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{{Non small cell lung cancer}}
{{Non small cell lung cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
To view risk factors of non small cell lung cancer, please click [[Lung cancer risk factors|'''Here''']]
Common risk factors in the development of non small cell lung are [[smoking]], family history of [[lung cancer]], high levels of [[air pollution]], [[radiation therapy]] to the chest, [[radon|radon gas]], [[asbestos]], [[Occupational safety and health|occupational exposure]] to [[Carcinogen|chemical carcinogens]], and previous [[lung disease]].
 
==Common Risk Factors==
 
Common risk factors non-small cell lung cancer may include:<ref name="pmid18452692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA |title=Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=584–94 |year=2008 |pmid=18452692 |pmc=2718421 |doi=10.4065/83.5.584 |url=}}</ref><ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution Accessed February 3, 2016</ref>
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]]
* Family history of [[non-small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Air pollution|High levels of air pollution]]
* [[Radiation therapy|Radiation therapy to the chest]]
* [[Radon|Radon gas]]
* [[Asbestos]]
* High levels of [[arsenic]] in drinking water
* Occupational exposure to [[Carcinogen|chemical carcinogens]]
* Previous [[Respiratory disease|lung disease]]
* Indoor [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|burning of coal]]
* Weakened [[immune system]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 
'''Smoking'''
*[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is the leading cause of non-small cell lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web | last =CDC | authorlink =Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title =1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking | publisher =CDC | date =Dec 1986 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000837.htm | pmid =3097495 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite book | last =National Research Council | title =Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects | publisher =National Academy Press | date =1986 | url =http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=943#toc | isbn =0-309-07456-8 }}<br />* {{cite paper | author =EPA | authorlink=United States Environmental Protection Agency | title =Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: non-small cell lung cancer and other disorders | publisher =EPA | date =1992 | url =http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =California Environmental Protection Agency | title =Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke | journal =Tobacco Control | volume =6 | issue =4 | pages =346–353 | date =1997 |url =http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | pmid =9583639 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =CDC | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title =State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000 | journal =Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume =50 | issue =49 | pages =1101–1106 | publisher =CDC | date =Dec 2001 | url =http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm | pmid =11794619 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =Alberg | first =AJ | coauthors =Samet JM | title =Epidemiology of non-small cell lung cancer | journal =Chest | volume =123 | issue =S1 | pages =21S-49S | publisher =American College of Chest Physicians | date =Jan 2003 | url =http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/123/1_suppl/21S | pmid =12527563 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Boffetta">{{cite journal | last =Boffetta | first =P | coauthors = Agudo A, Ahrens W et al. | title =Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and non-small cell lung cancer in Europe | journal =Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume =90 | issue =19 | pages =1440–1450 | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =Oct 1998 | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/90/19/1440 | pmid =9776409 | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite web | title =Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health | publisher =Department of Health |date =Mar 1998 | url =http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm | accessdate =2007-07-09 }}<br />* {{cite journal | last =Hackshaw | first =AK | title =Lung cancer and passive smoking | journal =Statistical Methods in Medical Research | volume =7 | issue =2 | pages =119–136 | date =Jun 1998 | pmid =9654638 }}</ref><ref name="NHMRC">{{cite paper | author =National Health and Medical Research Council | title =The health effects and regulation of passive smoking |publisher =Australian Government Publishing Service | date =Apr 1994 | url =http://www.obpr.gov.au/publications/submission/healthef/index.html | accessdate =2007-08-10 }}</ref>
**Both [[Smoking|active and passive smoking]] are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
**The risk of non-small cell lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of [[Smoking|cigarette smoking]] as well as increased duration of [[smoking]].
**There is no evidence that [[smoking]] low-[[Tar (tobacco residue)|tar]] cigarettes lowers the risk.
**There is a parallel correlation between the amount of cigarettes and the proportional risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
*Recently introduced [[E-cigarette|e-cigarettes]], which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer due to the presence of [[formaldehyde]].<ref name="pmid25607446">{{cite journal| author=Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH| title=Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 4 | pages= 392-4 | pmid=25607446 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1413069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25607446  }} </ref>
*In the United States, [[smoking]] is estimated to account for 87% of non-small cell lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).<ref name="Samet2">{{cite journal | last =Samet | first =JM | coauthors =Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR | title =Cigarette smoking and non-small cell lung cancer in New Mexico | journal =American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume =137 | issue =5 | pages =1110–1113 | date =May 1988 | pmid =3264122 }}</ref>
*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between [[Smoking natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|smoking and death]] due to non-small cell lung cancer (in men).
Shown below is an image depicting the [[Correlation (statistics)|correlation]] between [[smoking]] and non-small cell lung cancer:[[File:Cancer smoking lung cancer correlation from NIH.svg|frame|The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. Source: NIH|left]]
<br clear="left" />
 
'''Second-hand smoke'''
*[[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] is what smokers exhale and what rises from a burning [[Cigarette|cigarette, pipe or cigar]]. It is also called [[Passive smoking|environmental tobacco smoke]] (ETS), or [[Passive smoking|involuntary or passive smoking]].<ref name="lung">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
** [[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] contains the same chemicals as smoke that is actively inhaled.
** People exposed to [[Passive smoking|second-hand smoke]] have an increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
** [[Passive smoking|Second-hand smoke]] is the main [[risk factor]] for non-small cell lung cancer among non-smokers.
* There is no established amount of exposure to correlate safety and the risk of [[Passive smoking|second-hand smoke]].<ref name="lung">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
 
'''Air Pollution'''
*Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.<ref name="Parent">{{cite journal | last =Parent | first =ME | coauthors = Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. | title =Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =165 | issue =1 | pages =53–62 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid = 17062632 }}</ref>
*Researchers have shown that individual components of outdoor [[air pollution]] cause cancer<nowiki/>s [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|(PAHs)]].<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
*Components include diesel engine exhaust, [[benzene]], particulate matter and some [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|polycycl]]<nowiki/>[[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|ic]] [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbon]].
 
'''Family History of Lung Cancer'''
 
A positive [[family history]] of non-small cell lung cancer may increase the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.<ref name="pmid18452692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA |title=Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=584–94 |year=2008 |pmid=18452692 |pmc=2718421 |doi=10.4065/83.5.584 |url=}}</ref>
* First-degree relatives of people who have had non-small cell lung cancer may have a slightly higher risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer themselves.
* The increased risk among first-degree relatives could be due to a number of factors, such as shared behaviors or living in the same place where there are [[Carcinogen|carcinogens]].
* Studies of families with a strong history of non-small cell lung cancer have found that the increased risk might be due to a [[mutation]] in a non-small cell lung [[Oncogene|cancer gene]].
* Other studies have shown that the risk of non-small cell lung cancer in a family increases if a family member developed the disease at an early age.
'''Radiation Therapy to the Chest'''
 
Positive history of radiation therapy to the chest increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer due to the development of [[cellular damage]] and [[Mutation|DNA mutations]].<ref name="pmid18452692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA |title=Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=584–94 |year=2008 |pmid=18452692 |pmc=2718421 |doi=10.4065/83.5.584 |url=}}</ref>
* The risk of non-small cell lung cancer increases for people who have had previous exposure to [[ionizing radiation]].
* People who have been treated with [[radiation therapy]] to the chest for [[Cancer|cancers]] such as [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] or [[breast cancer]] are at increased risk for non-small cell lung cancer.
'''Radon Exposure'''
 
[[Radon]] is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that comes from the natural breakdown of [[uranium]] in rocks and soil.<ref name="name">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
* [[Radon]] exposure increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
* [[Radon]] is the leading cause of non-small cell lung cancer in non-smokers and the second leading cause in smokers.
'''Asbestos Exposure'''
 
Exposure to [[asbestos fibers]] in the air increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.<ref name="name">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
* The risk of [[asbestos]] exposure is highest for people who work with [[asbestos]], such as miners.
* Studies have shown that the combination of [[smoking]] and [[Asbestos|asbestos exposure]] is especially hazardous.
* Patients that are exposed to [[asbestos]] and [[Smoking|smoke]] are at even greater risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer.
'''Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens'''
 
Other [[Carcinogens|chemical carcinogens]] associated with small cell lung cancer include:<ref name="name">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
* [[Arsenic]] and inorganic arsenic compounds
* [[Beryllium]] and beryllium compounds
* [[Cadmium]] and cadmium compounds
* Chemicals used in:
** Rubber manufacturing
** [[Iron]]
**[[Steel|Steel founding]]
**Paints
* [[Chloromethyl ether|Chloromethyl ethers]] and [[Chloromethyl methyl ether|bis-chloromethyl ether]]
* [[Chromium(IV) oxide|Chromium (VI)]] compounds
* [[Cobalt]]-[[tungsten carbide]]
* Diesel engine exhaust
* [[Mustard gas]]
* [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]]
* Radioactive ores such as [[uranium]] and [[plutonium]]
* [[Silica]] dust and crystalline [[silica]]
* Some [[nickel]] compounds
 
==Less Common Risk Factors==
Less common risk factors non small cell lung cancer may include:<ref name="urlNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk Factors">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html |title=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk Factors |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="name">Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref>
* Occupational exposure to certain chemicals
* [[Vinyl chloride]]
* [[Dioxin]]
* [[Cobalt]]-[[tungsten carbide]]
* Inorganic acid mists
* Smoking [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|Indoor burning of wood]]
* High-temperature frying
* Meat-diet
* Physical inactivity


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 17:51, 28 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shanshan Cen, M.D. [2] Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of non small cell lung are smoking, family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, radiation therapy to the chest, radon gas, asbestos, occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens, and previous lung disease.

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors non-small cell lung cancer may include:[1][2]

Smoking

  • Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of non-small cell lung cancer.[3][4][5][6]
    • Both active and passive smoking are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
    • The risk of non-small cell lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of cigarette smoking as well as increased duration of smoking.
    • There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.
    • There is a parallel correlation between the amount of cigarettes and the proportional risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Recently introduced e-cigarettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer due to the presence of formaldehyde.[7]
  • In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of non-small cell lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[8]
  • There is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to non-small cell lung cancer (in men).

Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between smoking and non-small cell lung cancer:

The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. Source: NIH


Second-hand smoke

Air Pollution

Family History of Lung Cancer

A positive family history of non-small cell lung cancer may increase the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.[1]

  • First-degree relatives of people who have had non-small cell lung cancer may have a slightly higher risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer themselves.
  • The increased risk among first-degree relatives could be due to a number of factors, such as shared behaviors or living in the same place where there are carcinogens.
  • Studies of families with a strong history of non-small cell lung cancer have found that the increased risk might be due to a mutation in a non-small cell lung cancer gene.
  • Other studies have shown that the risk of non-small cell lung cancer in a family increases if a family member developed the disease at an early age.

Radiation Therapy to the Chest

Positive history of radiation therapy to the chest increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer due to the development of cellular damage and DNA mutations.[1]

Radon Exposure

Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in rocks and soil.[12]

  • Radon exposure increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Radon is the leading cause of non-small cell lung cancer in non-smokers and the second leading cause in smokers.

Asbestos Exposure

Exposure to asbestos fibers in the air increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.[12]

  • The risk of asbestos exposure is highest for people who work with asbestos, such as miners.
  • Studies have shown that the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure is especially hazardous.
  • Patients that are exposed to asbestos and smoke are at even greater risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer.

Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens

Other chemical carcinogens associated with small cell lung cancer include:[12]

Less Common Risk Factors

Less common risk factors non small cell lung cancer may include:[13][12]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA (2008). "Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship". Mayo Clin. Proc. 83 (5): 584–94. doi:10.4065/83.5.584. PMC 2718421. PMID 18452692.
  2. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution Accessed February 3, 2016
  3. ↑ CDC (Dec 1986). "1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking". CDC. PMID 3097495. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * National Research Council (1986). Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects. National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-07456-8.
    * Template:Cite paper
    * California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). "Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke". Tobacco Control. 6 (4): 346–353. PMID 9583639. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * CDC (Dec 2001). "State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. CDC. 50 (49): 1101–1106. PMID 11794619. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
    * Alberg, AJ (Jan 2003). "Epidemiology of non-small cell lung cancer". Chest. American College of Chest Physicians. 123 (S1): 21S–49S. PMID 12527563. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Boffetta, P (Oct 1998). "Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and non-small cell lung cancer in Europe". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Oxford University Press. 90 (19): 1440–1450. PMID 9776409. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ "Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health". Department of Health. Mar 1998. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
    * Hackshaw, AK (Jun 1998). "Lung cancer and passive smoking". Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 7 (2): 119–136. PMID 9654638.
  6. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  7. ↑ Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH (2015). "Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols". N Engl J Med. 372 (4): 392–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069. PMID 25607446.
  8. ↑ Samet, JM (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and non-small cell lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  10. ↑ Parent, ME (Jan 2007). "Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (1): 53–62. PMID 17062632. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  13. ↑ "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk Factors".


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