21-hydroxylase deficiency causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency}}
{{21-hydroxylase deficiency}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{AAM}}
 
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MJ}}, {{AAM}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
In general congenital adrenal hyperplasia may be caused by either 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-β hydroxylase deficiency or 17-α hydroxylase deficiency
21-hydroxylase deficiency is caused by [[mutations]] in [[CYP21A1]] and [[CYP21A2]] [[genes]] found on [[Chromosome 6|chromosome 6.]] Approximately 70% of [[CYP21A2]] disease is due to [[gene conversion]] and [[Microdeletion|microdeletions]] in [[CYP21A1]] [[gene]]; around 25% to 30% are chimeric [[genes]] due to large [[Deletion (genetics)|deletions]]. Less common causes are due to [[De novo mutation|de novo]] [[mutations]] because of high variability of the [[CYP21A2]] [[locus]]. Also, [[chromosome 6]] [[uniparental disomy]] is rare cause of 21-hydroxylase deficiency with an unknown [[prevalence]].
==Causes==
==Causes==
In general congenital adrenal hyperplasia may be caused by either 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-β hydroxylase deficiency or 17-α hydroxylase deficiency
===Life-Threatening Causes===
== References ==
* Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
 
=== Common causes  ===
[[Mutations]] in [[CYP21A1]] and [[CYP21A2]] [[gene]] on [[Chromosome 6|chromosome 6.]]
* Approximately 70% of disease associated with [[CYP21A2]] is due to [[gene conversion]] and [[Microdeletion|microdeletions]] in [[CYP21A1]] [[gene]].
* Approximately 25% to 30% are [[Chimera (genetics)|chimeric]] [[genes]] due to large [[Deletion (genetics)|deletions]].
 
=== Uncommon causes ===
* Approximately 1% to 2% of cases are due to [[De novo mutation|de novo mutations]] because of high variability of the [[CYP21A2]] [[locus]].
* [[Chromosome 6]] [[uniparental disomy]] is a rare cause of [[21-hydroxylase]] deficiency with an unknown [[prevalence]].<ref name="pmid20926536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Finkielstain GP, Chen W, Mehta SP, Fujimura FK, Hanna RM, Van Ryzin C, McDonnell NB, Merke DP |title=Comprehensive genetic analysis of 182 unrelated families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=E161–72 |year=2011 |pmid=20926536 |pmc=3038490 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-0319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23359698">{{cite journal |vauthors=New MI, Abraham M, Gonzalez B, Dumic M, Razzaghy-Azar M, Chitayat D, Sun L, Zaidi M, Wilson RC, Yuen T |title=Genotype-phenotype correlation in 1,507 families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=2611–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23359698 |pmc=3574953 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1300057110 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20926536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Finkielstain GP, Chen W, Mehta SP, Fujimura FK, Hanna RM, Van Ryzin C, McDonnell NB, Merke DP |title=Comprehensive genetic analysis of 182 unrelated families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=E161–72 |year=2011 |pmid=20926536 |pmc=3038490 |doi=10.1210/jc.2010-0319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487786">{{cite journal |vauthors=White PC, New MI, Dupont B |title=Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue=14 |pages=5111–5 |year=1986 |pmid=3487786 |pmc=323900 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2831244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fiet J, Gueux B, Gourmelen M, Kuttenn F, Vexiau P, Couillin P, Pham-Huu-Trung MT, Villette JM, Raux-Demay MC, Galons H |title=Comparison of basal and adrenocorticotropin-stimulated plasma 21-deoxycortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone values as biological markers of late-onset adrenal hyperplasia |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=659–67 |year=1988 |pmid=2831244 |doi=10.1210/jcem-66-4-659 |url=}}</ref>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" |
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
| bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Mutations|Mutations]] in CYPA21 [[gene]]
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
*[[Mutations|Mutation]] in CYPA21 [[gene]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 15:26, 24 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2], Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [3]

Overview

21-hydroxylase deficiency is caused by mutations in CYP21A1 and CYP21A2 genes found on chromosome 6. Approximately 70% of CYP21A2 disease is due to gene conversion and microdeletions in CYP21A1 gene; around 25% to 30% are chimeric genes due to large deletions. Less common causes are due to de novo mutations because of high variability of the CYP21A2 locus. Also, chromosome 6 uniparental disomy is rare cause of 21-hydroxylase deficiency with an unknown prevalence.

Causes

Life-Threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

Common causes

Mutations in CYP21A1 and CYP21A2 gene on chromosome 6.

Uncommon causes

Causes by Organ System

No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Mutations in CYPA21 gene
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Finkielstain GP, Chen W, Mehta SP, Fujimura FK, Hanna RM, Van Ryzin C, McDonnell NB, Merke DP (2011). "Comprehensive genetic analysis of 182 unrelated families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (1): E161–72. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0319. PMC 3038490. PMID 20926536.
  2. ↑ New MI, Abraham M, Gonzalez B, Dumic M, Razzaghy-Azar M, Chitayat D, Sun L, Zaidi M, Wilson RC, Yuen T (2013). "Genotype-phenotype correlation in 1,507 families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (7): 2611–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1300057110. PMC 3574953. PMID 23359698.
  3. ↑ White PC, New MI, Dupont B (1986). "Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (14): 5111–5. PMC 323900. PMID 3487786.
  4. ↑ Fiet J, Gueux B, Gourmelen M, Kuttenn F, Vexiau P, Couillin P, Pham-Huu-Trung MT, Villette JM, Raux-Demay MC, Galons H (1988). "Comparison of basal and adrenocorticotropin-stimulated plasma 21-deoxycortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone values as biological markers of late-onset adrenal hyperplasia". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66 (4): 659–67. doi:10.1210/jcem-66-4-659. PMID 2831244.

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