber's syndrome, Banti's syndrome, Bile duct cancer, Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form, Bile plug syndrome, Biliary atresia, Biliary cirrhosis, Biliary colic, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Byler Disease, Caroli's Disease, Chlorpropamide, Cholangiocarcinoma, Cholangitis, Choledochal cyst, hand malformation, Choledochal cysts, Choledocholithiasis, Cholestasis, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Chronic cholecystitis, Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis of liver, Colorectal cancer, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Gallstones, Gilbert's syndrome, Hemosuccus pancreaticus, Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis, Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, Hepatoma, Hyperemesis gravidarum, Idiopathic liver cirrhosis, Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer, Mirizzi's syndrome, Mosse syndrome, Neonatal hepatitis, Neuroma biliary tract, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Obliterative portal venopathy, Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatoblastoma, Papillary stenosis, Peliosis hepatis, Portal hypertension, Portosystemic shunts, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct, Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis, Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis, Zieve's syndrome, NISCH syndrome, Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption, Hemochromatosis, Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, HELLP syndrome, Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma, Pernicious anemia, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Reynolds syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome , Infectious mononucleosis, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Wilson's Disease, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Weil's disease, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Zellweger syndrome, Trisomy 18
Genetic	Aagenaes syndrome , Aldolase A deficiency , Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Benign intrahepatic cholestasis , Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption, Galactosemia, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Glutaric aciduria , Hemochromatosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary fructose intolerance, Hereditary xerocytosis, Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Niemann-Pick disease, Porphyria, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) , Pseudo-torch syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome, Tyrosinemia, Wilson's Disease, Wolman disease, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Zellweger syndrome, Griscelli disease, Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC), Hereditary spherocytosis, Thalassemia, Fructose intolerance, Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Trisomy 18
Hematologic	Achrestic anemia, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Favism, Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome, HELLP syndrome, Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC), Hemolytic anemia, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial ,Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma, Hereditary spherocytosis, HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), Hodgkin's Disease, Kawasaki disease, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Lymphoma, Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ,Pernicious anemia, Rh deficiency syndrome, Thalassemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis , Mosse syndrome, Zieve's syndrome, Aagenaes syndrome , Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Sickle-cell disease, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary xerocytosis, Porphyria, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, Goldstein-Hutt syndrome, Infectious mononucleosis, Rh disease, Kawasaki disease, Sickle-cell disease, Griscelli disease, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Aldolase A deficiency , X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus
Iatrogenic	Post operative jaundice, Strictures after invasive procedures
Infectious Disease	Alveolar Hydatid Disease ., Aspergillosis, Congenital TORCH infections, Fascioliasis, Infective endocarditis, Malignant boutonneuse fever, Nanukayami, Neonatal sepsis, Omphalitis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, Tuberculosis, Q fever, Relapsing fever, Syphilis, Weil's disease, Histoplasmosis, Malaria, Cytomegalovirus, Hepadnaviruses, Herpes, Infectious mononucleosis, LÃ¡brea fever, Marburg virus, Viral Hepatitis A, Viral Hepatitis B, Viral Hepatitis C, Viral Hepatitis D, Viral Hepatitis E, Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E), Ascending cholangitis, Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal, Acute meningitis, AIDS, Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Choledochal cyst, hand malformation, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis, Lupus, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis, Sotos syndrome, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Alagille syndrome, Hemochromatosis, Aldolase A deficiency , Lupus, Trisomy 18, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome
Neurologic	Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Acute meningitis, Eclampsia, Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome, Pseudo-torch syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Wilson's Disease, Zellweger syndrome, Lissencephalic syndromes, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Alagille syndrome, Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Trisomy 18
Nutritional / Metabolic	Breast feeding jaundice, Breast milk jaundice, Congenital disorders of glycosylation, Fructose intolerance, Manganese deficiency, Molybdenum deficiency, Organic acidemia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Selenium deficiency, Vitamin A overdose, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, Cholesteryl ester storage disease, Galactosemia, Glutaric aciduria , Hereditary fructose intolerance, Lucey-Driscoll syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, Tyrosinemia, Wolman disease, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Aldolase A deficiency, Total parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic	HELLP syndrome, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Eclampsia
Oncologic	Breast cancer, Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma, Acinic cell carcinoma, Angiosarcoma of the liver, Bile duct cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, Colorectal cancer, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Hepatoma, Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Islet Cell adenoma, Liver cancer, Neuroma biliary tract, Pancreatic adenoma, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatoblastoma, Lymphoma, Zellweger syndrome, Mesothelioma
Opthalmologic	Goldstein-Hutt syndrome, Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia , Wilson's Disease, Alagille syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity	Acetaminophen, Iron, Vitamin C , Vitamin A
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency , Mesothelioma, Sarcoidosis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome, Weil's disease, Alagille syndrome, Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome, Lupus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency , Sarcoidosis, Lupus, Transfusion reaction
Sexual	X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X), Lupus, Hemochromatosis
Trauma	Cephalhematoma, Hepatic trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Brown Recluse spider bite , Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage, Neonatal physiological jaundice, Premature birth, Reye's syndrome, organ transplantation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Fargo MV, Grogan SP, Saguil A (2017). "Evaluation of Jaundice in Adults". Am Fam Physician. 95 (3): 164–168. PMID 28145671.
↑ VanWagner LB, Green RM (2015). "Evaluating elevated bilirubin levels in asymptomatic adults". JAMA. 313 (5): 516–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.12835. PMC 4424929. PMID 25647209.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E (2017). "Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010". BMC Infect Dis. 17 (1): 735. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8. PMC 5707826. PMID 29187150.
↑ Arora V, Kulkarni RK, Cherian S, Pillai R, Shivali M (2009). "Hyperbilirubinemia in normal healthy donors". Asian J Transfus Sci. 3 (2): 70–2. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.53875. PMC 2920475. PMID 20808649.
↑ ARIAS IM (1962). "Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults". J Clin Invest. 41: 2233–45. doi:10.1172/JCI104682. PMC 291158. PMID 14013759.
↑ Drenth JP, Peters WH, Jansen JB (2002). "[From gene to disease; unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar types I and II]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 146 (32): 1488–90. PMID 12198827.
↑ Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Lucey, Michael R.; Mathurin, Philippe; Morgan, Timothy R. (2009). "Alcoholic Hepatitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (26): 2758–2769. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0805786. ISSN 0028-4793.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid28145671-1] Fargo MV, Grogan SP, Saguil A (2017). "Evaluation of Jaundice in Adults". Am Fam Physician. 95 (3): 164–168. PMID 28145671.

[pmid256472092-2] VanWagner LB, Green RM (2015). "Evaluating elevated bilirubin levels in asymptomatic adults". JAMA. 313 (5): 516–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.12835. PMC 4424929. PMID 25647209.

[pmid29187150-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E (2017). "Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010". BMC Infect Dis. 17 (1): 735. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8. PMC 5707826. PMID 29187150.

[pmid20808649-4] Arora V, Kulkarni RK, Cherian S, Pillai R, Shivali M (2009). "Hyperbilirubinemia in normal healthy donors". Asian J Transfus Sci. 3 (2): 70–2. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.53875. PMC 2920475. PMID 20808649.

[pmid14013759-5] ARIAS IM (1962). "Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults". J Clin Invest. 41: 2233–45. doi:10.1172/JCI104682. PMC 291158. PMID 14013759.

[pmid12198827-6] Drenth JP, Peters WH, Jansen JB (2002). "[From gene to disease; unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar types I and II]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 146 (32): 1488–90. PMID 12198827.

[7] Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.

[LuceyMathurin2009-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Lucey, Michael R.; Mathurin, Philippe; Morgan, Timothy R. (2009). "Alcoholic Hepatitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (26): 2758–2769. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0805786. ISSN 0028-4793.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{FA}}
 {{Jaundice}}
 ==Overview==
-When  [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]].
+Common causes of jaundice are classified under conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either increased [[bilirubin]] production in the body, impaired [[hepatic]] [[bilirubin]] uptake in the [[liver]] or impaired [[bilirubin]] uptake in the [[liver]], all of which causes pooling of unconjugated bilirubin in the body leading to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. On the other hand, intra or extra hepatic [[cholestasis]] lead to accumulation of conjugated [[bilirubin]] causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
+==Causes==
+Jaundice may be caused by:<ref name="pmid28145671">{{cite journal| author=Fargo MV, Grogan SP, Saguil A| title=Evaluation of Jaundice in Adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2017 | volume= 95 | issue= 3 | pages= 164-168 | pmid=28145671 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28145671  }} </ref><ref name="pmid256472092">{{cite journal| author=VanWagner LB, Green RM| title=Evaluating elevated bilirubin levels in asymptomatic adults. | journal=JAMA | year= 2015 | volume= 313 | issue= 5 | pages= 516-7 | pmid=25647209 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.12835 | pmc=4424929 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25647209  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29187150">{{cite journal| author=Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E| title=Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 735 | pmid=29187150 | doi=10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8 | pmc=5707826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29187150  }} </ref>
-Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
+=== '''Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia''' ===
+Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubenemia includes:<ref name="pmid20808649">{{cite journal| author=Arora V, Kulkarni RK, Cherian S, Pillai R, Shivali M| title=Hyperbilirubinemia in normal healthy donors. | journal=Asian J Transfus Sci | year= 2009 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-2 | pmid=20808649 | doi=10.4103/0973-6247.53875 | pmc=2920475 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20808649  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14013759">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM| title=Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1962 | volume= 41 | issue=  | pages= 2233-45 | pmid=14013759 | doi=10.1172/JCI104682 | pmc=291158 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14013759  }}</ref>
-==Causes==
+==== Common Causes ====
-===Common Causes===
+* Increased [[bilirubin]] production:
-*[[Hepatitis]]
+** Extravascular [[hemolysis]]
-*[[Liver failure]]
+** Extravasation of [[blood]] into tissues
-*[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
+**[[Intravascular]] [[hemolysis]]
-*[[Gallstones]]
+**[[Wilson's disease|Wilson's disease]]
-*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
+*Impaired hepatic [[bilirubin]] uptake:
-*[[Thalassemia]]
+**[[Heart failure]]
-*[[Sickle-cell disease]]
+**Portosystemic shunts
-*[[Hemolytic anemia]]
+**Drugs - [[Rifampin]], [[Probenecid]]
-*[[Cirrhosis]]
+*Impaired [[bilirubin]] conjugation:<ref name="pmid12198827">{{cite journal| author=Drenth JP, Peters WH, Jansen JB| title=[From gene to disease; unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar types I and II]. | journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | year= 2002 | volume= 146 | issue= 32 | pages= 1488-90 | pmid=12198827 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12198827  }}</ref>
-*[[Cancer]]
+**[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1|Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II]]
+**[[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]
+**[[Ethinylestradiol|Ethinyl estradiol]]
+**Liver diseases - [[chronic hepatitis]], advanced [[cirrhosis]]
+==== Less Common Causes ====
+*Increased [[bilirubin]] production:
+**[[Dyserythropoiesis]]
+*Impaired hepatic [[bilirubin]] uptake:
+**Some patients with [[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]
+**[[Drugs]] - Flavaspadic acid, Bunamiodyl
+*Impaired [[bilirubin]] conjugation:
+**[[Neonates]]
+**[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+=== '''Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia''' ===
+Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinimia includes: <ref>{{cite book | last = Kasper | first = Dennis | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-07-180215-4 }}</ref>
+==== Common Causes ====
+*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]:
+**[[Viral hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid29187150">{{cite journal| author=Gadia CLB, Manirakiza A, Tekpa G, Konamna X, Vickos U, Nakoune E| title=Identification of pathogens for differential diagnosis of fever with jaundice in the Central African Republic: a retrospective assessment, 2008-2010. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 735 | pmid=29187150 | doi=10.1186/s12879-017-2840-8 | pmc=5707826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29187150  }} </ref>
+**[[Alcoholic hepatitis]]<ref name="LuceyMathurin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lucey|first1=Michael R.|last2=Mathurin|first2=Philippe|last3=Morgan|first3=Timothy R.|title=Alcoholic Hepatitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=360|issue=26|year=2009|pages=2758–2769|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0805786}}</ref>
+**[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
+**[[Chronic hepatitis]]
+**[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]<ref name="LuceyMathurin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lucey|first1=Michael R.|last2=Mathurin|first2=Philippe|last3=Morgan|first3=Timothy R.|title=Alcoholic Hepatitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=360|issue=26|year=2009|pages=2758–2769|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0805786}}</ref>
+**[[Drugs]] and [[Toxin|toxins]] (eg, alkylated [[Steroid|steroids]], [[chlorpromazine]], herbal medications [eg, Jamaican bush tea], [[arsenic]])
+**[[Sepsis]] and hypoperfusion states
+**Infiltrative diseases (eg, [[amyloidosis]], [[lymphoma]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tuberculosis]])
+**[[Pregnancy]]
+**[[Cirrhosis]]
+*[[Extrahepatic cholestasis]] ([[biliary obstruction]]):
+**[[Choledocholithiasis]]
+**Intrinsic and extrinsic tumors (eg, [[cholangiocarcinoma]])
+**[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
+**[[Acute pancreatitis|Acute]] and [[chronic pancreatitis]]
+==== Less Common Causes ====
+*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis|Intrahepatic cholestasis:]]
+**[[Total parenteral nutrition]]
+**Postoperative [[cholestasis]]
+**Following [[Organ transplant|organ transplantation]]
+**Hepatic crisis in [[Sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell disease]]
+*[[Extrahepatic cholestasis]] ([[biliary obstruction]]):
+**[[HIV AIDS|AIDS]] cholangiopathy
+**Certain [[parasitic infections]] (eg, [[Ascaris lumbricoides]], [[Opisthorchis felineus|liver flukes]])
+**[[Strictures]] after invasive procedures
+*Defect of canalicular organic anion transport:
+**[[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]
+*Defect of sinusoidal re uptake of [[conjugated bilirubin]]:
+**[[Rotor syndrome]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
-{|style="width:78%; height:100px" border="1"
+{| style="width:78%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eclampsia]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]]
+| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Eclampsia]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Heart failure]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| bgcolor="Beige" |
-[[1,2-Dibromoethane]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene]], [[2-Nitropropane]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates]], [[Acetonitrile]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide]], [[Acrylonitrile]], [[Aflatoxin]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic Amines]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Allyl alcohol]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Arsenic]], [[Arsine]], [[Benzene]], [[Benzyl chloride]], [[Beryllium]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides]], [[Black nightshade poisoning]], [[Boron]], [[Cadmium]], [[Capecitabine]], [[Carbarsone]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides]], [[Carbon Disulfide]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Chloramphenicol]], [[Chlorate salts]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane]], [[Chloroprene]], [[Chromium]], [[Comfrey]], [[Copper]], [[Cresol]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine]],[[Dapsone]], [[Dibromochloropropane]], [[Diethylene Glycol]], [[Dimethyl sulfate]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine]], [[Dinitrobenzene]], [[Dinitrocresol]], [[Dinitrophenol]], [[Dinitrotoluene]], [[Eltrombopag]], [[Ethanolamines]], [[Ethyl Acetate]], [[Ethyl alcohol]], [[Ethyl benzene]], [[Ethyl Ether]], [[Ethyl Salicylate]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin]], [[Ethylene Dibromide]], [[Ethylene dichloride]], [[Ethylene oxide]], [[Ethylenediamine]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Germander]], [[Germanium]], [[Gold]], [[Hafnium]], [[Horse nettle ]], [[Hydrochlorothiazide]] ,[[Icterogenin]], [[Hydrogen bromides]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate]], [[Kepone pesticides]], [[Lanthanides]], [[Lead]], [[Mercaptans]], [[Mercury]], [[Meropenem]], [[Methoxyflurane]], [[Methyl acetate]], [[Methyl Bromide]], [[Methyl Chloride]], [[Methylene chloride]], [[Methylene Dianiline]], [[Metolachlor]], [[miltefosine]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]],[[Nabumetone]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide]], [[N-butyl acetate]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine]], [[N-propyl acetate]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel]], [[Niobium]], [[Nitriles]], [[Nitrobenzene]], [[Nitromethane]], [[Nitroparaffins]], [[Ochratoxin]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene]], [[Phosphine]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride]], [[Picric Acid]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls]], [[Polygonum multiflorum]], [[Propylene dichloride]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia]], [[Pyrogallol]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder]], [[Sterigmatocystin]], [[Stibine]],, [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide]], [[Thorotrast ]], [[Toluene]], [[Trichloroethylene]], [[Trinitrotoluene]], [[Uranium]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride]], [[White Phosphorus]], [[Xylene]]
+[[1,2-Dibromoethane]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene]], [[2-Nitropropane]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates]], [[Acetonitrile]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide]], [[Acrylonitrile]], [[Aflatoxin]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic Amines]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Allyl alcohol]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons]], [[Arsenic]], [[Arsine]], [[Benzene]], [[Benzyl chloride]], [[Beryllium]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides]], [[Black nightshade poisoning]], [[Boron]], [[Cadmium]], [[Capecitabine]], [[Carbarsone]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides]], [[Carbon Disulfide]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Chloramphenicol]], [[Chlorate salts]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane]], [[Chloroprene]], [[Chromium]], [[Comfrey]], [[Copper]], [[Cresol]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine]],[[Dapsone]], [[Dibromochloropropane]], [[Diethylene Glycol]], [[Dimethyl sulfate]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine]], [[Dinitrobenzene]], [[Dinitrocresol]], [[Dinitrophenol]], [[Dinitrotoluene]], [[Eltrombopag]], [[Ethanolamines]], [[Ethyl Acetate]], [[Ethyl alcohol]], [[Ethyl benzene]], [[Ethyl Ether]], [[Ethyl Salicylate]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin]], [[Ethylene Dibromide]], [[Ethylene dichloride]], [[Ethylene oxide]], [[Ethylenediamine]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Germander]], [[Germanium]], [[Gold]], [[Hafnium]], [[Horse nettle ]] , [[Hydrochlorothiazide]] ,[[Icterogenin]], [[Hydrogen bromides]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate]], [[Kepone pesticides]], [[Lanthanides]], [[Lead]], [[Mercaptans]], [[Mercury]], [[Meropenem]], [[Methoxyflurane]], [[Methyl acetate]], [[Methyl Bromide]], [[Methyl Chloride]], [[Methylene chloride]], [[Methylene Dianiline]], [[Metolachlor]], [[miltefosine]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]],[[Nabumetone]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide]], [[N-butyl acetate]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine]], [[N-propyl acetate]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel]], [[Niobium]], [[Nitriles]], [[Nitrobenzene]], [[Nitromethane]], [[Nitroparaffins]], [[Ochratoxin]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene]], [[Phosphine]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride]], [[Picric Acid]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls]], [[Polygonum multiflorum]], [[Probenecid]], [[Propylene dichloride]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia]], [[Pyrogallol]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder]], [[Sterigmatocystin]], [[Stibine]],, [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide]], [[Thorotrast ]] , [[Toluene]], [[Trichloroethylene]], [[Trinitrotoluene]], [[Uranium]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride]], [[White Phosphorus]], [[Xylene]], alkylated [[Steroid|steroids]], [[chlorpromazine]], Jamaican bush tea
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Griscelli disease]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Griscelli disease]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[5-Fluorocytosine]], [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Alprazolam]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amlodipine]], [[Amodiaquine]], [[Amphotericin]], [[Anabolic C-17]], [[Aztreonam]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Butyrophenones]], [[Cabozantinib]], [[Cefaclor]], [[Cefotaxime sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ceftibuten]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Chlordiazepoxide]], [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cimetidine]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Co-amoxiclav]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Colchicine]],[[crofelemer]], [[Cyclopropane]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Deracoxib]], [[Diazepam]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxepine]], [[Duloxetine]], [[Dydrogesterone]], [[Erythromycin estolate]], [[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate]], [[Estrogen and Progestin]], [[Ethionamide]], [[Fenoprofen]], [[Flucloxacillin]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Framycetin]], [[Fusidic acid]], [[Griseofulvin]], [[Halothane]], [[Hycanthone]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[ibuprofen lysine]], [[Idoxuridine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indinavir]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Itraconazole]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Loprazolam]], [[Loratadine]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Lormetazepam]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Mepacrine]], [[Mephenytoin]], [[Mercaptopurinr]], [[Metaxalone]], [[Methocarbamol]], [[Methimazole]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Metronidazole]], [[Minocycline]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]], [[Naproxen]], [[Niacin]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nitrous Oxide]], [[Nizatidine]], [[Novobiocin]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oxandrolone]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxycodone]], [[p-aminosalicylic acid]], [[Papaverine]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Pegaspargase]], [[Penicillin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenol]], [[Phenothiazine]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]], [[pomalidomide]], [[Promethazine]], [[Pyridine]], [[Rifampin]], [[Quinupristin dalfopristin]], [[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]], [[Quinolone]], [[Ranitidine]], [[Repaglinide]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Salicylate]], [[sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate]]  [[Sibutramine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Spectinomycin]], [[Sulindac]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Tegaserod]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Thiabendazole]], [[Trazodone]], [[Triazolam]], [[Trovafloxacin mesylate]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Vidarabine]], [[Zoxazolamine]], [[zileuton]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[5-Fluorocytosine]], [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Alprazolam]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amlodipine]], [[Amodiaquine]], [[Amphotericin]], [[Anabolic C-17]], [[Aztreonam]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Butyrophenones]], Bunamiodyl, [[Cabozantinib]], [[Cefaclor]], [[Cefotaxime sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ceftibuten]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Chlordiazepoxide]], [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cimetidine]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Co-amoxiclav]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Colchicine]],[[crofelemer]], [[Cyclopropane]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Deracoxib]], [[Diazepam]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxepine]], [[Duloxetine]], [[Dydrogesterone]], [[Erythromycin estolate]], [[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate]], [[Estrogen and Progestin]], [[Ethionamide]], [[Fenoprofen]], Flavaspadic acid, [[Flucloxacillin]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Framycetin]], [[Fusidic acid]], [[Griseofulvin]], [[Halothane]], [[Hycanthone]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[ibuprofen lysine]], [[Idoxuridine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indinavir]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Itraconazole]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Loprazolam]], [[Loratadine]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Lormetazepam]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Mepacrine]], [[Mephenytoin]], [[Mercaptopurinr]], [[Metaxalone]], [[Methocarbamol]], [[Methimazole]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Metronidazole]], [[Minocycline]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]], [[Naproxen]], [[Niacin]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nitrous Oxide]], [[Nizatidine]], [[Novobiocin]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oxandrolone]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxycodone]], [[p-aminosalicylic acid]], [[Papaverine]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Pegaspargase]], [[Penicillin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenol]], [[Phenothiazine]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]], [[pomalidomide]], [[Promethazine]], [[Pyridine]], [[Rifampin]], [[Quinupristin dalfopristin]], [[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]], [[Quinolone]], [[Ranitidine]], [[Repaglinide]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Salicylate]], [[sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate]]  [[Sibutramine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Spectinomycin]], [[Sulindac]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Tegaserod]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Thiabendazole]], [[Trazodone]], [[Triazolam]], [[Trovafloxacin mesylate]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Vidarabine]], [[Zoxazolamine]], [[zileuton]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Gestational diabetes]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Thyroid agenesis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Gestational diabetes]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Thyroid agenesis]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Accessory pancreas]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Acute Cholecystitis]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Acute hepatitis]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Addison-Gull syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]], [[Alcoholic liver disease]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Baber's syndrome]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form]], [[Bile plug syndrome]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Biliary cirrhosis]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Byler Disease]], [[Caroli's Disease]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[Choledochal cysts]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chronic cholecystitis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Cirrhosis of  liver]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gallstones]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Mirizzi's syndrome]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Neonatal hepatitis]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatitis]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Papillary stenosis]], [[Peliosis hepatis]], [[Portal hypertension]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]], [[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]], [[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]], [[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Reynolds syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Accessory pancreas]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Acute Cholecystitis]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Acute hepatitis]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Addison-Gull syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]], [[Alcoholic liver disease]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Baber's syndrome]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form]], [[Bile plug syndrome]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Biliary cirrhosis]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Byler Disease]], [[Caroli's Disease]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[Choledochal cysts]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chronic cholecystitis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Cirrhosis of  liver]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gallstones]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Mirizzi's syndrome]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Neonatal hepatitis]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatitis]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Papillary stenosis]], [[Peliosis hepatis]], [[Portal hypertension]], Portosystemic shunts, [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]], [[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]], [[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]], [[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[NISCH syndrome]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]] , [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]] , [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Reynolds syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]],  [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]],  [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Porphyria]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Rotor syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman disease]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]],  [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]],  [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]] , [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]],  [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]]  , [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Porphyria]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]] , [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Rotor syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman disease]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]],  [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Achrestic anemia]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Favism]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]] ,[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]], [[Hodgkin's Disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]] ,[[Pernicious anemia]], [[Rh deficiency syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Porphyria]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Rh disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achrestic anemia]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Favism]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC)]], [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]] ,[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]] , [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]], [[Hodgkin's Disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]] ,[[Pernicious anemia]], [[Rh deficiency syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]] , [[Mosse syndrome]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]] , [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Porphyria]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Rh disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Post operative jaundice]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Post operative jaundice]], [[Strictures]] after invasive procedures
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]], [[Aspergillosis]], [[Congenital TORCH infections]], [[Fascioliasis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Malignant boutonneuse fever]], [[Nanukayami]], [[Neonatal sepsis]], [[Omphalitis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Sepsis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Q fever]], [[Relapsing fever]], [[Syphilis]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Hepadnaviruses]], [[Herpes]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[LÃ¡brea fever]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Acute meningitis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]], [[Aspergillosis]], [[Congenital TORCH infections]], [[Fascioliasis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Malignant boutonneuse fever]], [[Nanukayami]], [[Neonatal sepsis]], [[Omphalitis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Sepsis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Q fever]], [[Relapsing fever]], [[Syphilis]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Hepadnaviruses]], [[Herpes]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[LÃ¡brea fever]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]],  [[Ascaris lumbricoides]], [[Opisthorchis felineus|liver flukes]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]] , [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia]] , [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breast feeding jaundice]], [[Breast milk jaundice]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Manganese deficiency]], [[Molybdenum deficiency]], [[Organic acidemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Vitamin A overdose]], [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wolman disease]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Breast feeding jaundice]], [[Breast milk jaundice]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Manganese deficiency]], [[Molybdenum deficiency]], [[Organic acidemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Vitamin A overdose]], [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Glutaric aciduria  ]]  , [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wolman disease]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[HELLP syndrome]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Eclampsia]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[HELLP syndrome]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Eclampsia]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Mesothelioma]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast cancer]], [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Hepatoma]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer]], [[Neuroma biliary tract]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Mesothelioma]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Opthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia]] , [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[Iron]], [[Vitamin C ]], [[Vitamin A]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acetaminophen]], [[Iron]], [[Vitamin C ]] , [[Vitamin A]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Mesothelioma]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Tuberculosis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]] , [[Mesothelioma]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Tuberculosis]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]], [[Lupus]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Transfusion reaction]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Autoimmune Hepatitis]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency]] , [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Lupus]], [[Transfusion reaction]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cephalhematoma]], [[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cephalhematoma]], [[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]], [[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]], [[Premature birth]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite]] , [[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]], [[Premature birth]], [[Reye's syndrome]],  [[Organ transplant|organ transplantation]]
 |-
 |}
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{columns-list|3|
+{{columns-list|
 *[[1,2-Dibromoethane]]
 *[[2-acetylamino-fluorene]]
@@ Line 165: / Line 218: @@
 *[[Addison-Gull syndrome]]
 *[[Aflatoxin]]
+*[[AIDS]]
 *[[Alagille syndrome]]
 *[[Albitocin]]
@@ Line 174: / Line 228: @@
 *[[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons]]
 *[[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons]]
+*Alkylated steroids
 *[[Allopurinol]]
 *[[Allyl alcohol]]
@@ Line 193: / Line 248: @@
 *[[Arsine]]
 *[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome]]
+*[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
 *[[Ascending cholangitis]]
 *[[Aspergillosis]]
@@ Line 207: / Line 263: @@
 *[[Bicalutamide]]
 *[[Bile duct cancer]]
-*[[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form]]
+*Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form
 *[[Bile plug syndrome]]
 *[[Biliary atresia]]
@@ Line 223: / Line 279: @@
 *[[Buprenorphine]]
 *[[Butyrophenones]]
+*Bunamiody
 *[[Byler Disease]]
 *[[Cadmium]]
@@ Line 245: / Line 302: @@
 *[[Chloromethane]]
 *[[Chloroprene]]
+*[[Chlorpromazine]]
 *[[Chlorpropamide]]
 *[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
@@ Line 328: / Line 386: @@
 *[[Favism]]
 *[[Fenoprofen]]
+*Flavaspadic acid
 *[[Flucloxacillin]]
 *[[Flurbiprofen]]
@@ Line 352: / Line 411: @@
 *[[Halothane]]
 *[[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome]]
+*[[Heart failure]]
 *[[HELLP syndrome]]
 *[[Hemochromatosis]]
@@ Line 380: / Line 440: @@
 *[[Hydroxyzine]]
 *[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
 *[[Hypopituitarism]]
 *[[Hypothyroidism]]
@@ Line 403: / Line 464: @@
 *[[Itraconazole]]
 *[[Ixabepilone]]
+*Jamaican bush tea
 *[[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
@@ Line 412: / Line 474: @@
 *[[Lead]]
 *[[Lissencephalic syndromes]]
+*[[liver flukes]]
 *[[Liver cancer]]
 *[[Loprazolam]]
@@ Line 480: / Line 543: @@
 *[[Ochratoxin]]
 *[[Omphalitis]]
+*[[organ transplantation]]
 *[[Organic acidemia]]
 *[[Oxaprozin]]
@@ Line 511: / Line 575: @@
 *[[Porphyria]]
 *[[Portal hypertension]]
-*[[Postoperative Jaundice]]
+*Portosystemic shunts
+*Postoperative jaundice
 *[[Premature birth]]
 *[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
 *[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
+*[[Probenecid]]
 *[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]]
 *[[Propylene dichloride]]
@@ Line 552: / Line 618: @@
 *[[Sterigmatocystin]]
 *[[Stibine]]
-* [[Stribild]] ([[elvitegravir]], [[cobicistat]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate)
+*[[Stribild]] ([[elvitegravir]], [[cobicistat]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate)
+*Strictures after invasive procedures
 *[[Sulindac]]
 *[[Sulphonamides]]
@@ Line 574: / Line 641: @@
 *[[Thyroid agenesis]]
 *[[Toluene]]
+*[[Total parenteral nutrition]]
 *[[Transfusion Reaction]]
 *[[Trazodone]]
@@ Line 613: / Line 681: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
-[[Category:primary care]]
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 [[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Digestive system]]
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
 [[Category:Hepatology]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}

Jaundice causes: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:26, 29 July 2020

Overview

Causes

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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