Chlamydophila psittaci: Difference between revisions

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'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Psittacosis|here]]'''


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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
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| species = '''''C. psittaci'''''
| species = '''''C. psittaci'''''
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'''''Chlamydophila psittaci''''' is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that causes endemic avian [[chlamydiosis]], [[epizootic]] outbreaks in mammals, and respiratory [[psittacosis]] in humans. Chlamydophila psittaci is transmitted by inhalation, contact or ingestion among birds and to mammals. Psittacosis in birds and in humans often starts with flu-like symptoms and becomes a life-threatening pneumonia. Many strains remain quiescent in birds until activated under stress. Birds are excellent, highly mobile vectors for the distribution of chlamydial infection because they feed on, and have access to, the detritus of infected animals of all sorts. 
{{psittacosis}}


Chlamydophila psittaci was previously classified as ''Chlamydia psittaci''. The former 'mammalian' Chlamydia psittaci abortion, feline and Guinea pig strains have been moved to three new species (see:  [[Chlamydophila abortus]], [[Chlamydophila felis]], [[Chlamydophila caviae]]).


C. psittaci in birds is often systemic and infections can be inapparent, severe, acute or chronic with intermittent shedding. C. psittaci strains in birds infect mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages of the respiratory tract. Septicaemia eventually develops and the bacteria become localized in epithelial cells and macrophages of most organs, conjunctiva, and gastrointestinal tract. It can also be passed in the eggs. Stress will commonly trigger onset of severe symptoms, resulting in rapid deterioration and death. C. psittaci strains are similar in virulence, grow readily in cell culture, have 16S-rRNA genes that differ by <0.8%, and belong to eight known serovars. All should be considered to be readily transmissible to humans.
==Overview==
Psittacosis is caused by the [[organism]] [[Chlamydia|''Chlamydia psittaci''.]] [[Chlamydia (bacterium)|Chlamydia]] is understood to be a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]] belonging to the [[genus]] [[Chlamydia]] or [[Chlamydophila]] in the [[family]] of [[Chlamydiaceae|''Chlamydiaceae'']]  together with  [[Parachlamydiaceae|''Parachlamydiaceae'']], [[Waddliaceae|''Waddliaceae'']] and [[Simkaniaceae|''Simkaniaceae'']] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Chlamydiales|''Chlamydiales'']], [[Class (biology)|class]] and [[phylum]] [[Chlamydiae|''Chlamydiae'']]. [[Chlamydiales]] are [[obligate]] intracellular infectious agents in [[eukaryotic]] cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.<ref name="pmid229510">{{cite journal| author=de Rossi G, Focacci C| title=Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning. | journal=Radiol Diagn (Berl) | year= 1979 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 405-9 | pmid=229510 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=229510  }} </ref>


C. psittaci serovar A is endemic among psittacine birds and has caused sporadic zoonotic disease in humans, other mammals and tortoises. Serovar B is endemic among pigeons, has been isolated from turkeys, and has also been identified as the cause of abortion in a dairy herd. Serovars C and D are occupational hazards for slaughterhouse workers and for people in contact with birds. Serovar E isolates (known as Cal-10, MP or MN) have been obtained from a variety of avian hosts worldwide and, although they were associated with the 1920s–1930s outbreak in humans, a specific reservoir for serovar E has not been identified. The M56 and WC serovars were isolated during outbreaks in mammals. Many C. psittaci strains are susceptible to bacteriophages.
==Causes==
 
* Birds are the major [[zoonotic]] reservoir. Despite its name, ''C. psittaci'' infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird [[Order (biology)|orders]], from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of [[psittacosis]].<ref name="BeeckmanVanrompay2009">{{cite journal|last1=Beeckman|first1=D.S.A.|last2=Vanrompay|first2=D.C.G.|title=Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=15|issue=1|year=2009|pages=11–17|issn=1198743X|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x}}</ref>
== Life cycle and method of infection ==
* Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher [[prevalence]] of the [[disease]].  
[[Image:Chlamydophila_pneumoniae.jpg|thumb|left|200px|'''Life cycle of Chlamydophila psittaci''']]
* [[C. psittaci|''C. psittaci'']] may be classified into eight [[serovars]] according to variation in the [[Major Basic Protein|major outer membrane protein]] (MOMP): [[serovar]] A to F, WC and M56.<ref name="pmid9765811">{{cite journal| author=Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F| title=Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. | journal=Res Microbiol | year= 1997 | volume= 148 | issue= 4 | pages= 327-33 | pmid=9765811 | doi=10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9765811  }} </ref>  
''Chlamydophila psittaci'' is a small bacterium (0.5 [[micrometre]]s) which undergoes several transformations during its life cycle. It exists as an [[elementary body]] (EB) in between [[Host (biology)|host]]s. The EB is not biologically active but is resistant to [[Natural environment|environment]]al stresses and can survive outside of a host. The EB travels from an [[infection|infected]] bird to the [[lung]]s of a non-infected bird or person in small [[droplet]]s and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in a pouch called an [[endosome]] by a process called [[phagocytosis]]. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with [[lysosome]]s as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a [[reticulate body]] and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must utilize some of the host's cellular machinery to complete its replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same [[organism]] or in a new host. Thus, the life cycle of C. psittaci is divided between the elementary body which is able to infect new hosts but can not replicate and the reticulate body which replicates but is not able to cause new infection.
'''Table 1: Classification of ''Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars'''''<ref name="pmid1153750">{{cite journal| author=Balter S, Janower ML| title=The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists. | journal=Radiology | year= 1975 | volume= 116 | issue= 02 | pages= 450 | pmid=1153750 | doi=10.1148/116.2.450 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1153750  }} </ref>
{| class="wikitable"
=== Treatment===
!Serovar
* Chlamydophila psittaci
!Genotype
 
!Predominant host order
:* Pneumonia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref>
!Human infection documented
 
|-
::* Adult
|A
:::* Preferred regimen : [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid daily {{or}}  [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg PO qid for 10-21 days
|A
:::* Alternative regimen :[[Minocycline]]
|Psittaformes
 
* Budgerigars
::* Pediatric
* Cockatiels
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Azithromycin ]]
* Parakeets
:::*Alternative  regimen: fluoroquinolones
|Yes
 
|-
::* Pregnant Patients
|B
:::* Preferred regimen : [[Azithromycin ]]
|B
:::*Alternative  regimen: fluoroquinolones
|Columbiformes
 
* Pigeons
::* Endocarditis in valve replacement patients
* Doves
:::* Preferred regimen : [[Doxycycline]]  
|Yes
:::* Alternative regimen : fluoroquinolones.
|-
 
|C
==Gallery==
|C
 
|Anseriformes
<gallery>
* Ducks
 
* Geese
Image: Chlamydia14.jpeg| FA stained mouse brain impression smear reveals the presence of the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
* Swans
Image: Chlamydia13.jpeg| FA stained mouse brain impression smear reveals the presence of the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci (400x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
|Yes
Image: Chlamydia08.jpeg| DFA-stained micrograph showed the presence of Chlamydia psittaci bacteria in mouse brain tissue (400x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
|-
 
|D
Image: Chlamydia01.jpeg| Gram-negative Chlamydophila psittaci bacteria. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
|D
 
|Galliformes
Image: Chlamydophila04.jpeg| FA stained mouse brain impression smear reveals the presence of the bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci (400x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
* Turkeys
 
* Pheasants
Image: Chlamydophila03.jpeg| FA stained reveals presence of Chlamydophila psittaci (400x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
* Chickens
 
|Yes
Image: Chlamydia06.jpeg| DFA-stained micrograph showed the presence of Chlamydia psittaci bacteria in mouse brain tissue (400x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
|-
 
|E
 
|E
</gallery>
|Struthioniformes
* Ostriches
* Pigeons
* Duck
|Yes
|-
|F
|F
|Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only
|Yes
|-
|WC
|G
|Cattle
|No
|-
|M56
|H
|Rodents
|No
|-
|
|E/B
|Ducks
|Yes
|}


==References==
==References==
* chlamydiae.com [http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/genus_chlamydophila.asp]
{{reflist|2}}
* Madigan, Martinko, and Parker.  ''Brock Biology of Microorganisms''.  10th ed.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.  ISBN 0-13-049147-0
 
 
[[Category:Chlamydiae]]


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Latest revision as of 14:32, 27 July 2017


For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]

Chlamydophila psittaci
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydiae
Order: Chlamydiales
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Genus: Chlamydophila
Species: C. psittaci

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Overview

Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia is understood to be a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Chlamydia or Chlamydophila in the family of Chlamydiaceae together with Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae and Simkaniaceae in the order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular infectious agents in eukaryotic cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.[1]

Causes

Table 1: Classification of Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars[4]

Serovar Genotype Predominant host order Human infection documented
A A Psittaformes
  • Budgerigars
  • Cockatiels
  • Parakeets
 Yes
B B Columbiformes
  • Pigeons
  • Doves
 Yes
C C Anseriformes
  • Ducks
  • Geese
  • Swans
 Yes
D D Galliformes
  • Turkeys
  • Pheasants
  • Chickens
 Yes
E E Struthioniformes
  • Ostriches
  • Pigeons
  • Duck
 Yes
F F Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only Yes
WC G Cattle No
M56 H Rodents No
E/B Ducks Yes

References

  1. ↑ de Rossi G, Focacci C (1979). "Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning". Radiol Diagn (Berl). 20 (3): 405–9. PMID 229510.
  2. ↑ Beeckman, D.S.A.; Vanrompay, D.C.G. (2009). "Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 15 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x. ISSN 1198-743X.
  3. ↑ Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (1997). "Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies". Res Microbiol. 148 (4): 327–33. doi:10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4. PMID 9765811.
  4. ↑ Balter S, Janower ML (1975). "The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists". Radiology. 116 (02): 450. doi:10.1148/116.2.450. PMID 1153750.


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