Babesiosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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{{Babesiosis}} | {{Babesiosis}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
Babesiosis is a [[Vector (biology)|vector]]-borne illness usually transmitted by [[tick]]s. Often referred to as "The Malaria of The North East," babesiosis is a worldwide distributed disease, reported within tick endemic regions such as Asia, Europe, the United States. Key endemic areas within the United States include the northeastern coastal region including islands off the coast of New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Cases have also been reported throughout the United States and Europe, though not as frequently as the United States, Northeastern coast. Reported cases have identified a median age of 62 years and a higher rate of infection amongst males. Other factors contributing the heightened infection rates are, tick activity by season, level of tick exposure, and an individual's medical history. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Developed Countries=== | |||
*Key endemic areas within the United States include the northeastern coastal region, in the specific states and regions as listed: <ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 8, 2015.</ref> | |||
*New York - Eastern Long-Island and its barrier island, Fire Island. As well as Shelter Island. | |||
*Massachusetts- Cape Cod, as well as Islands off the Massachusetts coast such as Nantucket Island and Martha's Vineyard. | |||
*Rhode Island- Block Island. | |||
New | *Other United States regions to have reported at least a single instance of infection include the Western states of California and Washington; Central states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota , Indiana, Michigan, and Missouri; Northeastern states of Connecticut , New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, Maine, Vermont and Maryland; and in the Southern states of Virginia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, and Georgia. However reported cases of Babesiosis are less prevalent in these aforementioned states than those referred to previously on the Northeastern coast.<ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> | ||
[[Image:CDCReported Areas.jpg|center|500px|thumb|Number of reported cases of babesiosis, by county of residence. Screening of Babesiosis was conducted in 27 states, in the year 2013. Survey spanned a total of 1,762 patients. Contraction of babesiosis is not dependent on the region in which the report was processed. For example: an individual may have contracted the disease while on vacation, though actual symptoms may not be observed until after an incubation period of 1-4 weeks. Of the 27 states that conducted surveillance for babesiosis at least one case was found in each of the 22 following states: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Five (5) states reported 0 cases: Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming. In 2013, babesiosis was not a reportable disease in the gray states, and health departments in those states did not notify CDC of cases.]] | |||
*Geographically, increased populations of deer, either by means of restocking or states environmental and hunting sanctions, has seemingly contributed to the heightened prevalence of Babesiosis in the United States. | |||
*Analysis of patient blood smears for an antibody specific to B microti on the United State's Northeastern coast suggests that rates of infection fluctuate seasonally and geographically.<ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> | |||
*Other contributing factors to the heightened infection rate within these areas may be attributed to an increasing trend in outdoor recreational activity within the aforementioned endemic areas. | |||
===Incidence=== | |||
*In 2013, 27 states (all of which are previously listed excluding: Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming where screening results reported zero occurrences of the disease) conducted a patient population survey for reported Babesiosis. | |||
*The findings resulted in a total 1,762 reported cases. | |||
*Comparison of Babesiosis infection rates over the years presents difficulty as it was only declared a nationally notifiable condition by the CDC in January 2011. | |||
*Yet an analysis of the data collected by the CDC between the years of 2011 and 2013 reveals a heightened increase of nearly 500 more reported cases in 2013. *Furthermore the total prevalence of the disease is practically unattainable as many of the North American cases are non-reported and asymptomatic. <ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> | |||
[[Image:Yearly Progression babesiosis.jpg|500px|center|thumb| This image portrays the amount of reported cases of babesiosis between the years of 2011 to 2013.]] | |||
*In Europe, babesia transmission is primarily the fault of Ixodes ricinus (a European species of ticks). Due to the wide distribution of the species through the European continent, reported cases are not isolated to specific regions. | |||
*Unlike more common cases of the disease in the United States, babesiosis is a rather rare occurrence in Europe. | |||
*The disease has also proven a higher morbidity rate. | |||
*Of the 39 European cases published, all were reported as clinically severe and required immediate action. | |||
*However, of the reported babesiosis cases reported thus far, the majority have been identified as previously immunocompromised or had undergone a splenectomy. <ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> <ref name="Babesiosis ECDC”> Babesiosis. For Health Professionals. European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/babesiosis/Pages/Factsheet_health_professionals.aspx. Accessed December 8, 2015.</ref> | |||
===Age and Sex=== | |||
Infected populations have also been recorded in regards to sex and age. Of the total, 1,762 cases reported to the CDC in 2013, findings indicate a median age of 62 years, as well as a distribution of infection between males and females at 65% and 32% respectively. | *Infected populations have also been recorded in regards to sex and age. Of the total, 1,762 cases reported to the CDC in 2013, findings indicate a median age of 62 years, as well as a distribution of infection between males and females at 65% and 32% respectively. <ref name="Babesiosis EpiCDC”> Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> | ||
Severity of Babesiosis varies as infection with ''Babesia'' parasites can be asymptomatic or cause a mild non-specific illness, although it may also result in severe disease. However most severe cases occur in the very young, very old, or persons with underlying medical conditions (such as [[immunodeficiency]]) and those without a spleen, they can occur in normal individuals. | *Severity of Babesiosis varies as infection with ''Babesia'' parasites can be asymptomatic or cause a mild non-specific illness, although it may also result in severe disease. However most severe cases occur in the very young, very old, or persons with underlying medical conditions (such as [[immunodeficiency]]) and those without a spleen, they can occur in normal individuals. <ref name="Babesiosis ECDC”> Babesiosis. For Health Professionals. European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/babesiosis/Pages/Factsheet_health_professionals.aspx. Accessed December 08, 2015.</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]] | [[Category:Parasitic diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Apicomplexa]] | [[Category:Apicomplexa]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:04, 18 September 2017
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.
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Overview
Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted by ticks. Often referred to as "The Malaria of The North East," babesiosis is a worldwide distributed disease, reported within tick endemic regions such as Asia, Europe, the United States. Key endemic areas within the United States include the northeastern coastal region including islands off the coast of New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Cases have also been reported throughout the United States and Europe, though not as frequently as the United States, Northeastern coast. Reported cases have identified a median age of 62 years and a higher rate of infection amongst males. Other factors contributing the heightened infection rates are, tick activity by season, level of tick exposure, and an individual's medical history.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Developed Countries
- Key endemic areas within the United States include the northeastern coastal region, in the specific states and regions as listed: [1]
- New York - Eastern Long-Island and its barrier island, Fire Island. As well as Shelter Island.
- Massachusetts- Cape Cod, as well as Islands off the Massachusetts coast such as Nantucket Island and Martha's Vineyard.
- Rhode Island- Block Island.
- Other United States regions to have reported at least a single instance of infection include the Western states of California and Washington; Central states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota , Indiana, Michigan, and Missouri; Northeastern states of Connecticut , New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, Maine, Vermont and Maryland; and in the Southern states of Virginia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, and Georgia. However reported cases of Babesiosis are less prevalent in these aforementioned states than those referred to previously on the Northeastern coast.[1]
- Geographically, increased populations of deer, either by means of restocking or states environmental and hunting sanctions, has seemingly contributed to the heightened prevalence of Babesiosis in the United States.
- Analysis of patient blood smears for an antibody specific to B microti on the United State's Northeastern coast suggests that rates of infection fluctuate seasonally and geographically.[1]
- Other contributing factors to the heightened infection rate within these areas may be attributed to an increasing trend in outdoor recreational activity within the aforementioned endemic areas.
Incidence
- In 2013, 27 states (all of which are previously listed excluding: Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming where screening results reported zero occurrences of the disease) conducted a patient population survey for reported Babesiosis.
- The findings resulted in a total 1,762 reported cases.
- Comparison of Babesiosis infection rates over the years presents difficulty as it was only declared a nationally notifiable condition by the CDC in January 2011.
- Yet an analysis of the data collected by the CDC between the years of 2011 and 2013 reveals a heightened increase of nearly 500 more reported cases in 2013. *Furthermore the total prevalence of the disease is practically unattainable as many of the North American cases are non-reported and asymptomatic. [1]
- In Europe, babesia transmission is primarily the fault of Ixodes ricinus (a European species of ticks). Due to the wide distribution of the species through the European continent, reported cases are not isolated to specific regions.
- Unlike more common cases of the disease in the United States, babesiosis is a rather rare occurrence in Europe.
- The disease has also proven a higher morbidity rate.
- Of the 39 European cases published, all were reported as clinically severe and required immediate action.
- However, of the reported babesiosis cases reported thus far, the majority have been identified as previously immunocompromised or had undergone a splenectomy. [1] [2]
Age and Sex
- Infected populations have also been recorded in regards to sex and age. Of the total, 1,762 cases reported to the CDC in 2013, findings indicate a median age of 62 years, as well as a distribution of infection between males and females at 65% and 32% respectively. [1]
- Severity of Babesiosis varies as infection with Babesia parasites can be asymptomatic or cause a mild non-specific illness, although it may also result in severe disease. However most severe cases occur in the very young, very old, or persons with underlying medical conditions (such as immunodeficiency) and those without a spleen, they can occur in normal individuals. [2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Babesiosis Epidemiology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/babesiosis/data-statistics/index.html. Accessed December 8, 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Babesiosis. For Health Professionals. European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/babesiosis/Pages/Factsheet_health_professionals.aspx. Accessed December 8, 2015.