Leptospirosis risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Gerald Chi- (talk | contribs)
Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, nocaptcha, oversight, smwadministrator, Administrators, Widget editors
7,699 edits
Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Leptospirosis}} {{PleaseHelp}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} Category:Infectious disease Category:Diseases"
 
WikiBot (talk | contribs)
Bots, Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, interwiki, nocaptcha, Administrators
57,550 edits
m Bot: Removing from Primary care
 
(27 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
[[File:Adventure racing.jpg|right|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
{{Leptospirosis}}
{{Leptospirosis}}
{{PleaseHelp}}


{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{VSKP}}
==Overview==
The risk of acquiring leptospirosis is associated with contact with animals, which made leptospirosis as an important occupational disease, especially affecting farmers, slaughterhouse workers, pet traders, veterinarians, rodent catchers and sewer workers who are in contact with mammalian species which acts as a natural carriers of leptospires.<ref name="pmid11292640">{{cite journal| author=Levett PN| title=Leptospirosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 296-326 | pmid=11292640 | doi=10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001 | pmc=88975 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11292640  }} </ref> According to [[World health organization]] survey highest risk groups are subsistence farmers and people living in urban slums.<ref name="pmid16148523">{{cite journal| author=McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI| title=Leptospirosis. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 5 | pages= 376-86 | pmid=16148523 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16148523  }} </ref> Common risk factors in the development of leptospirosis include occupational exposure to animals, tropical or temperate climates, and water sports in contaminated lakes and rivers.


==Risk factors==
Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most common in temperate or tropical climates. Severe form of leptospirosis is more common in the risk group of age < 5 or > 65 years with comorbid conditions, such as [[pneumonia]], [[immunocompromised]] status, history of [[liver]] diseases such as [[alcoholic liver disease]].<ref name="pmid22843698">{{cite journal| author=Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V| title=Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK. | journal=QJM | year= 2012 | volume= 105 | issue= 12 | pages= 1151-62 | pmid=22843698 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcs145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22843698  }} </ref> It is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with animals, such as:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/exposure/index.html |title= risk factors |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 9, 2015 |website= center for disease control and prevention |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
=== Common Risk Factors ===
* Farmers
* Mine workers
* Sewer workers
* Slaughterhouse workers
* Veterinarians and animal caretakers
* Fish workers
* Dairy farmers
* Military personnel
The disease has also been associated with swimming, wading, kayaking, and rafting in contaminated lakes and rivers. As such, it is a recreational hazard for campers or those who participate in outdoor sports. The risk is likely greater for those who participate in these activities in tropical or temperate climates.
In addition, incidence of Leptospirosis [[infection]] among urban children appears to be increasing.
{| border="1"
|+
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Activities involving direct animal contact}}
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Indirect animal contact}}
|-
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Occupational activities}}
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Recreational activities}}
|-
|
* Abattoir worker
* Farmer/dairy farmer
* Veterinary surgeon
* Meat inspector
* Rodent control worker
* Pet shop owner
* Butcher
* Animal shelter worker
* Pet owner
* Gamekeeper
|
* Sewer worker
* Miner
* Military personnel
* Septic tank cleaner
* Fish farm worker
* Canal and river worker
* Watercress farmer
* Flood relief worker
* Gravel pit worker
* Street dweller/urban slums
* Construction and demolition site worker  Plumber
|
* Open water swimming
* Canoeing/Kayaking
* Sailing/wind surfing
* Potholing/caving
* Adventure traveller
* Fresh water fishing
* White water rafting
* Rowing
* Orienteering/triathlon
* Golf (stagnant pool traps)
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Diseases]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Diseases]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Latest revision as of 22:30, 29 July 2020

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Leptospirosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Leptospirosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Leptospirosis risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Leptospirosis risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Leptospirosis risk factors

CDC on Leptospirosis risk factors

Leptospirosis risk factors in the news

Blogs on Leptospirosis risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Leptospirosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Leptospirosis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

The risk of acquiring leptospirosis is associated with contact with animals, which made leptospirosis as an important occupational disease, especially affecting farmers, slaughterhouse workers, pet traders, veterinarians, rodent catchers and sewer workers who are in contact with mammalian species which acts as a natural carriers of leptospires.[1] According to World health organization survey highest risk groups are subsistence farmers and people living in urban slums.[2] Common risk factors in the development of leptospirosis include occupational exposure to animals, tropical or temperate climates, and water sports in contaminated lakes and rivers.

Risk factors

Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is most common in temperate or tropical climates. Severe form of leptospirosis is more common in the risk group of age < 5 or > 65 years with comorbid conditions, such as pneumonia, immunocompromised status, history of liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease.[3] It is an occupational hazard for many people who work outdoors or with animals, such as:[4]

Common Risk Factors

  • Farmers
  • Mine workers
  • Sewer workers
  • Slaughterhouse workers
  • Veterinarians and animal caretakers
  • Fish workers
  • Dairy farmers
  • Military personnel

The disease has also been associated with swimming, wading, kayaking, and rafting in contaminated lakes and rivers. As such, it is a recreational hazard for campers or those who participate in outdoor sports. The risk is likely greater for those who participate in these activities in tropical or temperate climates.

In addition, incidence of Leptospirosis infection among urban children appears to be increasing.

Activities involving direct animal contact Indirect animal contact
Occupational activities Recreational activities
  • Abattoir worker
  • Farmer/dairy farmer
  • Veterinary surgeon
  • Meat inspector
  • Rodent control worker
  • Pet shop owner
  • Butcher
  • Animal shelter worker
  • Pet owner
  • Gamekeeper
  • Sewer worker
  • Miner
  • Military personnel
  • Septic tank cleaner
  • Fish farm worker
  • Canal and river worker
  • Watercress farmer
  • Flood relief worker
  • Gravel pit worker
  • Street dweller/urban slums
  • Construction and demolition site worker Plumber
  • Open water swimming
  • Canoeing/Kayaking
  • Sailing/wind surfing
  • Potholing/caving
  • Adventure traveller
  • Fresh water fishing
  • White water rafting
  • Rowing
  • Orienteering/triathlon
  • Golf (stagnant pool traps)

References

  1. ↑ Levett PN (2001). "Leptospirosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 14 (2): 296–326. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001. PMC 88975. PMID 11292640.
  2. ↑ McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI (2005). "Leptospirosis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 18 (5): 376–86. PMID 16148523.
  3. ↑ Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V (2012). "Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK". QJM. 105 (12): 1151–62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs145. PMID 22843698.
  4. ↑ "risk factors". center for disease control and prevention. June 9, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Leptospirosis_risk_factors&oldid=1640137"