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{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{Pancreatic cancer}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Cherry}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Research suggest that lifestyle factors such as change in diet, exercise, and maintenance of weight, can influence the likelihood an individual develops pancreatic cancer.
Primary prevention of [[pancreatic cancer]] involves the cessation of [[Smoking|cigarette smoking]], regular exercise and a healthy diet as per the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS) guidelines. [[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is considered to be the most significant modifiable [[Risk factor|risk facto]]<nowiki/>r for the development of [[pancreatic cancer]]. The risk of developing [[pancreatic cancer]] becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of [[smoking cessation]]. The  [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS) has issued guidelines for [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] and physical activity at both individual and community levels and advocates the intake of plenty of vegetables and fruits, [[protein]] from fowl and plant sources like whole grains and consumption of tuna, mackerel or salmon that are major sources of [[protein]] and long-chain [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 fatty acids]].


==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
Prevention of pancreatic cancer consists of avoiding risk factors when possible<ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri</ref> [[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is considered to be the most significant and avoidable risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight and exercising may be helpful.
[[Prevention (medical)|Prevention]] of [[pancreatic cancer]] involves avoiding the following risk factors:<ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri</ref>
The [[American Cancer Society]] recommends increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while decreasing red meat intake. This has been questioned by several research groups.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults.|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=2000 Dec|first=SS|last=Coughlin |coauthors=Calle EE, Patel AV, Thun MJ.|volume=11|issue=10|pages=915-23.|id=PMID 11142526 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal|title=A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States).|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=1993 Sep|first=W|last=Zheng |coauthors=et al|volume=4|issue=5|pages=477-82. |id=PMID 8218880 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>
In 2006 a large prospective cohort study of over 80,000 subjects failed to prove a definite association.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study.|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|date=February 2006|first=Susanna|last=Larsson|coauthors=Niclas Håkansson, Ingmar Näslund, Leif Bergkvist and Alicja Wolk|volume=15|issue=|pages=301-305|id=PMID 16492919 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The evidence in support of this lies mostly in small case-control studies.
In September 2006, a long-term study concluded that taking [[Vitamin D]] can substantially cut the risk of pancreatic cancer (as well as other cancers) by up to 50%.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm</ref><ref>http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm</ref><ref>http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html</ref> More studies of this have been called for.


Several studies, including one published June 1, 2007, indicate that B vitamins such as [[B12]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], and [[folate]], can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/11/5553 |title=Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Consumer_Health_Daily/Briefing/2007/06/01/pancreatic_cancer_risk_cut_by_b6_b12/3712/ |title=United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref>
==== Cessation of cigarette smoking: ====
* [[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is considered to be the most significant modifiable risk factor.
* [[Smoking]] accounts for the incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]] in one-fourth of all cases.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16127228">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y, Inaba Y, Matsuba T, Kikuchi S, Yagyu K, Motohashi Y, Tamakoshi A |title=Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study |journal=J Epidemiol |volume=15 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S157–67 |year=2005 |pmid=16127228 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Nicotine]] in cigarettes stimulates [[tumorigenesis]], increasing [[metastasis]] and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.<ref name="pmid25076322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW |title=Risk determination for pancreatic cancer |journal=JOP |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=289–91 |year=2014 |pmid=25076322 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The risk of [[pancreatic cancer]] significantly falls with cessation of [[Smoking|cigarette smoking]].<ref name="pmid25276995" /><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23921790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C |title=Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980 |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2657–71 |year=2013 |pmid=23921790 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdt301 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14749618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP |title=Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Control |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |year=2004 |pmid=14749618 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>
** The risk of developing [[Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic cance]]<nowiki/>r becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.<ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref>
 
==== Regular exercise and healthy diet: ====
* [[Obesity]] is considered as a potential risk factor for [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28954281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carreras-Torres R, Johansson M, Gaborieau V, Haycock PC, Wade KH, Relton CL, Martin RM, Davey Smith G, Brennan P |title=The Role of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28954281 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djx012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28919082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eibl G, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Korc M, Petrov MS, Goodarzi MO, Fisher WE, Habtezion A, Lugea A, Pandol SJ, Hart PA, Andersen DK |title=Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity as Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer |journal=J Acad Nutr Diet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28919082 |doi=10.1016/j.jand.2017.07.005 |url=}}</ref>
* Regular exercise decreases the risk of [[pancreatic cancer]] as compared to individuals having a sedentary lifestyle.<ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25246281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kollarova H, Azeem K, Tomaskova H, Horakova D, Prochazka V, Martinek A, Shonova O, Sevcikova J, Sevcikova V, Janout V |title=Is physical activity a protective factor against pancreatic cancer? |journal=Bratisl Lek Listy |volume=115 |issue=8 |pages=474–8 |year=2014 |pmid=25246281 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* The  [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS) has issued guidelines for [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] and physical activity at both individual and community levels.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults.|journal=Cancer Causes Control.|first=SS|last=Coughlin|volume=11|issue=10|pages=915-23.|id=PMID 11142526 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States).|journal=Cancer Causes Control.|first=W|last=Zheng |volume=4|issue=5|pages=477-82. |id=PMID 8218880 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study.|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|first=Susanna|last=Larsson|volume=15|issue=|pages=301-305|id=PMID 16492919 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>
* Diet:
** A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following:<ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29109090">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barak Y, Fridman D |title=Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Cancer: Focused Literature Review |journal=Cancer Genomics Proteomics |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=403–408 |year=2017 |pmid=29109090 |doi=10.21873/cgp.20050 |url=}}</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm</ref><ref name="pmid28922784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiao L, Chen L, White DL, Tinker L, Chlebowski RT, Van Horn LV, Richardson P, Lane D, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, El-Serag HB |title=Low-fat Dietary Pattern and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages= |year=2018 |pmid=28922784 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djx117 |url=}}</ref><ref>http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm</ref><ref name="pmid28759385">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM |title=Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=e457–e471 |year=2017 |pmid=28759385 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4 |url=}}</ref><ref>http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/11/5553 |title=Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Consumer_Health_Daily/Briefing/2007/06/01/pancreatic_cancer_risk_cut_by_b6_b12/3712/ |title=United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref>
*** Plenty of vegetables and fruits: blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes
*** Lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or [[Whole grain|whole grains]]
*** [[Monounsaturated fat|Monounsaturated fats]] help control [[insulin]] levels in type 2 [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetics]]
*** Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 fatty acids]] due to anticancer properties
*** Food rich in [[B12]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], [[Vitamin D]] and [[folate]]
*** A poor diet includes the presence of the following:<ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29025004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng J, Guinter MA, Merchant AT, Wirth MD, Zhang J, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Steck SE |title=Dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review |journal=Nutr. Rev. |volume=75 |issue=11 |pages=883–908 |year=2017 |pmid=29025004 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nux038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28969358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grosso G, Bella F, Godos J, Sciacca S, Del Rio D, Ray S, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL |title=Possible role of diet in cancer: systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk |journal=Nutr. Rev. |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=405–419 |year=2017 |pmid=28969358 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nux012 |url=}}</ref>
**** Food preservatives and additives
**** Smoked meat
**** Heavy [[alcohol]] use
**** High cholesterol
**** Red meat
**** Low consumption of fruits and vegetables
**** [[Saturated fat|Saturated fatty acids]]
**** Processed foods
**** High-fat, high-protein diet
**** Chemicals known as heterocyclic amines, nitrates, and [[heme]] iron, found in foods, cause DNA damage and are [[Carcinogen|carcinogenic]]
 
==== Slowing down the ageing process: ====
* [[Ageing]] is associated with the development of [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref>
* Regular exercise and a healthy [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] slows down the [[ageing]] process and decreases the risk of developing [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Primary prevention of pancreatic cancer involves the cessation of cigarette smoking, regular exercise and a healthy diet as per the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines. Cigarette smoking is considered to be the most significant modifiable risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of smoking cessation. The American Cancer Society (ACS) has issued guidelines for diet and physical activity at both individual and community levels and advocates the intake of plenty of vegetables and fruits, protein from fowl and plant sources like whole grains and consumption of tuna, mackerel or salmon that are major sources of protein and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.

Primary Prevention

Prevention of pancreatic cancer involves avoiding the following risk factors:[1]

Cessation of cigarette smoking:

Regular exercise and healthy diet:

Slowing down the ageing process:

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL (2014). "[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology]". Rev Med Suisse (in French). 10 (440): 1582–5. PMID 25276995.
  3. ↑ Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y, Inaba Y, Matsuba T, Kikuchi S, Yagyu K, Motohashi Y, Tamakoshi A (2005). "Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study". J Epidemiol. 15 Suppl 2: S157–67. PMID 16127228.
  4. ↑ Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW (2014). "Risk determination for pancreatic cancer". JOP. 15 (4): 289–91. PMID 25076322.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P (2006). "Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 20 (2): 197–209. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001. PMID 16549324.
  6. ↑ Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2013). "Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980". Ann. Oncol. 24 (10): 2657–71. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt301. PMID 23921790.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P (2012). "Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology". Mol. Carcinog. 51 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1002/mc.20785. PMID 22162227.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hart AR (1999). "Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention?". Postgrad Med J. 75 (887): 521–6. PMC 1741344. PMID 10616684.
  9. ↑ Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP (2004). "Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer". Cancer Control. 11 (1): 6–14. PMID 14749618.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D (2003). "Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview". Cancer Detect. Prev. 27 (2): 87–93. PMID 12670518.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Landi S (2009). "Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature". Mutat. Res. 681 (2–3): 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001. PMID 19150414.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL (2004). "Pancreatic cancer". Lancet. 363 (9414): 1049–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8. PMID 15051286.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Bracci PM (2012). "Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms". Mol. Carcinog. 51 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1002/mc.20778. PMC 3348117. PMID 22162231.
  14. ↑ Carreras-Torres R, Johansson M, Gaborieau V, Haycock PC, Wade KH, Relton CL, Martin RM, Davey Smith G, Brennan P (2017). "The Role of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 109 (9). doi:10.1093/jnci/djx012. PMID 28954281.
  15. ↑ Eibl G, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Korc M, Petrov MS, Goodarzi MO, Fisher WE, Habtezion A, Lugea A, Pandol SJ, Hart PA, Andersen DK (2017). "Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity as Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer". J Acad Nutr Diet. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.07.005. PMID 28919082.
  16. ↑ Kollarova H, Azeem K, Tomaskova H, Horakova D, Prochazka V, Martinek A, Shonova O, Sevcikova J, Sevcikova V, Janout V (2014). "Is physical activity a protective factor against pancreatic cancer?". Bratisl Lek Listy. 115 (8): 474–8. PMID 25246281.
  17. ↑ Coughlin, SS. "Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults". Cancer Causes Control. 11 (10): 915-23. PMID 11142526. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Zheng, W. "A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States)". Cancer Causes Control. 4 (5): 477-82. PMID 8218880. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  19. ↑ Larsson, Susanna. "Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 15: 301–305. PMID 16492919. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD (2017). "Prevention of pancreatic cancer". Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 21 (1): 30–34. doi:10.5114/wo.2016.63043. PMC 5385470. PMID 28435395.
  21. ↑ Barak Y, Fridman D (2017). "Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Cancer: Focused Literature Review". Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 14 (6): 403–408. doi:10.21873/cgp.20050. PMID 29109090.
  22. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm
  23. ↑ Jiao L, Chen L, White DL, Tinker L, Chlebowski RT, Van Horn LV, Richardson P, Lane D, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, El-Serag HB (2018). "Low-fat Dietary Pattern and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Randomized Controlled Trial". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 110 (1). doi:10.1093/jnci/djx117. PMID 28922784.
  24. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm
  25. ↑ Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM (2017). "Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence". Lancet Oncol. 18 (8): e457–e471. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4. PMID 28759385.
  26. ↑ http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html
  27. ↑ "Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research". Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  28. ↑ "United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing". Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  29. ↑ Zheng J, Guinter MA, Merchant AT, Wirth MD, Zhang J, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Steck SE (2017). "Dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review". Nutr. Rev. 75 (11): 883–908. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux038. PMID 29025004.
  30. ↑ Grosso G, Bella F, Godos J, Sciacca S, Del Rio D, Ray S, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL (2017). "Possible role of diet in cancer: systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk". Nutr. Rev. 75 (6): 405–419. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux012. PMID 28969358.


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