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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], and [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], [[socio-economic status]] and family features.
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Clinical data has suggested that the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma is related to several factors.
The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], and [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], [[socio-economic status]] and family features.<ref>Hodgkin-lymphoma. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab Accessed on September 16, 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 
| author = [[K. J. Flavell]] & [[P. G. Murray]]
*'''Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection/Mononucleosis:''' The role of Epstein-Barr Virus in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma is not very clear. As we know, mononucleosis is an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Clinical data show that mononuclesis has a close relationship with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  | title = Hodgkin's disease and the Epstein-Barr virus
 
| journal = [[Molecular pathology : MP]]
*'''Family history:''' The reason why family history may increase risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma is not clear. Some researchers proclaimed they had found certain changes in the genes responsible for immunity in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
| volume = 53
 
| issue = 5
*'''Socioeconomic status:''' Clinical survey shows patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma posses higher socioeconomic background. The reason is not clear.
| pages = 262–269
 
| year = 2000
*'''Geography:''' Epidemiological data demonstrates that Hodgkin's lymphoma is most common in western countries such as the United States, Canada and northern Europe, and is least common in Asian countries.
| month = October
| pmid = 11091850
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. J. Goedert]], [[T. R. Cote]], [[P. Virgo]], [[S. M. Scoppa]], [[D. W. Kingma]], [[M. H. Gail]], [[E. S. Jaffe]] & [[R. J. Biggar]]
| title = Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders
| journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
| volume = 351
| issue = 9119
| pages = 1833–1839
| year = 1998
| month = June
| pmid = 9652666
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Tinguely]], [[R. Vonlanthen]], [[E. Muller]], [[C. C. Dommann-Scherrer]], [[J. Schneider]], [[J. A. Laissue]] & [[B. Borisch]]
| title = Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states
| journal = [[Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc]]
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 307–312
| year = 1998
| month = April
| pmid = 9578079
}}</ref>


*'''Age:''' Epidemiological survey suggests that Hodgkin's lymphoma is most common in early adulthood (ages 15 to 40, especially in a person's 20s) and in late adulthood (after age 55).
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+ '''Risk factors for Hodgkin's lymphoma'''
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Risk factors
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Possible risk factors
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Epstein-Barr virus
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Genetics
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Family history
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Infectious mononucleosis
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | HIV infection
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Autoimmune diseases
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Immunodeficiency
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Tobacco
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Socio-economic status and family features
|}


*'''Gender:''' Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs slightly more often in men than in women.
* '''Epstein-Barr virus'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[F. E. Alexander]], [[R. F. Jarrett]], [[D. Lawrence]], [[A. A. Armstrong]], [[J. Freeland]], [[D. A. Gokhale]], [[E. Kane]], [[G. M. Taylor]], [[D. H. Wright]] & [[R. A. Cartwright]]
| title = Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents
| journal = [[British journal of cancer]]
| volume = 82
| issue = 5
| pages = 1117–1121
| year = 2000
| month = March
| doi = 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1049
| pmid = 10737396
}}</ref>
:* A history of infection with the [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) is a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
:* Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is common – more than 90% of adults worldwide are infected.
:* In North America, Epstein-Barr virus is found in about 40%–50% of cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
* '''Family history'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[James R. Cerhan]] & [[Susan L. Slager]]
| title = Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma
| journal = [[Blood]]
| volume = 126
| issue = 20
| pages = 2265–2273
| year = 2015
| month = November
| doi = 10.1182/blood-2015-04-537498
| pmid = 26405224
}}</ref>
:* First-degree relatives of a person with Hodgkin's lymphoma have an increased risk of developing the disease.
:* Siblings of the same sex may have a greater risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma than people in the general population.
:* It is unclear whether the increase in risk is due to [[genetics]] alone or a combination of genetics and environmental or lifetime exposures.
*'''HIV infection'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Michele Spina]], [[Antonino Carbone]], [[Annunziata Gloghini]], [[Diego Serraino]], [[Massimiliano Berretta]] & [[Umberto Tirelli]]
| title = Hodgkin's Disease in Patients with HIV Infection
| journal = [[Advances in hematology]]
| volume = 2011
| year = 2011
| month =
| doi = 10.1155/2011/402682
| pmid = 20936156
}}</ref>
:* [[HIV]] infection increases a person’s risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma and some other types of cancer. The risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma is 10-times higher in people with HIV than in people who are HIV-negative.
===Possible risk factors===
* '''Genetics'''
:* Although close relatives of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma are at increased risk of the disease, the reasons for this higher risk are unknown. One explanation is that family members are exposed to the same environmental factors, which may be the reason why several people in a family develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.
* '''Autoimmune diseases'''
:* People with certain [[autoimmune diseases]] have an increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These diseases include:
::* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
::* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
::* [[Ulcerative colitis]]
::* [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
::* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* '''Immunodeficiency'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Tinguely]], [[R. Vonlanthen]], [[E. Muller]], [[C. C. Dommann-Scherrer]], [[J. Schneider]], [[J. A. Laissue]] & [[B. Borisch]]
| title = Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states
| journal = [[Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc]]
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 307–312
| year = 1998
| month = April
| pmid = 9578079
}}</ref>
:* People with poor immunity may have a higher risk for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Poor immunity may be caused by conditions such as:
::* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] ([[SCID]])
::* [[Hypogammaglobulinemia]]
::* Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome
::* Congenital immunodeficiency
::* [[Organ transplant]] or allogeneic [[bone marrow transplant]]
* '''Tobacco''' <ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Kamper-Jorgensen]], [[K. Rostgaard]], [[S. L. Glaser]], [[S. H. Zahm]], [[W. Cozen]], [[K. E. Smedby]], [[S. Sanjose]], [[E. T. Chang]], [[T. Zheng]], [[C. La Vecchia]], [[D. Serraino]], [[A. Monnereau]], [[E. V. Kane]], [[L. Miligi]], [[P. Vineis]], [[J. J. Spinelli]], [[J. R. McLaughlin]], [[P. Pahwa]], [[J. A. Dosman]], [[M. Vornanen]], [[L. Foretova]], [[M. Maynadie]], [[A. Staines]], [[N. Becker]], [[A. Nieters]], [[P. Brennan]], [[P. Boffetta]], [[P. Cocco]] & [[H. Hjalgrim]]
| title = Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)
| journal = [[Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology]]
| volume = 24
| issue = 9
| pages = 2245–2255
| year = 2013
| month = September
| doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdt218
| pmid = 23788758
}}</ref>
:* Studies suggest that current smokers have a higher risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also have an increased risk of tumors that contain the Epstein-Barr virus.
* '''Socio-economic status and family features'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[S. L. Glaser]]
| title = Regional variation in Hodgkin's disease incidence by histologic subtype in the US
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 60
| issue = 11
| pages = 2841–2847
| year = 1987
| month = December
| pmid = 3677017
}}</ref>
Young adult in family with higher standard of living in early childhood, and fewer siblings and playmates are at the risk of HL . This risk generally is related to the delayed exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]

Overview

The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are Epstein-Barr virus, family history, and HIV infection. Other possible risk factors include genetics, infectious mononucleosis, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, tobacco, socio-economic status and family features.

Risk Factors

The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are Epstein-Barr virus, family history, and HIV infection. Other possible risk factors include genetics, infectious mononucleosis, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, tobacco, socio-economic status and family features.[1][2][3][4]

Risk factors for Hodgkin's lymphoma
Risk factors Possible risk factors
Epstein-Barr virus Genetics
Family history Infectious mononucleosis
HIV infection Autoimmune diseases
Immunodeficiency
Tobacco
Socio-economic status and family features
  • Epstein-Barr virus[5]
  • A history of infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is common – more than 90% of adults worldwide are infected.
  • In North America, Epstein-Barr virus is found in about 40%–50% of cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Family history[6]
  • First-degree relatives of a person with Hodgkin's lymphoma have an increased risk of developing the disease.
  • Siblings of the same sex may have a greater risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma than people in the general population.
  • It is unclear whether the increase in risk is due to genetics alone or a combination of genetics and environmental or lifetime exposures.
  • HIV infection[7]
  • HIV infection increases a person’s risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma and some other types of cancer. The risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma is 10-times higher in people with HIV than in people who are HIV-negative.

Possible risk factors

  • Genetics
  • Although close relatives of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma are at increased risk of the disease, the reasons for this higher risk are unknown. One explanation is that family members are exposed to the same environmental factors, which may be the reason why several people in a family develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • People with certain autoimmune diseases have an increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These diseases include:
  • Immunodeficiency[8]
  • People with poor immunity may have a higher risk for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Poor immunity may be caused by conditions such as:
  • Studies suggest that current smokers have a higher risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also have an increased risk of tumors that contain the Epstein-Barr virus.
  • Socio-economic status and family features[10]

Young adult in family with higher standard of living in early childhood, and fewer siblings and playmates are at the risk of HL . This risk generally is related to the delayed exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

References

  1. ↑ Hodgkin-lymphoma. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab Accessed on September 16, 2015
  2. ↑ K. J. Flavell & P. G. Murray (2000). "Hodgkin's disease and the Epstein-Barr virus". Molecular pathology : MP. 53 (5): 262–269. PMID 11091850. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ J. J. Goedert, T. R. Cote, P. Virgo, S. M. Scoppa, D. W. Kingma, M. H. Gail, E. S. Jaffe & R. J. Biggar (1998). "Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders". Lancet (London, England). 351 (9119): 1833–1839. PMID 9652666. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ M. Tinguely, R. Vonlanthen, E. Muller, C. C. Dommann-Scherrer, J. Schneider, J. A. Laissue & B. Borisch (1998). "Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states". Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 11 (4): 307–312. PMID 9578079. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ F. E. Alexander, R. F. Jarrett, D. Lawrence, A. A. Armstrong, J. Freeland, D. A. Gokhale, E. Kane, G. M. Taylor, D. H. Wright & R. A. Cartwright (2000). "Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents". British journal of cancer. 82 (5): 1117–1121. doi:10.1054/bjoc.1999.1049. PMID 10737396. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ James R. Cerhan & Susan L. Slager (2015). "Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma". Blood. 126 (20): 2265–2273. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-04-537498. PMID 26405224. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Michele Spina, Antonino Carbone, Annunziata Gloghini, Diego Serraino, Massimiliano Berretta & Umberto Tirelli (2011). "Hodgkin's Disease in Patients with HIV Infection". Advances in hematology. 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/402682. PMID 20936156.
  8. ↑ M. Tinguely, R. Vonlanthen, E. Muller, C. C. Dommann-Scherrer, J. Schneider, J. A. Laissue & B. Borisch (1998). "Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states". Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 11 (4): 307–312. PMID 9578079. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ M. Kamper-Jorgensen, K. Rostgaard, S. L. Glaser, S. H. Zahm, W. Cozen, K. E. Smedby, S. Sanjose, E. T. Chang, T. Zheng, C. La Vecchia, D. Serraino, A. Monnereau, E. V. Kane, L. Miligi, P. Vineis, J. J. Spinelli, J. R. McLaughlin, P. Pahwa, J. A. Dosman, M. Vornanen, L. Foretova, M. Maynadie, A. Staines, N. Becker, A. Nieters, P. Brennan, P. Boffetta, P. Cocco & H. Hjalgrim (2013). "Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)". Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 24 (9): 2245–2255. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt218. PMID 23788758. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ S. L. Glaser (1987). "Regional variation in Hodgkin's disease incidence by histologic subtype in the US". Cancer. 60 (11): 2841–2847. PMID 3677017. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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