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==Overview==
==Overview==
If left untreated thymoma may progress to invade the [[mediastinum]] and the surrounding structure. Depending on the stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good. Common complications of the thymoma include the pressure effect of the mass itself, [[autoimmune diseases]], and rarely, [[malignancy]].
If left untreated, thymoma may progress to invade the [[mediastinum]] and the surrounding structures. Depending on the [[Cancer staging|stage]] of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. The [[prognosis]] is generally regarded as good. Common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of thymoma include the [[Mass effect (medicine)|pressure effect]] of the mass itself, [[autoimmune diseases]], and rarely, progression to [[malignancy]].
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
 
===Natural history===
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
One-third of patients have their tumors discovered because they have an associated autoimmune disorder. The most common of those conditions is [[myasthenia gravis]], 10–15% of patients with MG have a [[thymoma]] and, conversely, 30–45% of patients with thymomas have MG. Patients with thymoma certainly illustrates the tendency for local mediastinal recurrence and plural ‘‘droplet’’ recurrence presumably caused by mediastinal plural invasion after resection. Local recurrences have been noted in the surgical incision used to completely remove a thymoma.<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Results of surgical treatment for t... [J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6690858 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
===Natural History===
 
*One-third of the [[Tumor|tumors]] are discovered because of an associated [[autoimmune disorder]].  
*The most common of these [[Autoimmune disorder|autoimmune disorders]] is [[myasthenia gravis]]: 10 - 15% of [[Patient|patients]] with [[myasthenia gravis]] have thymoma. And 30 - 45% of [[Patient|patients]] with thymoma have [[myasthenia gravis]].
*[[Patient|Patients]] with thymoma demonstrate a tendency for local [[Mediastinum|mediastinal]] recurrence and [[pleural]] ‘‘droplet’’ recurrence presumably caused by [[Mediastinal pleura|mediastinal pleural]] [[Invasive (medical)|invasion]] after [[resection]].<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Results of surgical treatment for t... [J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6690858 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>


===Complications===
===Complications===
the complication associated with thymoma may include:
[[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] associated with thymoma include:
* Pressure effect associated with thymoma (sometimes presented as [[superior vena cava syndrome]])
*[[Mass effect (medicine)|Pressure effect]] associated with thymoma (sometimes presenting as [[superior vena cava syndrome]])
* [[Autoimmune diseases]] associated with thymoma (e.g. [[myasthenia gravis]], [[pure red cell aplasia]])
* [[Autoimmune diseases]] associated with thymoma ([[myasthenia gravis]] and [[pure red cell aplasia]])
* Thymomic [[malignancy]] of unknown etiology may arise
*[[Thymic]] [[malignancy]] of unknown [[etiology]]
*Thymomas rarely metastasize to [[pleura]], [[bones]], [[liver]] or [[brain]] in approximately 7% of cases.<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate}}</ref>
*Rarely (approximately 7% of cases), [[metastasis]] to [[pleura]], [[bones]], [[liver]], or [[brain]]<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate}}</ref>
====Complications of Radiotherapy====
====Complications of Radiotherapy====
The most common complications of radiotherapy are:  
The most common [[complications]] of [[Radiation therapy|radiotherapy]] are:<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Technical advances of radiation therapy for t... [J Thorac Oncol. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20859129 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
*[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
*[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Myelitis]]
*[[Myelitis]]
The new technique of radiotherapy will hopefully has less toxicity.<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Technical advances of radiation therapy for t... [J Thorac Oncol. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20859129 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
====Complications of Surgery====
====Complications of Surgery====
The most common complications of [[thymectomy]] are:
The most common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[thymectomy]] are:
*The complications of the procedure such as bleeding, infection, damage to other organs, nerve injuries(biateral phrenic nerve injury) and respiratory failure.
*[[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] of the procedure, such as:
*Recurrence was described 10-20 years after removal of the primary lesion, so long term follow up is very important.
**[[Bleeding]]
*Live attenuated [[vaccines]] such as [[yellow fever]] vaccine may have adverse side effect after [[thymectomy]] due to inadequate T-cell response.
**[[Infection]]
**Damage to other [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]]
**[[Nerve injury|Nerve injuries]] ([[bilateral]] [[phrenic nerve]] injury)
**[[Respiratory failure]]
*Recurrence has been described 10 to 20 years after removal of the [[Primary tumor|primary lesion]], necessitating long-term follow up.
*Live attenuated [[vaccines]], such as [[yellow fever]] vaccine, may have [[adverse effects]] after [[thymectomy]] due to an inadequate [[T cell|T-cell]] response.


====Complications of Thymic Biopsy====
====Complications of Taking Thymic Biopsy====
The complications of the biopsy are:
The [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of taking [[Thymus|thymic]] [[biopsy]] include:
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]
*[[Mediastinitis]]


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
The prognosis of thymoma depends on the following:
The [[prognosis]] of thymoma depends on the following:
*The location of the tumor
*Location of the [[tumor]]
*The stage of the tumor
*[[Cancer staging|Stage]] of the [[tumor]]
:*The Prognosis is much worse for stage III or IV thymomas as compared with stage I and II tumors.
 
:*Patients with stage III and IV tumors may nonetheless survive for several years with appropriate oncological management.
:*The [[prognosis]] is much worse for stage III or IV thymoma as compared to stage I and II [[Tumor|tumors]]
*Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery
:*[[Patient|Patients]] with stage III and IV [[Tumor|tumors]] may nonetheless survive for several years with appropriate [[Oncology|oncological]] management
*The patient's general health
*[[Resection|Resectability]] of the [[tumor]]
*Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred.
*[[Patient|Patient's]] general [[health]]
*The histologic types include lymphocyte predominant, epithelial predominant, and mixed. The mixed histologic type was associated with the worst prognosis.
*Primary [[diagnosis]] vs. recurrence
*the presence of [[myasthenia gravis]] at diagnosis is of less prognostic significance today.<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = A review of prognostic factors in thymic mali... [J Thorac Oncol. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21847050 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
*[[Histology|Histologic]] type (mixed [[Histology|histologic]] type is associated with the worst [[prognosis]])<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = A review of prognostic factors in thymic mali... [J Thorac Oncol. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21847050 | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
*The stage and the surgical excision of thymoma at the diagnosis are important prognostic factors for recurrence and survival.
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:04, 8 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amr Marawan, M.D. [2] Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [3]

Overview

If left untreated, thymoma may progress to invade the mediastinum and the surrounding structures. Depending on the stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. The prognosis is generally regarded as good. Common complications of thymoma include the pressure effect of the mass itself, autoimmune diseases, and rarely, progression to malignancy.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Complications associated with thymoma include:

Complications of Radiotherapy

The most common complications of radiotherapy are:[1]

Complications of Surgery

The most common complications of thymectomy are:

Complications of Taking Thymic Biopsy

The complications of taking thymic biopsy include:

Prognosis

The prognosis of thymoma depends on the following:

  • The prognosis is much worse for stage III or IV thymoma as compared to stage I and II tumors
  • Patients with stage III and IV tumors may nonetheless survive for several years with appropriate oncological management

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Results of surgical treatment for t... [J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984] - PubMed - NCBI".
  2. ↑ Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ (1999). "Thymoma: state of the art". Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 17 (7): 2280–9. PMID 10561285. Text "accessdate" ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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