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==Overview==
==Overview==
The risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], and [[socio-economic status]] and family features.
The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], and [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], [[socio-economic status]] and family features.
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], and [[socio-economic status]] and family features.<ref name=CCS>{{cite web | title = Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma
The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[family history]], and [[HIV infection]]. Other possible risk factors include [[genetics]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[immunodeficiency]], [[tobacco]], [[socio-economic status]] and family features.<ref>Hodgkin-lymphoma. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab Accessed on September 16, 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| url =http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab}}</ref>
| author = [[K. J. Flavell]] & [[P. G. Murray]]
| title = Hodgkin's disease and the Epstein-Barr virus
| journal = [[Molecular pathology : MP]]
| volume = 53
| issue = 5
| pages = 262–269
| year = 2000
| month = October
| pmid = 11091850
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. J. Goedert]], [[T. R. Cote]], [[P. Virgo]], [[S. M. Scoppa]], [[D. W. Kingma]], [[M. H. Gail]], [[E. S. Jaffe]] & [[R. J. Biggar]]
| title = Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders
| journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
| volume = 351
| issue = 9119
| pages = 1833–1839
| year = 1998
| month = June
| pmid = 9652666
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Tinguely]], [[R. Vonlanthen]], [[E. Muller]], [[C. C. Dommann-Scherrer]], [[J. Schneider]], [[J. A. Laissue]] & [[B. Borisch]]
| title = Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states
| journal = [[Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc]]
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 307–312
| year = 1998
| month = April
| pmid = 9578079
}}</ref>


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+ '''Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma'''
|+ '''Risk factors for Hodgkin's lymphoma'''
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Risk factors
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Risk factors
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Possible risk factors
! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF;" | Possible risk factors
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Socio-economic status and family features
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Socio-economic status and family features
|-
|}
|}


* Hodgkin lymphoma affects men slightly more often than women.  
* '''Epstein-Barr virus'''<ref>{{Cite journal
* There are 2 peaks of incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma:
| author = [[F. E. Alexander]], [[R. F. Jarrett]], [[D. Lawrence]], [[A. A. Armstrong]], [[J. Freeland]], [[D. A. Gokhale]], [[E. Kane]], [[G. M. Taylor]], [[D. H. Wright]] & [[R. A. Cartwright]]
:* Younger adults (mid-teens through the 30s)
| title = Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents
:* Older adults (age 55 and older)
| journal = [[British journal of cancer]]
* Epstein-Barr virus
| volume = 82
:* A history of infection with the [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) is a risk factor for Hodgkin lymphoma.  
| issue = 5
| pages = 1117–1121
| year = 2000
| month = March
| doi = 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1049
| pmid = 10737396
}}</ref>
:* A history of infection with the [[Epstein-Barr virus]] (EBV) is a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma.  
:* Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is common – more than 90% of adults worldwide are infected.
:* Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is common – more than 90% of adults worldwide are infected.
:* In North America, Epstein-Barr virus is found in about 40%–50% of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma.
:* In North America, Epstein-Barr virus is found in about 40%–50% of cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
* Family history
* '''Family history'''<ref>{{Cite journal
:* First-degree relatives of a person with Hodgkin lymphoma have an increased risk of developing the disease.
| author = [[James R. Cerhan]] & [[Susan L. Slager]]
:* Siblings of the same sex may have a greater risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma than people in the general population.
| title = Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma
| journal = [[Blood]]
| volume = 126
| issue = 20
| pages = 2265–2273
| year = 2015
| month = November
| doi = 10.1182/blood-2015-04-537498
| pmid = 26405224
}}</ref>
:* First-degree relatives of a person with Hodgkin's lymphoma have an increased risk of developing the disease.
:* Siblings of the same sex may have a greater risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma than people in the general population.
:* It is unclear whether the increase in risk is due to [[genetics]] alone or a combination of genetics and environmental or lifetime exposures.
:* It is unclear whether the increase in risk is due to [[genetics]] alone or a combination of genetics and environmental or lifetime exposures.
*[[HIV]] infection
*'''HIV infection'''<ref>{{Cite journal
:* HIV infection increases a person’s risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma and some other types of cancer. The risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma is 10-times higher in people with HIV than in people who are HIV-negative.
| author = [[Michele Spina]], [[Antonino Carbone]], [[Annunziata Gloghini]], [[Diego Serraino]], [[Massimiliano Berretta]] & [[Umberto Tirelli]]
| title = Hodgkin's Disease in Patients with HIV Infection
| journal = [[Advances in hematology]]
| volume = 2011
| year = 2011
| month =
| doi = 10.1155/2011/402682
| pmid = 20936156
}}</ref>
:* [[HIV]] infection increases a person’s risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma and some other types of cancer. The risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma is 10-times higher in people with HIV than in people who are HIV-negative.
===Possible risk factors===
===Possible risk factors===
* Genetics  
* '''Genetics'''
:* Although close relatives of people with Hodgkin lymphoma are at increased risk of the disease, the reasons for this higher risk are unknown. One explanation is that family members are exposed to the same environmental factors, which may be the reason why several people in a family develop Hodgkin lymphoma.
:* Although close relatives of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma are at increased risk of the disease, the reasons for this higher risk are unknown. One explanation is that family members are exposed to the same environmental factors, which may be the reason why several people in a family develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.
* Infectious mononucleosis
* '''Autoimmune diseases'''
:* Studies have shown that young adults who have had [[infectious mononucleosis]] are at 2-4 times greater risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma than those who have not had infectious mononucleosis. Experts are unsure whether infectious mononucleosis is an independent risk factor or a sign of infection with Epstein-Barr virus, which is a known risk factor.
:* People with certain [[autoimmune diseases]] have an increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These diseases include:
* Autoimmune diseases  
:* People with certain [[autoimmune diseases]] have an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. These diseases include:
::* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
::* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
::* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
::* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
Line 59: Line 112:
::* [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
::* [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
::* [[Sarcoidosis]]
::* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* Immunodeficiency
* '''Immunodeficiency'''<ref>{{Cite journal
:* People with poor immunity may have a higher risk for Hodgkin lymphoma. Poor immunity may be caused by conditions such as:
| author = [[M. Tinguely]], [[R. Vonlanthen]], [[E. Muller]], [[C. C. Dommann-Scherrer]], [[J. Schneider]], [[J. A. Laissue]] & [[B. Borisch]]
| title = Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states
| journal = [[Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc]]
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 307–312
| year = 1998
| month = April
| pmid = 9578079
}}</ref>
:* People with poor immunity may have a higher risk for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Poor immunity may be caused by conditions such as:
::* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] ([[SCID]])
::* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] ([[SCID]])
::* [[Hypogammaglobulinemia]]
::* [[Hypogammaglobulinemia]]
Line 66: Line 129:
::* Congenital immunodeficiency
::* Congenital immunodeficiency
::* [[Organ transplant]] or allogeneic [[bone marrow transplant]]
::* [[Organ transplant]] or allogeneic [[bone marrow transplant]]
* Tobacco  
* '''Tobacco''' <ref>{{Cite journal
:* Studies suggest that current smokers have a higher risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. They may also have an increased risk of tumors that contain the Epstein-Barr virus.
| author = [[M. Kamper-Jorgensen]], [[K. Rostgaard]], [[S. L. Glaser]], [[S. H. Zahm]], [[W. Cozen]], [[K. E. Smedby]], [[S. Sanjose]], [[E. T. Chang]], [[T. Zheng]], [[C. La Vecchia]], [[D. Serraino]], [[A. Monnereau]], [[E. V. Kane]], [[L. Miligi]], [[P. Vineis]], [[J. J. Spinelli]], [[J. R. McLaughlin]], [[P. Pahwa]], [[J. A. Dosman]], [[M. Vornanen]], [[L. Foretova]], [[M. Maynadie]], [[A. Staines]], [[N. Becker]], [[A. Nieters]], [[P. Brennan]], [[P. Boffetta]], [[P. Cocco]] & [[H. Hjalgrim]]
* Socio-economic status and family features  
| title = Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)
:* Some researchers suggest that Hodgkin lymphoma in young adulthood through middle age may develop because of late infection with common childhood infections. Some people may develop these infections later because they were not exposed to these infections during childhood. This increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with the following factors:
| journal = [[Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology]]
::* Higher social class
| volume = 24
::* Fewer siblings and playmates
| issue = 9
::* Early birth order
| pages = 2245–2255
::* Less crowded housing
| year = 2013
| month = September
| doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdt218
| pmid = 23788758
}}</ref>
:* Studies suggest that current smokers have a higher risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also have an increased risk of tumors that contain the Epstein-Barr virus.
* '''Socio-economic status and family features'''<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[S. L. Glaser]]
| title = Regional variation in Hodgkin's disease incidence by histologic subtype in the US
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 60
| issue = 11
| pages = 2841–2847
| year = 1987
| month = December
| pmid = 3677017
}}</ref>
Young adult in family with higher standard of living in early childhood, and fewer siblings and playmates are at the risk of HL . This risk generally is related to the delayed exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 22:13, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]

Overview

The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are Epstein-Barr virus, family history, and HIV infection. Other possible risk factors include genetics, infectious mononucleosis, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, tobacco, socio-economic status and family features.

Risk Factors

The common risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are Epstein-Barr virus, family history, and HIV infection. Other possible risk factors include genetics, infectious mononucleosis, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, tobacco, socio-economic status and family features.[1][2][3][4]

Risk factors for Hodgkin's lymphoma
Risk factors Possible risk factors
Epstein-Barr virus Genetics
Family history Infectious mononucleosis
HIV infection Autoimmune diseases
Immunodeficiency
Tobacco
Socio-economic status and family features
  • Epstein-Barr virus[5]
  • A history of infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is common – more than 90% of adults worldwide are infected.
  • In North America, Epstein-Barr virus is found in about 40%–50% of cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Family history[6]
  • First-degree relatives of a person with Hodgkin's lymphoma have an increased risk of developing the disease.
  • Siblings of the same sex may have a greater risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma than people in the general population.
  • It is unclear whether the increase in risk is due to genetics alone or a combination of genetics and environmental or lifetime exposures.
  • HIV infection[7]
  • HIV infection increases a person’s risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma and some other types of cancer. The risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma is 10-times higher in people with HIV than in people who are HIV-negative.

Possible risk factors

  • Genetics
  • Although close relatives of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma are at increased risk of the disease, the reasons for this higher risk are unknown. One explanation is that family members are exposed to the same environmental factors, which may be the reason why several people in a family develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • People with certain autoimmune diseases have an increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These diseases include:
  • Immunodeficiency[8]
  • People with poor immunity may have a higher risk for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Poor immunity may be caused by conditions such as:
  • Studies suggest that current smokers have a higher risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also have an increased risk of tumors that contain the Epstein-Barr virus.
  • Socio-economic status and family features[10]

Young adult in family with higher standard of living in early childhood, and fewer siblings and playmates are at the risk of HL . This risk generally is related to the delayed exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

References

  1. ↑ Hodgkin-lymphoma. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab Accessed on September 16, 2015
  2. ↑ K. J. Flavell & P. G. Murray (2000). "Hodgkin's disease and the Epstein-Barr virus". Molecular pathology : MP. 53 (5): 262–269. PMID 11091850. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ J. J. Goedert, T. R. Cote, P. Virgo, S. M. Scoppa, D. W. Kingma, M. H. Gail, E. S. Jaffe & R. J. Biggar (1998). "Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders". Lancet (London, England). 351 (9119): 1833–1839. PMID 9652666. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ M. Tinguely, R. Vonlanthen, E. Muller, C. C. Dommann-Scherrer, J. Schneider, J. A. Laissue & B. Borisch (1998). "Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states". Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 11 (4): 307–312. PMID 9578079. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ F. E. Alexander, R. F. Jarrett, D. Lawrence, A. A. Armstrong, J. Freeland, D. A. Gokhale, E. Kane, G. M. Taylor, D. H. Wright & R. A. Cartwright (2000). "Risk factors for Hodgkin's disease by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status: prior infection by EBV and other agents". British journal of cancer. 82 (5): 1117–1121. doi:10.1054/bjoc.1999.1049. PMID 10737396. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ James R. Cerhan & Susan L. Slager (2015). "Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma". Blood. 126 (20): 2265–2273. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-04-537498. PMID 26405224. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Michele Spina, Antonino Carbone, Annunziata Gloghini, Diego Serraino, Massimiliano Berretta & Umberto Tirelli (2011). "Hodgkin's Disease in Patients with HIV Infection". Advances in hematology. 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/402682. PMID 20936156.
  8. ↑ M. Tinguely, R. Vonlanthen, E. Muller, C. C. Dommann-Scherrer, J. Schneider, J. A. Laissue & B. Borisch (1998). "Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states". Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 11 (4): 307–312. PMID 9578079. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ M. Kamper-Jorgensen, K. Rostgaard, S. L. Glaser, S. H. Zahm, W. Cozen, K. E. Smedby, S. Sanjose, E. T. Chang, T. Zheng, C. La Vecchia, D. Serraino, A. Monnereau, E. V. Kane, L. Miligi, P. Vineis, J. J. Spinelli, J. R. McLaughlin, P. Pahwa, J. A. Dosman, M. Vornanen, L. Foretova, M. Maynadie, A. Staines, N. Becker, A. Nieters, P. Brennan, P. Boffetta, P. Cocco & H. Hjalgrim (2013). "Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)". Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. 24 (9): 2245–2255. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt218. PMID 23788758. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ S. L. Glaser (1987). "Regional variation in Hodgkin's disease incidence by histologic subtype in the US". Cancer. 60 (11): 2841–2847. PMID 3677017. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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