Thyroid adenoma overview: Difference between revisions

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Overview
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Classification
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Differentiating Thyroid adenoma from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
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Latest revision as of 15:23, 26 March 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]

Overview

Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling. Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to the histology into 3 subtypes/groups follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma. Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is THADA gene. Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of THADA gene. Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as multinodular goiter, grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, medullary cell carcinoma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males. Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling in front of the neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice. On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes. Fine needle aspiration biopsy may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid adenoma. Findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy suggestive of thyroid adenoma include cystic changes, fibrosis, and areas of hemorrhage. The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.

Historical Perspective

Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling.

Classification

Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to the histology into 3 subtypes/groups follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma.

Pathophysiology

Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is THADA gene.

Causes

Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of THADA gene.

Differentiating thyroid adenoma from other Conditions

Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as multinodular goiter, grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, medullary cell carcinoma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of thyroid adenoma may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. Common complications of thyroid adenoma include hyperthyroidism,thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, thyroid cyst, and superior vena cava obstruction.

Diagnosis

Study of Choice

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma, but thyroid nodules can be diagnosed based on an ultrasound examination of the neck, a screening serum TSH level, and fine needle aspiration biopsy.

History and Symptoms

The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling infront of the neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice.

Physical Examination

Patients with thyroid adenoma usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with thyroid adenoma is usually remarkable for solitary, non-tender nodule in the midline of neck, which is smooth, soft, and mobile.

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma include decreased thyroid stimulating hormone, elevated calcitonin, and decreased calcium.

Ultrasound

On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.

Other Imaging Findings

Other diagnostic studies for thyroid adenoma include thyroid scan, which demonstrates hot, cold, and functioning nodule.

Biopsy

Fine needle aspiration biopsy may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid adenoma. Findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy suggestive of thyroid adenoma include cystic changes, fibrosis, and areas of hemorrhage.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.

Surgery

Thyroid lobectomy is recommended for all patients who develop pressure symptoms of thyroid adenoma.

Prevention

There is no established method for prevention of thyroid adenoma.

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{{Thyroid adenoma}}
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ammu}}
 ==Overview==
-* This section is the general overview statement for the disease. It should include the name of the main page in the first sentence.
+Thyroid [[adenoma]] is a [[benign]] [[tumor]] of the [[thyroid gland]]. Thyroid [[adenoma]] was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that [[thyroid]] enlargement causes midline [[neck]] swelling. Thyroid [[adenoma]] may be classified according to the [[histology]] into 3 subtypes/groups follicular [[adenoma]], [[papillary]] [[adenoma]], and signet cell [[adenoma]]. Thyroid [[adenoma]] arises from [[epithelial cell]]s of [[thyroid gland]], that are normally involved in secretion of [[thyroxine]] hormone. The most common gene involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] is ''THADA'' [[gene]]. Common causes of thyroid [[adenoma]] include iodine deficiency, chronic [[inflammation]], and [[genetic mutation]] of ''THADA'' gene. Thyroid [[adenoma]] must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter]], [[grave's disease]], [[Hashimoto's disease]], medullary cell carcinoma, [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroid [[adenoma]] is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid [[adenoma]] than males. Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid [[adenoma]], exposure to [[radiation]], lack of [[iodine]] in diet, smoking, and [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]. Depending on the extent of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. However, the [[prognosis]] is generally regarded as excellent. The hallmark of thyroid [[adenoma]] is swelling in front of the neck. A positive history of [[radiation]] exposure and family history of thyroid [[adenoma]]  is suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]]. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include [[cough]] and [[dysphonia|hoarseness of voice]]. On [[ultrasound]], thyroid [[adenoma]] is characterized by [[halo sign]] or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes. [[Fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]]. Findings on [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]] include cystic changes, [[fibrosis]], and areas of [[hemorrhage]]. The mainstay of therapy for thyroid [[adenoma]] is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.
-* This section will be an overview statement of all the overview statements below it.
-* It should not contain any synonyms or keywords (as these should be at the top of the page listed next to {{SK}}).
-* It should be aimed to be written at a medical student or intern level of understanding. To view an example of an overview section on an overview page, click [[Clostridium difficile infection overview#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Historical Perspective==
-*Historical perspective of a disease discusses the initial discovery of the disease, the major outbreaks/events associated with the disease, and the initial diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries related to the disease.
+Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling.
-*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-*The overview of the historical perspective of a disease should be a short description of the landmark discoveries associated with the disease. It is ideally written after the main historical perspective microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview that is seen on the historical perspective microchapter.
-*To view a template and examples of the Historical Perspective overview statement, click [[Historical perspective template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Classification==
-*Classification of a disease varies based on the type of disease. For example, certain cancers may be classified based on stage and grade, whereas a drug allergy may be classified based on the type of drug reaction.
+Thyroid [[adenoma]] may be classified according to the [[histology]] into 3 subtypes/groups follicular [[adenoma]], [[papillary]] adenoma, and signet cell [[adenoma]].
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-* The overview of the classification of a disease should be a short description of the way in which the disease is classified. It is ideally written after the main classification microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the classification microchapter.
-*To view a template and examples of the Classification overview statement, click [[Classification template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Pathophysiology==
-*Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.
+Thyroid adenoma arises from [[epithelial cell]]s of [[thyroid]] gland, that are normally involved in secretion of [[thyroxine]] hormone. The most common gene involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] is ''THADA'' gene.
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-* The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
-*To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click [[Pathophysiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Causes==
-* This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
+Common causes of thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[iodine deficiency]], [[chronic inflammation]], and [[genetic mutation]] of ''THADA'' gene.
-* The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written,  to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
-*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click [[Crowdiagnosis project template#Overview|'''here''']].
-*To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click [[Microbiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
-==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
-* In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.
-*The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
-*To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click [[Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page#Overview|'''here''']].
+==Differentiating thyroid adenoma from other Conditions==
+Thyroid [[adenoma]] must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter]], [[grave's disease]], [[Hashimoto's disease]], medullary cell carcinoma, [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-* Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
+The incidence of thyroid [[adenoma]] is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid [[adenoma]] than males.
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-*The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
-*To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click [[Epidemiology and demographics template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Risk Factors==
-* Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
+Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to [[radiation]], lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]].
-* The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
-*To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click [[Risk factor template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
-* The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
+Depending on the extent of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. Common [[complications]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[hyperthyroidism]],[[thyrotoxicosis]], [[hemorrhage]], thyroid cyst, and [[superior vena cava obstruction]].
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-* The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
-*To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click [[Natural history, complications and prognosis template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==Diagnosis==
-* The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
+===Study of Choice===
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
+There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the [[diagnosis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]], but thyroid nodules can be diagnosed based on an [[ultrasound]] examination of the neck, a screening serum [[TSH]] level, and [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]].
-* The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.
 ===History and Symptoms===
-* Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click [[Myocarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]].
+The hallmark of thyroid [[adenoma]] is [[swelling]] infront of the neck. A positive history of [[radiation]] exposure and family history of thyroid [[adenoma]] is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include [[cough]] and [[dysphonia|hoarseness of voice]].
-* This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
-*To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click [[History and symptoms template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ===Physical Examination===
-* Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click [[Pericarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]]
+Patients with thyroid [[adenoma]] usually appear normal. [[Physical examination]] of patients with thyroid [[adenoma]] is usually remarkable for solitary, non-tender [[nodule]] in the midline of [[neck]], which is smooth, soft, and mobile.
-* This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
-*To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click [[Physical examination template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ===Laboratory Findings===
-* List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
+Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]] include decreased [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], elevated [[calcitonin]], and [[hypocalcemia|decreased calcium]].
-* This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
+===Ultrasound===
-*To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click [[Laboratory findings template#Overview|'''here''']].
+On [[ultrasound]], thyroid [[adenoma]] is characterized by [[halo sign]] or smooth margin of [[thyroid]], hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.
-===Electrocardiogram===
-* If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
-* This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
-*To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click [[Electrocardiogram template#Overview|'''here''']].
-===Chest X Ray===
-* If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
-* This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
-*To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click [[Chest x ray template#Overview|'''here''']].
-===CT Scan===
-*If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
-*This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
-*To view a template and examples of the CT Scan overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
-===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
-*If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
-*This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
-*To view a template and examples of the Echocardiography or Ultrasound overview statement, click [[Echocardiography or ultrasound template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ===Other Imaging Findings===
-* List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
+Other diagnostic studies for thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[thyroid]] scan, which demonstrates hot, cold, and functioning nodule.
-*To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
+===Biopsy===
+[[Fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]]. Findings on [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]] include cystic changes, [[fibrosis]], and areas of hemorrhage.
 ==Treatment==
-* Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
-* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
-* The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
 ===Medical Therapy===
-* Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
+The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.
-*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
-*To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click [[Medical therapy template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ===Surgery===
-*Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
+Thyroid [[lobectomy]] is recommended for all patients who develop pressure [[Symptom|symptoms]] of thyroid [[adenoma]].
-*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
-*To view a template and examples of the Surgery overview statement, click [[Surgery template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ===Prevention===
-*Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
+There is no established method for [[prevention]] of thyroid [[adenoma]].
-*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
-*To view a template and examples of the Prevention overview statement, click [[Prevention template#Overview|'''here''']].
 ==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Endocrinology]]
+ [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Oncology]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Endocrinology]]
+[[Category:Surgery]]