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{{Acoustic neuroma}}
{{Acoustic neuroma}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Simrat}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Simrat}} {{M.B}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of acoustic neuroma are [[neurofibromatosis type 2]], and low dose [[radiation]].
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of acoustic neuroma are [[neurofibromatosis type 2]] and [[radiation]] exposure. Less common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] include sporadic defects in [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumor suppressor genes]], exposure to loud noise, history of [[parathyroid adenoma]], and the use of cellular phones.  
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The risk factors of acoustic neuroma include:
===Neurofibromatosis type 2===
The known risk factor for acoustic neuroma is having a parent with the rare [[genetic]] disorder [[neurofibromatosis type 2]]. This disorder accounts for only a small number of cases. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is characterized by development of [[benign]] [[tumors]] on the VIII [[cranial nerve]](balance nerves) on both sides of your [[head]] but it can affect other nerves too. NF2 is an [[autosomal]] [[dominant]] disorder. The [[mutation]] can be passed on by just one parent(dominant gene). Each child of an affcted parent has a 50% chance of inheriting it.
===Radiation exposure===
Childhood exposure to low-dose [[radiation]] of the [[head]] and [[neck]] may be associated with acoustic neuroma.
Acoustic neuromas may occur idiopathically (meaning the cause is unknown), however there is a growing body of evidence that sporadic defects in tumor suppressor genes may give rise to these tumors in some individuals. Other studies have hinted at exposure to loud noise on a consistent basis. One study has shown a relationship between acoustic neuromas and prior exposure to head and neck radiation, and a concomitant history of having had a parathyroid adenoma (tumor found in proximity to the thyroid gland controlling calcium metabolism). There are even controversies on hand held cellular phones. Whether or not the radiofrequency radiation has anything to do with acoustic neuroma formation, remains to be seen. To date, no environmental factor (such as cell phones or diet) has been scientifically proven to cause these tumors. The Acoustic Neuroma Association (ANA) does recommend that frequent cellular phone users use a hands free device to enable separation of the device from the head.[13]
Although there is an inheritable condition called Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) which can lead to acoustic neuroma formation in some people, most acoustic neuromas occur spontaneously without any evidence of family history (95%).[14] NF2 occurs with a frequency of 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 50,000 births. The hallmark of this disorder is bilateral acoustic neuromas (an acoustic neuroma on both sides). This creates the possibility of complete deafness if the tumors are left to grow unchecked. Preventing or treating the complete deafness that may befall individuals with NF2 requires complex decision making. The trend at most academic U.S. medical centers is to recommend treatment for the smallest tumor which has the best chance of preserving hearing. If this goal is successful, then treatment can also be offered for the remaining tumor. If hearing is not preserved at the initial treatment, then usually the second tumor, in the only-hearing ear, is just observed. If it shows continued growth and becomes life-threatening, or if the hearing is lost over time as the tumor grows, then treatment is undertaken. This strategy has the highest chance of preserving hearing for the longest time possible.


=== Common Risk Factors ===
*[[Neurofibromatosis type II|Neurofibromatosis type 2]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Michael E. Sughrue]], [[Andrea H. Yeung]], [[Martin J. Rutkowski]], [[Steven W. Cheung]] & [[Andrew T. Parsa]]
| title = Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics
| journal = [[Journal of neurosurgery]]
| volume = 114
| issue = 2
| pages = 359–366
| year = 2011
| month = February
| doi = 10.3171/2009.10.JNS091135
| pmid = 19943731
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Ruggieri]], [[A. D. Pratico]], [[A. Serra]], [[L. Maiolino]], [[S. Cocuzza]], [[P. Di Mauro]], [[L. Licciardello]], [[P. Milone]], [[G. Privitera]], [[G. Belfiore]], [[M. Di Pietro]], [[F. Di Raimondo]], [[A. Romano]], [[A. Chiarenza]], [[M. Muglia]], [[A. Polizzi]] & [[D. G. Evans]]
| title = Childhood neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and related disorders: from bench to bedside and biologically targeted therapies
| journal = [[Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale]]
| volume = 36
| issue = 5
| pages = 345–367
| year = 2016
| month = October
| doi = 10.14639/0392-100X-1093
| pmid = 27958595
}}</ref>
*Childhood exposure to [[radiation]] of the [[head]] and [[neck]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Arthur B. Schneider]], [[Elaine Ron]], [[Jay Lubin]], [[Marilyn Stovall]], [[Eileen Shore-Freedman]], [[Jocelyn Tolentino]] & [[Barbara J. Collins]]
| title = Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck
| journal = [[Neuro-oncology]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 1
| pages = 73–78
| year = 2008
| month = February
| doi = 10.1215/15228517-2007-047
| pmid = 18079359
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[E. Shore-Freedman]], [[C. Abrahams]], [[W. Recant]] & [[A. B. Schneider]]
| title = Neurilemomas and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 51
| issue = 12
| pages = 2159–2163
| year = 1983
| month = June
| pmid = 6850504
}}</ref>
*Exposure to high-dose [[ionizing radiation]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Oyebode Taiwo]], [[Deron Galusha]], [[Baylah Tessier-Sherman]], [[Sharon Kirsche]], [[Linda Cantley]], [[Martin D. Slade]], [[Mark R. Cullen]] & [[A. Michael Donoghue]]
| title = Acoustic neuroma: potential risk factors and audiometric surveillance in the aluminium industry
| journal = [[Occupational and environmental medicine]]
| volume = 71
| issue = 9
| pages = 624–628
| year = 2014
| month = September
| doi = 10.1136/oemed-2014-102094
| pmid = 25015928
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mantao Chen]], [[Zuoxu Fan]], [[Xiujue Zheng]], [[Fei Cao]] & [[Liang Wang]]
| title = Risk Factors of Acoustic Neuroma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
| journal = [[Yonsei medical journal]]
| volume = 57
| issue = 3
| pages = 776–783
| year = 2016
| month = May
| doi = 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.776
| pmid = 26996581
}}</ref>


=== Less Common Risk Factors ===
*Sporadic defects in [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumor suppressor genes]] in some individuals
*Exposure to loud noise on a consistent basis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Colin G. Edwards]], [[Judith A. Schwartzbaum]], [[Stefan Lonn]], [[Anders Ahlbom]] & [[Maria Feychting]]
| title = Exposure to loud noise and risk of acoustic neuroma
| journal = [[American journal of epidemiology]]
| volume = 163
| issue = 4
| pages = 327–333
| year = 2006
| month = February
| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwj044
| pmid = 16357108
}}</ref>
*A concomitant history of having had a [[parathyroid]] [[adenoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[L. Magnus Backlund]], [[Dan Grander]], [[Lena Brandt]], [[Per Hall]] & [[Anders Ekbom]]
| title = Parathyroid adenoma and primary CNS tumors
| journal = [[International journal of cancer]]
| volume = 113
| issue = 6
| pages = 866–869
| year = 2005
| month = March
| doi = 10.1002/ijc.20743
| pmid = 15515018
}}</ref>
*The use of cellular phones<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Seung-Kwon Myung]], [[Woong Ju]], [[Diana D. McDonnell]], [[Yeon Ji Lee]], [[Gene Kazinets]], [[Chih-Tao Cheng]] & [[Joel M. Moskowitz]]
| title = Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis
| journal = [[Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]]
| volume = 27
| issue = 33
| pages = 5565–5572
| year = 2009
| month = November
| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6366
| pmid = 19826127
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. P. Little]], [[P. Rajaraman]], [[R. E. Curtis]], [[S. S. Devesa]], [[P. D. Inskip]], [[D. P. Check]] & [[M. S. Linet]]
| title = Mobile phone use and glioma risk: comparison of epidemiological study results with incidence trends in the United States
| journal = [[BMJ (Clinical research ed.)]]
| volume = 344
| pages = e1147
| year = 2012
| month = March
| doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1147
| pmid = 22403263
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Isabelle Deltour]], [[Anssi Auvinen]], [[Maria Feychting]], [[Christoffer Johansen]], [[Lars Klaeboe]], [[Risto Sankila]] & [[Joachim Schuz]]
| title = Mobile phone use and incidence of glioma in the Nordic countries 1979-2008: consistency check
| journal = [[Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)]]
| volume = 23
| issue = 2
| pages = 301–307
| year = 2012
| month = March
| doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182448295
| pmid = 22249239
}}</ref><ref name="BaanGrosse2011">{{cite journal|last1=Baan|first1=Robert|last2=Grosse|first2=Yann|last3=Lauby-Secretan|first3=Béatrice|last4=El Ghissassi|first4=Fatiha|last5=Bouvard|first5=Véronique|last6=Benbrahim-Tallaa|first6=Lamia|last7=Guha|first7=Neela|last8=Islami|first8=Farhad|last9=Galichet|first9=Laurent|last10=Straif|first10=Kurt|title=Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields|journal=The Lancet Oncology|volume=12|issue=7|year=2011|pages=624–626|issn=14702045|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70147-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Acoustic neuroma risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study|journal=Cancer Epidemiology|volume=35|issue=5|year=2011|pages=453–464|issn=18777821|doi=10.1016/j.canep.2011.05.012}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 18:08, 24 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2] Mohsen Basiri M.D.

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of acoustic neuroma are neurofibromatosis type 2 and radiation exposure. Less common risk factors include sporadic defects in tumor suppressor genes, exposure to loud noise, history of parathyroid adenoma, and the use of cellular phones.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. Michael E. Sughrue, Andrea H. Yeung, Martin J. Rutkowski, Steven W. Cheung & Andrew T. Parsa (2011). "Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics". Journal of neurosurgery. 114 (2): 359–366. doi:10.3171/2009.10.JNS091135. PMID 19943731. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. M. Ruggieri, A. D. Pratico, A. Serra, L. Maiolino, S. Cocuzza, P. Di Mauro, L. Licciardello, P. Milone, G. Privitera, G. Belfiore, M. Di Pietro, F. Di Raimondo, A. Romano, A. Chiarenza, M. Muglia, A. Polizzi & D. G. Evans (2016). "Childhood neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and related disorders: from bench to bedside and biologically targeted therapies". Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale. 36 (5): 345–367. doi:10.14639/0392-100X-1093. PMID 27958595. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. Arthur B. Schneider, Elaine Ron, Jay Lubin, Marilyn Stovall, Eileen Shore-Freedman, Jocelyn Tolentino & Barbara J. Collins (2008). "Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck". Neuro-oncology. 10 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1215/15228517-2007-047. PMID 18079359. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. E. Shore-Freedman, C. Abrahams, W. Recant & A. B. Schneider (1983). "Neurilemomas and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation". Cancer. 51 (12): 2159–2163. PMID 6850504. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Oyebode Taiwo, Deron Galusha, Baylah Tessier-Sherman, Sharon Kirsche, Linda Cantley, Martin D. Slade, Mark R. Cullen & A. Michael Donoghue (2014). "Acoustic neuroma: potential risk factors and audiometric surveillance in the aluminium industry". Occupational and environmental medicine. 71 (9): 624–628. doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102094. PMID 25015928. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. Mantao Chen, Zuoxu Fan, Xiujue Zheng, Fei Cao & Liang Wang (2016). "Risk Factors of Acoustic Neuroma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Yonsei medical journal. 57 (3): 776–783. doi:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.776. PMID 26996581. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. Colin G. Edwards, Judith A. Schwartzbaum, Stefan Lonn, Anders Ahlbom & Maria Feychting (2006). "Exposure to loud noise and risk of acoustic neuroma". American journal of epidemiology. 163 (4): 327–333. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj044. PMID 16357108. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. L. Magnus Backlund, Dan Grander, Lena Brandt, Per Hall & Anders Ekbom (2005). "Parathyroid adenoma and primary CNS tumors". International journal of cancer. 113 (6): 866–869. doi:10.1002/ijc.20743. PMID 15515018. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. Seung-Kwon Myung, Woong Ju, Diana D. McDonnell, Yeon Ji Lee, Gene Kazinets, Chih-Tao Cheng & Joel M. Moskowitz (2009). "Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 27 (33): 5565–5572. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6366. PMID 19826127. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. M. P. Little, P. Rajaraman, R. E. Curtis, S. S. Devesa, P. D. Inskip, D. P. Check & M. S. Linet (2012). "Mobile phone use and glioma risk: comparison of epidemiological study results with incidence trends in the United States". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 344: e1147. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1147. PMID 22403263. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. Isabelle Deltour, Anssi Auvinen, Maria Feychting, Christoffer Johansen, Lars Klaeboe, Risto Sankila & Joachim Schuz (2012). "Mobile phone use and incidence of glioma in the Nordic countries 1979-2008: consistency check". Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 23 (2): 301–307. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182448295. PMID 22249239. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. Baan, Robert; Grosse, Yann; Lauby-Secretan, Béatrice; El Ghissassi, Fatiha; Bouvard, Véronique; Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia; Guha, Neela; Islami, Farhad; Galichet, Laurent; Straif, Kurt (2011). "Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields". The Lancet Oncology. 12 (7): 624–626. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70147-4. ISSN 1470-2045.
  13. "Acoustic neuroma risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study". Cancer Epidemiology. 35 (5): 453–464. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2011.05.012. ISSN 1877-7821.


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