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==Overview==
==Gallery==
Other diagnostic studies are used when [[NAAT]] or culture are not available. Other diagnostic studies for gonorrhea infection include rapid NAAT assay (modular-cartridge based platform), [[leukocyte esterase|leukocyte esterase urine test]], immunochromatographic tests, [[nucleic acid hybridization]] tests, and [[enzyme immunoassay|enzyme immunoassay (EIA)]].<ref name="pmid23467600">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos CA, Van Der Pol B, Jett-Goheen M, Barnes M, Quinn N, Clark C et al.| title=Performance of the Cepheid CT/NG Xpert Rapid PCR Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2013 | volume= 51 | issue= 6 | pages= 1666-72 | pmid=23467600 | doi=10.1128/JCM.03461-12 | pmc=3716060 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23467600  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23093736">{{cite journal| author=Watchirs Smith LA, Hillman R, Ward J, Whiley DM, Causer L, Skov S et al.| title=Point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a systematic review of operational and performance characteristics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2013 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-6 | pmid=23093736 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2012-050656 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23093736  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8417014">{{cite journal| author=Vlaspolder F, Mutsaers JA, Blog F, Notowicz A| title=Value of a DNA probe assay (Gen-Probe) compared with that of culture for diagnosis of gonococcal infection. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1993 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-10 | pmid=8417014 | doi= | pmc=262630 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8417014  }} </ref>


<gallery>
==Other diagnostic studies==
Other diagnostic studies are used when [[NAAT]] or culture are not available.


Image: Gonorrhea14.jpeg| This photomicrograph is showing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a cervical smear using the Gram-stain technique. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Other diagnostic studies for gonorrhea infection include:<ref name="pmid23467600">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos CA, Van Der Pol B, Jett-Goheen M, Barnes M, Quinn N, Clark C et al.| title=Performance of the Cepheid CT/NG Xpert Rapid PCR Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2013 | volume= 51 | issue= 6 | pages= 1666-72 | pmid=23467600 | doi=10.1128/JCM.03461-12 | pmc=3716060 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23467600  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23093736">{{cite journal| author=Watchirs Smith LA, Hillman R, Ward J, Whiley DM, Causer L, Skov S et al.| title=Point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a systematic review of operational and performance characteristics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2013 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-6 | pmid=23093736 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2012-050656 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23093736  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8417014">{{cite journal| author=Vlaspolder F, Mutsaers JA, Blog F, Notowicz A| title=Value of a DNA probe assay (Gen-Probe) compared with that of culture for diagnosis of gonococcal infection. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1993 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-10 | pmid=8417014 | doi= | pmc=262630 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8417014  }} </ref>
 
*Rapid [[PCR]] test (modular-cartridge based platform)
Image: Gonorrhea13.jpeg| Examination of this urethral discharge for Neisseria gonorrhea revealed Gram-negative intracellular rods, NOT diplococci. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
**Detects [[nucleic acid]] of ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' and ''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' in less than 2 hours
 
**Expensive
Image: Gonorrhea06.jpeg| Gram-stained photomicrograph revealed the presence of numerous gram-negative diplococcal bacteria that were identified as Neisseria gonorrhoea. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
*[[Leukocyte esterase]] urine dipsticks test
 
**Detects an enzyme found in certain [[white blood cells|white blood cells (WBC)]]
Image: Gonorrhea05.jpeg| This Gram-stained photomicrograph reveals the presence of intracellular Gram-negative, Neisseria gonorrhoeae diplococcal bacteria, amongst numerous white blood cells (WBCs) known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
*Immunochromatographic tests
 
*Nucleic acid hybridization tests
 
**DNA probes labeled with a chemiluminescent marker is used to identify a specific [[nucleic acid]] sequence of the organism (less sensitive than [[NAAT]])
Image: Gonorrhea04.jpeg|This Gram-stained photomicrograph revealed the presence of what was termed as “deceptive” extracellular diplococcal bacteria. Of importance, a bacterial culture returned a negative result. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
*[[enzyme immunoassay|Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)]]
 
**Detects gonococcal [[antigens]] from [[cervical]] swab or urine specimens
Image: Gonorrhea03.jpeg| Photomicrograph reveals Gram-negative rods, and Gram-negative cocci, which were determined to be Haemophilus influenzae, and non-meningococcal Neisseria sp. organisms respectively. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Gonorrhea01.jpeg| Photomicrograph (1000X mag) reveals the following findings in this sample of a transtracheal aspirate. The report read that there are Gram-negative rods, and Gram-negative cocci, which were determined to be Haemophilus influenzae, and non-meningococcal Neisseria sp. organisms respectively. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:55, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies are used when NAAT or culture are not available. Other diagnostic studies for gonorrhea infection include rapid NAAT assay (modular-cartridge based platform), leukocyte esterase urine test, immunochromatographic tests, nucleic acid hybridization tests, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA).[1][2][3]

Other diagnostic studies

Other diagnostic studies are used when NAAT or culture are not available.

Other diagnostic studies for gonorrhea infection include:[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gaydos CA, Van Der Pol B, Jett-Goheen M, Barnes M, Quinn N, Clark C; et al. (2013). "Performance of the Cepheid CT/NG Xpert Rapid PCR Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae". J Clin Microbiol. 51 (6): 1666–72. doi:10.1128/JCM.03461-12. PMC 3716060. PMID 23467600.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Watchirs Smith LA, Hillman R, Ward J, Whiley DM, Causer L, Skov S; et al. (2013). "Point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a systematic review of operational and performance characteristics". Sex Transm Infect. 89 (4): 320–6. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050656. PMID 23093736.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vlaspolder F, Mutsaers JA, Blog F, Notowicz A (1993). "Value of a DNA probe assay (Gen-Probe) compared with that of culture for diagnosis of gonococcal infection". J Clin Microbiol. 31 (1): 107–10. PMC 262630. PMID 8417014.


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