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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Meningioma}} | | {{Meningioma}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{IO}} {{HL}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Common risk factors in the development of meningioma are history of radiation treatment, inherited nervous system disorder, and female gender.<ref name="wiki">Meningioma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningioma#Signs_and_symptoms Accessed on September, 25th 2015</ref><ref name="Canada">Risk factors for brain and spinal cord cancer. Canadian Cancer Society(2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/risks/?region=mb Accessed on September, 25th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid20821343">{{cite journal| author=Wiemels J, Wrensch M, Claus EB| title=Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma. | journal=J Neurooncol | year= 2010 | volume= 99 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-14 | pmid=20821343 | doi=10.1007/s11060-010-0386-3 | pmc=PMC2945461 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20821343 }} </ref> | | Common risk factors in the development of meningioma are history of [[radiation]] treatment, female gender, [[Hormone|hormones]], and some [[Genetic disorder|genetic disorders]]. |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| | | *Common risk factors in the development of meningioma include:<ref name="pmid29492130">{{cite journal| author=Gurcay AG, Bozkurt I, Senturk S, Kazanci A, Gurcan O, Turkoglu OF et al.| title=Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management Strategy of Meningioma during Pregnancy. | journal=Asian J Neurosurg | year= 2018 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 86-89 | pmid=29492130 | doi=10.4103/1793-5482.181115 | pmc=5820904 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29492130 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24587258">{{cite journal| author=Shao C, Bai LP, Qi ZY, Hui GZ, Wang Z| title=Overweight, obesity and meningioma risk: a meta-analysis. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= e90167 | pmid=24587258 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090167 | pmc=3935973 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24587258 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17961039">{{cite journal| author=Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Kruchko C| title=Meningiomas: causes and risk factors. | journal=Neurosurg Focus | year= 2007 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= E2 | pmid=17961039 | doi=10.3171/FOC-07/10/E2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17961039 }} </ref> |
| The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
| | :*[[Ionizing radiation]]: This is seen with both high and low dose levels. |
| | | :*[[Hormone|Hormones]]: Some meningiomas have [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] for [[progesterone]] and [[estrogen]] and can increase in size during [[pregnancy]] and the [[luteal phase]] of the [[menstrual cycle]]. |
| {| {{table}} | | :*[[Obesity]] in women |
| | align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|'''Risk Factor''' | | :*Increasing age |
| | | :*[[Neurofibromatosis type II|Neurofibromatosis type 2]] |
| | align="center" style="background:#4479BA;"|'''Description'''
| | :*Female gender |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Age'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years.<ref name="press">Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="radio">Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Race'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.<ref name="wiki">Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref><ref>Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Gender'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.<ref name="radio">Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Having other plasma cell diseases'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Patients with other [[plasma cell]] diseases such as [[monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance]] develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.<ref name="mediline">Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Family history'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to [[hyperphosphorylation]] of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi = | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref><ref name="wiki">Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23926460">{{cite journal| author=Koura DT, Langston AA| title=Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma. | journal=Ther Adv Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=23926460 | doi=10.1177/2040620713485375 | pmc=PMC3734900 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23926460 }} </ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Obesity'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma.<ref name="mediline">Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Workplace exposures'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations.<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi = | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref><ref name="mediline">Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | '''Radiation'''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure.<ref name="mediline">Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref name="american">Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref>
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| :*Radiation treatment: Clinical data suggests that head radiation therapy increase the risk of developing meningioma. | |
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| :*An inherited nervous system disorder: Studies show the rare disorder neurofibromatosis type 2 increases the risk of meningioma and other brain tumors. | |
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| :*Female hormones: As a tumor common in women than men, doctors believe that female hormones may play an important role in developing meningioma. | |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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