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__NOTOC__
{{Multiple myeloma}}
{{Multiple myeloma}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{HL}} {{VB}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma are managed by observation and undergoing follow up tests every 3 to 6 months. Whereas patients with active (symptomatic) multiple myeloma are treated with a combination of steroid therapy, immune modulator therapy and chemotherapy. The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for bone marrow transplantation. Patients who are candidates for bone marrow transplantation are treated by a combination of dexamethasone and lenalidomide/bortezomib in advance to their transplantation. [[Alkylating antineoplastic agents|Alkylating agents]] are not recommended among transplant eligible patients, as the toxicity of such agents makes the harvest of bone marrow stem cell  difficult later in the course. Other pharmacological regimes used to treat active multiple myeloma patients eligible for bone marrow transplant may include either [[thalidomide]], carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, or doxorubicin. In addition to the aforementioned agents, pharmacological regimes used for treatment of active multiple myeloma patients who are '''not''' eligible for bone marrow transplantation may include either melphalan or prednisone.
Pharmacological regimes for patients with active (symptomatic) multiple myeloma include [[steroid therapy]], immune modulator therapy, and [[chemotherapy]].<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> Whereas patients with smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma are managed by observation and undergoing follow up tests every 3 to 6 months.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for [[bone marrow transplantation]].<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
Pharmacologic medical therapy for active multiple myeloma patients '''who are''' eligible for a bone marrow transplant include either [[dexamethasone]], [[lenalidomide]], [[bortezomib]], [[thalidomide]], [[carfilzomib]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[vincristine]], or [[doxorubicin]].<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> In addition to the aforementioned agents, pharmacological regimes used for treatment of active multiple myeloma patients '''who are not''' eligible for a bone marrow transplant include either [[melphalan]] or [[prednisone]].<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
[[Alkylating antineoplastic agents|Alkylating agents]] are not recommended among transplant eligible patients, as the toxicity of such agents makes the harvest process of bone marrow [[stem cell]] difficult later in the course of the disease.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==


===Smoldering multiple myeloma===
===Smoldering multiple myeloma===
*Patients with smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma are managed by observation and follow up tests every 3 to 6 months.
*Patients with smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma are managed by observation and follow up tests every 3 to 6 months.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Follow up studies of asymptomatic multiple myeloma patients include:
*Follow up tests for asymptomatic multiple myeloma patients include:<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
**Laboratory studies such as complete blood count, blood chemistry, 24 hour urine collection, electrophoresis, and quantitative immunoglobulin analysis
**Laboratory studies such as [[complete blood count]], [[electrolytes]], 24 hour urine collection, [[electrophoresis]], and quantitative immunoglobulin analysis
**Imaging studies such as skeletal survey, MRI, and PET scan
**Imaging studies such as [[skeletal survey]], [[MRI]], and [[PET scan]]
**Flow cytometry as needed
**[[Flow cytometry]] as needed
**Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy as needed
**[[Bone marrow aspiration]] and [[biopsy]] as needed
*Treatment should be differed until such patients develop symptoms.
*Treatment should be differed until such patients develop symptoms.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>


===Active multiple myeoloma===
===Active multiple myeoloma===
*The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for bone marrow transplantation.
*The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for bone marrow transplantation.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Deciding whether a patient is a candidate for bone marrow transplantation depends on a number of key factors that include:
*Deciding whether a patient is a candidate for bone marrow transplantation depends on a number of key factors that include:<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
**Type of chromosomal mutation
**Age
**Age
**Presence of current associated diseases
**Presence of current associated diseases
**Patient's liver function
**Patient's [[liver function]]
**Patient's kidney function
**Patient's [[kidney function]]
**Patient's cardiac function


====Bone marrow transplant eligible patients====
===='''Initial therapy'''====
*Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating such patients include:
 
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone
*Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating bone marrow transplant '''eligible''' patients include:<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/lenalidomide
:*[[Bortezomib]]/[[dexamethasone]]
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/[[lenalidomide]]
:*Dexamethasone/lenalidomide
:*Dexamethasone/lenalidomide
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/doxorubicin  
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/[[doxorubicin]]
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/thalidomide
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/[[thalidomide]]
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/cyclophosphamide
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone/[[cyclophosphamide]]


====Bone marrow transplant ineligible patients====
*Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating bone marrow transplant '''ineligible''' patients:<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating such patients include:
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone
:*Bortezomib/dexamethasone
:*Low dose dexamethasone/lenalidomide
:*Low dose dexamethasone/lenalidomide
:*Melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide
:*Melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide
:*Melphalan/prednisone/bortezomib
:*[[Melphalan]]/[[prednisone]]/bortezomib
 
*The VAD regimen ([[vincristine]], [[doxorubicin|adriamycin]], and dexamethasone) has shown efficacy ranging from 60 to 80%, in previously treated and untreated patients. This regimen is beneficial in the manner that it avoids early exposure to alkylating agents thus reducing the risks of [[myelosuppression]] and further leukemia's, without compromising on efficacy.<ref name="Alexanian-1990">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Alexanian | first1 = R. | last2 = Barlogie | first2 = B. | last3 = Tucker | first3 = S. | title = VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma. | journal = Am J Hematol | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 86-9 | month = Feb | year = 1990 | doi =  | PMID = 2301376 }}</ref><ref name="Segeren-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Segeren | first1 = CM. | last2 = Sonneveld | first2 = P. | last3 = van der Holt | first3 = B. | last4 = Baars | first4 = JW. | last5 = Biesma | first5 = DH. | last6 = Cornellissen | first6 = JJ. | last7 = Croockewit | first7 = AJ. | last8 = Dekker | first8 = AW. | last9 = Fibbe | first9 = WE. | title = Vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) administered as rapid intravenous infusion for first-line treatment in untreated multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Haematol | volume = 105 | issue = 1 | pages = 127-30 | month = Apr | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10233375 }}</ref><ref name="Anderson-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Anderson | first1 = H. | last2 = Scarffe | first2 = JH. | last3 = Ranson | first3 = M. | last4 = Young | first4 = R. | last5 = Wieringa | first5 = GS. | last6 = Morgenstern | first6 = GR. | last7 = Fitzsimmons | first7 = L. | last8 = Ryder | first8 = D. | title = VAD chemotherapy as remission induction for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 326-30 | month = Feb | year = 1995 | doi =  | PMID = 7841049 }}</ref>
*One of the commonly used induction regimens include [[dexamethasone]] with [[lenalidomide]] and [[bortezomib]] for a period of 8 months based on the side effect profile and associated co-morbidities.<ref name="Mateos-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mateos | first1 = MV. | last2 = Richardson | first2 = PG. | last3 = Schlag | first3 = R. | last4 = Khuageva | first4 = NK. | last5 = Dimopoulos | first5 = MA. | last6 = Shpilberg | first6 = O. | last7 = Kropff | first7 = M. | last8 = Spicka | first8 = I. | last9 = Petrucci | first9 = MT. | title = Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone compared with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated multiple myeloma: updated follow-up and impact of subsequent therapy in the phase III VISTA trial. | journal = J Clin Oncol | volume = 28 | issue = 13 | pages = 2259-66 | month = May | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.0638 | PMID = 20368561 }}</ref><ref name="Rajkumar-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rajkumar | first1 = SV. | last2 = Jacobus | first2 = S. | last3 = Callander | first3 = NS. | last4 = Fonseca | first4 = R. | last5 = Vesole | first5 = DH. | last6 = Williams | first6 = ME. | last7 = Abonour | first7 = R. | last8 = Siegel | first8 = DS. | last9 = Katz | first9 = M. | title = Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. | journal = Lancet Oncol | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 29-37 | month = Jan | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70284-0 | PMID = 19853510 }}</ref>
*[[Lenalidomide]] is orally administered and increases the risk for deep vein thrombosis, while [[bortezomib]] is given IV and preferred in patients with abnormal renal function tests.<ref name="Facon-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Facon | first1 = T. | last2 = Mary | first2 = JY. | last3 = Pégourie | first3 = B. | last4 = Attal | first4 = M. | last5 = Renaud | first5 = M. | last6 = Sadoun | first6 = A. | last7 = Voillat | first7 = L. | last8 = Dorvaux | first8 = V. | last9 = Hulin | first9 = C. | title = Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. | journal = Blood | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 1292-8 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1588 | PMID = 16174762 }}</ref><ref name="Shustik-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shustik | first1 = C. | last2 = Belch | first2 = A. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = S. | last4 = Rubin | first4 = SH. | last5 = Dolan | first5 = SP. | last6 = Kovacs | first6 = MJ. | last7 = Grewal | first7 = KS. | last8 = Walde | first8 = D. | last9 = Barr | first9 = R. | title = A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7. | journal = Br J Haematol | volume = 136 | issue = 2 | pages = 203-11 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06405.x | PMID = 17233817 }}</ref>
*[[Bortezomib]] is given IV and preferred in patients with abnormal renal function tests.<ref name="Facon-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Facon | first1 = T. | last2 = Mary | first2 = JY. | last3 = Pégourie | first3 = B. | last4 = Attal | first4 = M. | last5 = Renaud | first5 = M. | last6 = Sadoun | first6 = A. | last7 = Voillat | first7 = L. | last8 = Dorvaux | first8 = V. | last9 = Hulin | first9 = C. | title = Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. | journal = Blood | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 1292-8 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1588 | PMID = 16174762 }}</ref><ref name="Shustik-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shustik | first1 = C. | last2 = Belch | first2 = A. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = S. | last4 = Rubin | first4 = SH. | last5 = Dolan | first5 = SP. | last6 = Kovacs | first6 = MJ. | last7 = Grewal | first7 = KS. | last8 = Walde | first8 = D. | last9 = Barr | first9 = R. | title = A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7. | journal = Br J Haematol | volume = 136 | issue = 2 | pages = 203-11 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06405.x | PMID = 17233817 }}</ref>
*Dexamethasone is used alone at a dose of 40 mg for 4 days consecutively, and equals efficacy to that shown by a combination with VAD ([[vincristine]], [[doxorubicin|adriamycin]], and dexamethasone).<ref name="Facon-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Facon | first1 = T. | last2 = Mary | first2 = JY. | last3 = Pégourie | first3 = B. | last4 = Attal | first4 = M. | last5 = Renaud | first5 = M. | last6 = Sadoun | first6 = A. | last7 = Voillat | first7 = L. | last8 = Dorvaux | first8 = V. | last9 = Hulin | first9 = C. | title = Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. | journal = Blood | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 1292-8 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1588 | PMID = 16174762 }}</ref><ref name="Shustik-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shustik | first1 = C. | last2 = Belch | first2 = A. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = S. | last4 = Rubin | first4 = SH. | last5 = Dolan | first5 = SP. | last6 = Kovacs | first6 = MJ. | last7 = Grewal | first7 = KS. | last8 = Walde | first8 = D. | last9 = Barr | first9 = R. | title = A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7. | journal = Br J Haematol | volume = 136 | issue = 2 | pages = 203-11 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06405.x | PMID = 17233817 }}</ref>
*Thalidomide: A number of trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of thalidomide as an independent induction agent. All of them found improved response rates with thalidomide and no reduction in stem cell load.<ref name="Rajkumar-2008">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rajkumar | first1 = SV. | last2 = Rosiñol | first2 = L. | last3 = Hussein | first3 = M. | last4 = Catalano | first4 = J. | last5 = Jedrzejczak | first5 = W. | last6 = Lucy | first6 = L. | last7 = Olesnyckyj | first7 = M. | last8 = Yu | first8 = Z. | last9 = Knight | first9 = R. | title = Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. | journal = J Clin Oncol | volume = 26 | issue = 13 | pages = 2171-7 | month = May | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.1853 | PMID = 18362366 }}</ref><ref name="Barlogie-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Barlogie | first1 = B. | last2 = Tricot | first2 = G. | last3 = Anaissie | first3 = E. | last4 = Shaughnessy | first4 = J. | last5 = Rasmussen | first5 = E. | last6 = van Rhee | first6 = F. | last7 = Fassas | first7 = A. | last8 = Zangari | first8 = M. | last9 = Hollmig | first9 = K. | title = Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 354 | issue = 10 | pages = 1021-30 | month = Mar | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa053583 | PMID = 16525139 }}</ref><ref name="Palumbo-2008">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Palumbo | first1 = A. | last2 = Bringhen | first2 = S. | last3 = Liberati | first3 = AM. | last4 = Caravita | first4 = T. | last5 = Falcone | first5 = A. | last6 = Callea | first6 = V. | last7 = Montanaro | first7 = M. | last8 = Ria | first8 = R. | last9 = Capaldi | first9 = A. | title = Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial. | journal = Blood | volume = 112 | issue = 8 | pages = 3107-14 | month = Oct | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2008-04-149427 | PMID = 18505783 }}</ref>
*Alkylating agents are equal in efficacy when combined with VAD regimens, two of the most common ones being melphalan and oral cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone.<ref name="-1998">{{Cite journal  | title = Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. | journal = J Clin Oncol | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 3832-42 | month = Dec | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9850028 }}</ref>


====Supportive therapy====
===='''Supportive therapy'''====
*Supportive therapy is recommended among all patients who develop active multiple myeoloma.
*Supportive therapy is recommended based on patient's symptoms and medication's side effect.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Supportive therapy controls symptoms that occur due to either the disease or the pharmacological regimes used treat it.
*Supportive therapy for active multiple myeloma includes:<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Supportive therapy for active multiple myeloma includes:
:*[[Bisphosphonates]] to prevent [[osteoporosis]]
:*Bisphosphonates to prevent osteoporosis
:*[[Erythropoietin]] to prevent anemia  
:*Erythropoietin to prevent anemia  
:*[[Vaccines]] to prevent recurrent infections
:*Vaccines to prevent recurrent infections
:*[[Blood thinners]] to prevent [[blood clots]]
:*Blood thinners to prevent blood clots
:*[[Plasmapheresis]] to prevent [[hyperviscosity]] and [[renal failure]]
:*Plasmapheresis to prevent hyperviscosity and renal failure


===='''Maintenance therapy'''====
*After a few months of induction therapy the advantages of continuing the same therapy seems to be limited.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*Therefore, this phase is being followed up with maintenance therapy with one of the newer agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide or bortezomib.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
*However, further clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of each of these agents.<ref> Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref> Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>


==Gallery==


[[File:Multiple myeloma treatment algorithim.png|thumb|none|1000px|Multiple myeloma treatment algorithim<ref>Gupta M, Pal RAGK, Tikoo D. Multiple myeloma: the disease and its treatment. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2013;2:103-21</ref>]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:21, 23 September 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2] Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Pharmacological regimes for patients with active (symptomatic) multiple myeloma include steroid therapy, immune modulator therapy, and chemotherapy.[1][2] Whereas patients with smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma are managed by observation and undergoing follow up tests every 3 to 6 months.[3][4] The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for bone marrow transplantation.[5][6] Pharmacologic medical therapy for active multiple myeloma patients who are eligible for a bone marrow transplant include either dexamethasone, lenalidomide, bortezomib, thalidomide, carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, or doxorubicin.[7][8] In addition to the aforementioned agents, pharmacological regimes used for treatment of active multiple myeloma patients who are not eligible for a bone marrow transplant include either melphalan or prednisone.[9][10] Alkylating agents are not recommended among transplant eligible patients, as the toxicity of such agents makes the harvest process of bone marrow stem cell difficult later in the course of the disease.[11][12]

Medical Therapy

Smoldering multiple myeloma

Active multiple myeoloma

  • The optimal therapy for active multiple myeloma depends on whether or not a patient is eligible for bone marrow transplantation.[19][20]
  • Deciding whether a patient is a candidate for bone marrow transplantation depends on a number of key factors that include:[21][22]

Initial therapy

  • Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating bone marrow transplant eligible patients include:[23][24]
  • Preferred pharmacological regimes for treating bone marrow transplant ineligible patients:[25][26]
  • Bortezomib/dexamethasone
  • Low dose dexamethasone/lenalidomide
  • Melphalan/prednisone/thalidomide
  • Melphalan/prednisone/bortezomib
  • The VAD regimen (vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone) has shown efficacy ranging from 60 to 80%, in previously treated and untreated patients. This regimen is beneficial in the manner that it avoids early exposure to alkylating agents thus reducing the risks of myelosuppression and further leukemia's, without compromising on efficacy.[27][28][29]
  • One of the commonly used induction regimens include dexamethasone with lenalidomide and bortezomib for a period of 8 months based on the side effect profile and associated co-morbidities.[30][31]
  • Lenalidomide is orally administered and increases the risk for deep vein thrombosis, while bortezomib is given IV and preferred in patients with abnormal renal function tests.[32][33]
  • Bortezomib is given IV and preferred in patients with abnormal renal function tests.[32][33]
  • Dexamethasone is used alone at a dose of 40 mg for 4 days consecutively, and equals efficacy to that shown by a combination with VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone).[32][33]
  • Thalidomide: A number of trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of thalidomide as an independent induction agent. All of them found improved response rates with thalidomide and no reduction in stem cell load.[34][35][36]
  • Alkylating agents are equal in efficacy when combined with VAD regimens, two of the most common ones being melphalan and oral cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone.[37]

Supportive therapy

  • Supportive therapy is recommended based on patient's symptoms and medication's side effect.[38][39]
  • Supportive therapy for active multiple myeloma includes:[40][41]

Maintenance therapy

  • After a few months of induction therapy the advantages of continuing the same therapy seems to be limited.[42][43]
  • Therefore, this phase is being followed up with maintenance therapy with one of the newer agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide or bortezomib.[44][45]
  • However, further clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of each of these agents.[46][47]

Gallery

Multiple myeloma treatment algorithim[48]

References

  1. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  2. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  3. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  4. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  5. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  6. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  7. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  8. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  9. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  10. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  11. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  12. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  13. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  14. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  15. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  16. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  17. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  18. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  19. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  20. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  21. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  22. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  23. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  24. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  25. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  26. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  27. ↑ Alexanian, R.; Barlogie, B.; Tucker, S. (1990). "VAD-based regimens as primary treatment for multiple myeloma". Am J Hematol. 33 (2): 86–9. PMID 2301376. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Segeren, CM.; Sonneveld, P.; van der Holt, B.; Baars, JW.; Biesma, DH.; Cornellissen, JJ.; Croockewit, AJ.; Dekker, AW.; Fibbe, WE. (1999). "Vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) administered as rapid intravenous infusion for first-line treatment in untreated multiple myeloma". Br J Haematol. 105 (1): 127–30. PMID 10233375. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Anderson, H.; Scarffe, JH.; Ranson, M.; Young, R.; Wieringa, GS.; Morgenstern, GR.; Fitzsimmons, L.; Ryder, D. (1995). "VAD chemotherapy as remission induction for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 71 (2): 326–30. PMID 7841049. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Mateos, MV.; Richardson, PG.; Schlag, R.; Khuageva, NK.; Dimopoulos, MA.; Shpilberg, O.; Kropff, M.; Spicka, I.; Petrucci, MT. (2010). "Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone compared with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated multiple myeloma: updated follow-up and impact of subsequent therapy in the phase III VISTA trial". J Clin Oncol. 28 (13): 2259–66. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.26.0638. PMID 20368561. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Rajkumar, SV.; Jacobus, S.; Callander, NS.; Fonseca, R.; Vesole, DH.; Williams, ME.; Abonour, R.; Siegel, DS.; Katz, M. (2010). "Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial". Lancet Oncol. 11 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70284-0. PMID 19853510. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Facon, T.; Mary, JY.; Pégourie, B.; Attal, M.; Renaud, M.; Sadoun, A.; Voillat, L.; Dorvaux, V.; Hulin, C. (2006). "Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy". Blood. 107 (4): 1292–8. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1588. PMID 16174762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Shustik, C.; Belch, A.; Robinson, S.; Rubin, SH.; Dolan, SP.; Kovacs, MJ.; Grewal, KS.; Walde, D.; Barr, R. (2007). "A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7". Br J Haematol. 136 (2): 203–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06405.x. PMID 17233817. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Rajkumar, SV.; Rosiñol, L.; Hussein, M.; Catalano, J.; Jedrzejczak, W.; Lucy, L.; Olesnyckyj, M.; Yu, Z.; Knight, R. (2008). "Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma". J Clin Oncol. 26 (13): 2171–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.1853. PMID 18362366. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Barlogie, B.; Tricot, G.; Anaissie, E.; Shaughnessy, J.; Rasmussen, E.; van Rhee, F.; Fassas, A.; Zangari, M.; Hollmig, K. (2006). "Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma". N Engl J Med. 354 (10): 1021–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa053583. PMID 16525139. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Palumbo, A.; Bringhen, S.; Liberati, AM.; Caravita, T.; Falcone, A.; Callea, V.; Montanaro, M.; Ria, R.; Capaldi, A. (2008). "Oral melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: updated results of a randomized controlled trial". Blood. 112 (8): 3107–14. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-04-149427. PMID 18505783. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ "Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group". J Clin Oncol. 16 (12): 3832–42. 1998. PMID 9850028. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  39. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  40. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  41. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  42. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  43. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  44. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  45. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  46. ↑ Treatment guide active multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  47. ↑ Treatment guide smoldering multiple myeloma. National comprehensive cancer network(2015) http://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/myeloma/#44/z Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  48. ↑ Gupta M, Pal RAGK, Tikoo D. Multiple myeloma: the disease and its treatment. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2013;2:103-21


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