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| __NOTOC__
| | #Redirect [[Proteus]] |
| {{Taxobox
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| | color = lightgrey
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| | name = ''Proteus vulgaris''
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| | image = Proteus McConkey.jpg
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| | image_caption = 24h old culture
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| | regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
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| | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
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| | classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
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| | ordo = [[Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriales]]
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| | familia = Enterobacteriaceae
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| | genus = ''[[Proteus (bacterium)|Proteus]]''
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| | species = '''''P. vulgaris'''''
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| | binomial = ''Proteus vulgaris''
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| | binomial_authority = [[Gustav Hauser|Hauser]] 1885
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| }}
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| '''''Proteus vulgaris''''' is a [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]], nitrate-reducing, indole+ and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, [[gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative bacterium]] that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It is grouped with the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause [[urinary tract infection]]s and [[wound infection]]s.
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| The term [[Proteus]] signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, "the old man of the sea", who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation. The first use of the term “Proteus” in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser (1885), who described under this term three types of organisms which he isolated from putrefied meat. One of the three species Hauser identified was ''Proteus vulgaris'', so this organism has a long history in microbiology.
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| Over the past two decades, the genus ''Proteus'', and in particular ''P. vulgaris'', has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions. In 1982, ''P. vulgaris'' was separated into three biogroups on the basis of [[indole]] production. Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species, ''P. penneri'', while biogroups two and three remained together as ''P. vulgaris''.
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| == Lab identification ==
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| According to laboratory fermentation tests, ''P. vulgaris'' ferments glucose and amygdalin, but does not ferment mannitol or lactose. ''P. vulgaris'' also tests positive for the methyl red (mixed acid fermentation) test and is also an extremely motile organism.
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| When ''P. vulgaris'' is tested using the API 20E identification system<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/mathsci/reynolds/micro/lab_manual/API.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081107051850/http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/mathsci/reynolds/micro/lab_manual/API.html |archivedate=7 November 2008 |title=API Test Strips}}</ref> it produces positive results for sulfur reduction, urease production, tryptophan deaminase production, indole production, sometimes positive gelatinase activity, and saccharose fermentation, and negative results for the remainder of the tests on the testing strip.
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| It is referenced in the [[Analytical Profile Index]] using the nine-digit code: 047602157
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| The optimal growing conditions of this organism is in a facultative anaerobic environment with an average temperature of about 40°C.
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| The Becton/Dickinson BBL Enterotube II system for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae inoculated with ''P. vulgaris'' may yield the following results:
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| *Positive for glucose fermentation (with gas production)
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| *Negative for lysine and ornithine
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| *Positive for hydrogen sulfide production and indole production
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| *Negative for adonitol and lactose
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| *Negative for arabinose, sorbitol and dulcitol
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| *Positive for the phenylalanine test and the Harnstoff urea test
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| ''P. vulgaris'' can test positive or negative for citrate. All combine for a "Biocode ID of 31407" for use in the Interpretation Guide/Computer Coding and Identification System. ''P. vulgaris'' can also test urease negative in solid media (such as in Enterotube), but will be urease positive in liquid media. The CCIS code will still identify it with a negative urease test.
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| == ''Proteus'' infections ==
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| === Etiology and epidemiology ===
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| *Nosocomial infections
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| *''P. mirabilis'' causes 90% of ''Proteus'' infections.
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| *''P. vulgaris'' and ''P. penneri'' are easily isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals and from patients with underlying diseases or compromised immune systems.
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| *Patients with recurrent infections, those with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, those who have had urethral instrumentation, and those whose infections were acquired in the hospital have an increased frequency of infection caused by ''Proteus'' and other organisms (e.g., ''Klebsiella'', ''Enterobacter'', ''Pseudomonas'', enterococci, and staphylococci)
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| <!-- format convert to text or at least readable === Pathogenesis and virulence ===
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| ''motility''
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| '''flagella'''
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| ''adherence factors''<br />
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| '''Fimbriae'''—facilitate adherence and thus enhance the capacity of the organism to produce disease
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| ''inflammatory response''<br />
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| '''IL-6/IL-8 secretion'''—attachment to uroepithelial cells initiates secretion
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| '''apoptosis and epithelial cell desquamation'''
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| '''pyelonephritis'''—Bacterial production of urease increases risk
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| '''bacteremia & sepsis'''—bacterial endotoxin (LPS)
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| ''Survival''
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| '''urease production'''—alkalinize the urine by hydrolyzing urea to ammonia makes proteus effective in producing an environment in which it can survive. -->
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| === Clinical expression ===
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| Enterobacteriaceae (of which ''Proteus ''is a member) and ''Pseudomonas'' species are the micro-organisms most commonly responsible for Gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis.
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| The presence of the sepsis syndrome associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI) should raise the possibility of urinary tract obstruction. This is especially true of patients who reside in long-term care facilities, who have long-term indwelling urethral catheters, or who have a known history of urethral anatomic abnormalities.
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| ;UTI obstruction
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| Urease production leads to precipitation of organic and inorganic compounds, which leads to struvite stone formation. Struvite stones are composed of a combination of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate-apatite. Struvite stone formation can be sustained only when ammonia production is increased and the urine pH is elevated to decrease the solubility of phosphate. Both of these requirements can occur only when urine is infected with a urease-producing organism such as ''Proteus''. Urease metabolizes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide: urea 2 NH<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub>. The ammonia/ammonium buffer pair has a pK of 9.0, resulting in the combination of highly alkaline, ammonia-rich urine.
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| Symptoms attributable to struvite stones are uncommon. More often, women present with UTI, flank pain, or hematuria, and are found to have a persistently alkaline urine pH (>7.0).
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| == Treatments ==
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| Known antibiotics to which ''P. vulgaris'' is sensitive:
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| Ciprofloxacin<br />
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| Ceftazidime<br />
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| Netilmicin<br />
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| Sublactam or cefoperazone<br />
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| Meropenem<br />
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| Piperacillin/tazobactam<br />
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| Unasyn
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| Antibiotics should be introduced in much higher doses than "normal" when ''P. vulgaris'' has infected the sinus or respiratory tissues; for example, ciprofloxacin should be introduced at a level of at least 2000 mg per day orally in such a situation, rather than the "standard" 1000 mg per day.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Proteus OX19|''Proteus'' OX19]]
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| * [[Swarming motility]]
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| {{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Proteus Vulgaris}}
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| [[Category:Enterobacteria]]
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