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| {{About1|Orthomyxoviridae}} | | {{About1|Orthomyxoviridae}} |
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| '''For more information about other influenza types, see [[human influenza]] or [[avian influenza]]''' | | '''For more information about other influenza types, see [[human influenza]] or [[avian influenza]].''' |
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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]].''' |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}<br> |
| | {{SSK}} Swine flu; Hog influenza, Pig influenza |
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| ==[[Swine influenza overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Swine influenza overview|Overview]]== |
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| [[Swine influenza case study one|Case#1]] | | [[Swine influenza case study one|Case#1]] |
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
| | ==See Also== |
| [[Category:Disease]] | | * [http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/ Swine flu at CDC] |
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| ----
| | ==Related Chapters== |
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| | * [[Human influenza]] |
| | * [[Avian influenza]] |
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| =General Management and & Treatment=
| | [[Category:Influenza]] |
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| The aim is to provide interim guidance on the use of antiviral agents for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. This includes patients with confirmed or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection and their close contacts.
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| ===Special Considerations for Children===
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| Aspirin or aspirin-containing products (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate – Pepto Bismol) should not be administered to any confirmed or suspected ill case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection aged 18 years old and younger due to the risk of Reye syndrome. For relief of fever, other anti-pyretic medications are recommended such as acetaminophen or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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| ===Antiviral Resistance===
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| This swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is sensitive (susceptible) to the neuraminidaseinhibitor antiviral medications zanamivir and oseltamivir. It is resistant to the adamantane antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine.
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| Seasonal influenza A and B viruses continue to circulate at low levels in the U.S. and in Mexico. Currently circulating human influenzaA (H1N1) viruses are resistant to oseltamivir and sensitive (susceptible) to zanamivir, amantadine and rimantadine. Currently circulating human influenza A (H3N2) viruses are resistant to amantadine andrimantadine, but sensitive (susceptible) to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Therefore,at this time antiviral treatment recommendations for suspected cases of swineinfluenza A (H1N1) virus infection need to consider potential infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) virus as wellas human influenza viruses, andtheir different antiviral susceptibilities.
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| ==Antiviral Treatment==
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| ===Suspected Cases===
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| Empiric antiviral treatment is recommended for any ill person suspected to have swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Antiviral treatment witheither zanamivir alone or with a combination of oseltamivir and either amantadine or rimantadine should be initiated as soon as possible after theonset of symptoms. Recommended duration of treatment is five days.Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral susceptibilities become available. Antiviral doses and schedules recommended for treatment of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection are the same as those recommended for [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/dosagetable.htm#table seasonal influenza]:
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| ===Confirmed Cases===
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| For antiviral treatment of a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, either oseltamivir or zanamivir may be administered. Recommended duration of treatment is five days.These same antivirals should be considered for treatment of cases that test positive for influenza A but test negative for seasonal influenza viruses H3 and H1 by PCR.
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| ===Pregnant Women===
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| Oseltamivir, zanamivir, amantadine, and rimantadine are all “PregnancyCategory C" medications, indicating that no clinical studies have beenconducted to assess the safety of these medications for pregnant women. Onlytwo cases of amantadine use for severe influenza illness during the thirdtrimester have been reported. However, both amantadine and rimantadine havebeen demonstrated in animal studies to be teratogenic and embryotoxic whenadministered at substantially high doses. Because of the unknown effects ofinfluenza antiviral drugs on pregnant women and their fetuses, these four drugsshould be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies thepotential risk to the embryo or fetus; the manufacturers' package insertsshould be consulted. However, no adverse effects have been reported among womenwho received oseltamivir or zanamivir during pregnancy or among infants born to such women.
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| ===Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis===
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| For antiviral chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection,either oseltamivir or zanamivir are recommended. Duration of antiviral chemoprophylaxis is 7 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Antiviral dosing and schedules recommended for chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection are the same as those recommended for [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/dosagetable.htm#table seasonal influenza]:
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| '''Antiviral chemoprophylaxis (pre-exposure or post-exposure) with either oseltamivir or zanamivir is recommended for the following individuals:'''
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| * Household close contacts who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (persons with certain chronic medical conditions, elderly) of a confirmed or suspected case.
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| * School children who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (persons with certain chronic medical conditions) who had close contact (face-to-face) with a confirmed or suspected case.
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| * Travelers to Mexico who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (persons with certain chronic medical conditions, elderly).
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| * Border workers (Mexico) who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (persons with certain chronic medical conditions, elderly).
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| * Health care workers or public health workers who had unprotected close contact with an ill confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case’s infectious period.
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| '''Antiviral chemoprophylaxis (pre-exposure or post-exposure) with either oseltamivir or zanamivir can be considered for the following:'''
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| * Any health care worker who is at high-risk for complications of influenza (persons with certain chronic medical conditions, elderly) who is working in an area with confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases, and who is caring for patients with any acute febrile respiratory illness. As of April 28, 2009, 8 non-high risk persons who are travelers to Mexico, first responders, or border workers who are working in areas with confirmed cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.
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| =Prevention=
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| ==Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Biosafety Guidelines for Laboratory Workers==
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| This guidance is for laboratory workers who may be processing or performing diagnostic testing on clinical specimens from patients with suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, or performing viral isolation.
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| Diagnostic laboratory work on clinical samples from patients who are suspected cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should be conducted in a BSL2 laboratory. All sample manipulations should be done inside a biosafety cabinet (BSC).
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| Viral isolation on clinical specimens from patients who are suspected cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should be performed in a BSL2 laboratory with BSL3 practices (enhanced BSL2 conditions).
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| ===Additional precautions include===
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| * Recommended Personal Protective Equipment (based on site specific risk assessment )
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| * Respiratory protection – fit-tested N95 respirator or higher level of protection.
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| * Shoe covers
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| * Closed-front gown
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| * Double gloves
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| * Eye protection (goggles or face shields)
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| ===Waste===
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| * All waste disposal procedures should be followed as outlined in your facility standard laboratory operating procedures.
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| ===Appropriate disinfectants===
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| * 70% Ethanol
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| * 5% Lysol
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| * 10% Bleach
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| All personnel should self monitor for fever and any symptoms. Symptoms of swine influenza infection include cough, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, runny nose, and muscle aches. Any illness should be reported to your supervisor immediately.
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| For personnel who had unprotected exposure or a known breach in personal protective equipment to clinical material or live virus from a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1), antiviral chemoprophylaxis with zanamivir or oseltamivir for 7 days after exposure can be considered.
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| ==Infection Control of Ill Persons in a Healthcare Setting==
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| Patients with suspected or confirmed case-status should be placed in a single-patient room with the door kept closed. If available, an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with negative pressure air handling with 6 to 12 air changes per hour can be used. Air can be exhausted directly outside or be recirculated after filtration by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. For suctioning, bronchoscopy, or intubation, use a procedure room with negative pressure air handling.
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| The ill person should wear a surgical mask when outside of the patient room, and should be encouraged to wash hands frequently and follow respiratory hygiene practices. Cups and other utensils used by the ill person should be washed with soap and water before use by other persons. Routine cleaning and disinfection strategies used during influenza seasons can be applied to the environmental management of swine influenza. More information can be found [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_environinfection.html. here]
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| Standard, Droplet and Contact precautions should be used for all patient care activities, and maintained for 7 days after illness onset or until symptoms have resolved. Maintain adherence to hand hygiene by washing with soap and water or using hand sanitizer immediately after removing gloves and other equipment and after any contact with respiratory secretions.
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| Personnel providing care to or collecting clinical specimens from suspected or confirmed cases should wear disposable non-sterile gloves, gowns, and eye protection (e.g., goggles) to prevent conjunctival exposure.
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| Masks and respirators: Until additional, specific information is available regarding the behavior of this swine influenza A (H1N1), the guidance in the October 2006 [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/healthcare/maskguidancehc.htmlExternal Web Site Policy. "Interim Guidance on Planning for the Use of Surgical Masks and Respirators in Healthcare Settings during an Influenza Pandemic"] should be used. These interim recommendations will be updated as additional information becomes available.
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| ===Interim recommendations===
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| * Personnel engaged in aerosol generating activities (e.g., collection of clinical specimens, endotracheal intubation, nebulizer treatment, bronchoscopy, and resuscitation involving emergency intubation or cardiac pulmonary resuscitation) for suspected or confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator.
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| * Pending clarification of transmission patterns for this virus, personnel providing direct patient care for suspected or confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator when entering the patient room.
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| * Respirator use should be in the context of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Information on respiratory protection programs and fit test procedures can be accessed [http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory here]. Staff should be medically cleared, fit-tested, and trained for respirator use, including: proper fit-testing and use of respirators, safe removal and disposal, and medical contraindications to respirator use.
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| ==Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use in Certain Community Settings Where Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Transmission Has Been Detected==
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| Information on the effectiveness of facemasks and respirators for the control of influenza in community settings is extremely limited. Thus, it is difficult to assess their potential effectiveness in controlling swine influenza A (H1N1) virus transmission in these settings. In the absence of clear scientific data, the interim recommendations below have been developed on the basis of public health judgment and the historical use of facemasks and respirators in other settings.
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| In areas with confirmed human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, the risk for infection can be reduced through a combination of actions. No single action will provide complete protection, but an approach combining the following steps can help decrease the likelihood of transmission. These actions include frequent handwashing, covering coughs, and having ill persons stay home, except to seek medical care, and minimize contact with others in the household.Additional measures that can limit transmission of a new influenza strain include voluntary home quarantine of members of households with confirmed or probable swine influenza cases, reduction of unnecessary social contacts, and avoidance whenever possible of crowded settings.
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| When it is absolutely necessary to enter a crowded setting or to have close contact3 with persons who might be ill, the time spent in that setting should be as short as possible. If used correctly, facemasks and respirators may help reduce the risk of getting influenza, but they should be used along with other preventive measures, such as avoiding close contact and maintaining good hand hygiene. A respirator that fits snugly on your face can filter out small particles that can be inhaled around the edges of a facemask, but compared with a facemask it is harder to breathe through a respirator for long periods of time. More information on facemasks and respirators can be found [http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu. here]
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| When crowded settings or close contact with others cannot be avoided, the use of facemasks1 or respirators2 in areas where transmission of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus has been confirmed should be considered as follows:
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| * Whenever possible, rather than relying on the use of facemasks or respirators, close contact with people who might be ill and being in crowded settings should be avoided.
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| * Facemasks should be considered for use by individuals who enter crowded settings, both to protect their nose and mouth from other people's coughs and to reduce the wearers' likelihood of coughing on others; the time spent in crowded settings should be as short as possible.
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| * Respirators should be considered for use by individuals for whom close contact with an infectious person is unavoidable. This can include selected individuals who must care for a sick person (e.g., family member with a respiratory infection) at home.
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| These interim recommendations will be revised as new information about the use of facemasks and respirators in the current setting becomes available.
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| Notes:
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| 1. Unless otherwise specified, the term "facemasks" refers to disposable masks cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as medical devices. This includes facemasks labeled as surgical, dental, medical procedure, isolation, or laser masks. Such facemasks have several designs. One type is affixed to the head with two ties, conforms to the face with the aid of a flexible adjustment for the nose bridge, and may be flat/pleated or duck-billed in shape. Another type of facemask is pre-molded, adheres to the head with a single elastic band, and has a flexible adjustment for the nose bridge. A third type is flat/pleated and affixes to the head with ear loops. Facemasks cleared by the FDA for use as medical devices have been determined to have specific levels of protection from penetration of blood and body fluids.
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| 2. Unless otherwise specified, "respirator" refers to an N95 or higher filtering facepiece respirator certified by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
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| 3. Three feet has often been used by infection control professionals to define close contact and is based on studies of respiratory infections; however, for practical purposes, this distance may range up to 6 feet. The World Health Organization uses "approximately 1 meter"; the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration uses "within 6 feet." For consistency with these estimates, this document defines close contact as a distance of up to 6 feet.
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Antiviral regimen===
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| * [[Swine influenza]] <ref>{{Cite book| publisher = World Health Organization| title = WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses| location = Geneva| series = WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee| accessdate = 2015-07-14| date = 2010| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138515/| pmid = 23741777}}</ref>
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| :*1. '''Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness'''
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| ::* Preferred regimen: [[Oseltamivir]] 150 mg PO bid
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| ::* Note (1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
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| ::* Note (2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
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| ::* Note (3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
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| ::* Note (4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube
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| :*2. '''Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness'''
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| ::* Preferred regimen: [[Zanamivir]] inhaled
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| ::* Note: [[Zanamivir]] IV should be considered where available and is recommended for those with serious or progressive illness. If not available, [[Peramivir]] IV may be considered
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| :*3. '''Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients'''
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| ::* Preferred regimen: Antiviral chemoprophylaxis by using [[Oseltamivir]] {{or}} [[Zanamivir]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==See Also==
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| * [http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/ Swine flu at CDC]
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| {{influenza}}
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| [[Category:Influenza]]
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| [[Category:Overview complete]]
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| [[Category:Infectious Disease Project]] | |
| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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