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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Mnemonic'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Mnemonic'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Phrase'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Acronym'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Description'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | '''Description'''
|-
|-
Line 23: Line 23:
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
| style="text-align: center;" | Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Aorta= Right       Vena Cava=Left'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Aorta=Right'''     
| *Aorta and '''right''' each have '''5 letters''', so aorta is on the ri*Vena and cava and '''left''' each have '''4 letters''', so vena cava is on the left
'''Vena Cava=Left'''
|
*Aorta and '''right''' each have '''5 letters''', so aorta is on the right
*Vena and cava and '''left''' each have '''4 letters''', so vena cava is on the left
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Aortic to left Subclavian path
| style="text-align: center;" | Aortic to left Subclavian path
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABC'S'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABC'S'''
|'''A'''ortic arch gives rise to:  
|
'''B'''rachiocephalic trunk left
*'''A'''ortic arch gives rise to:  
'''C'''ommon Carotid left Subclavian
* '''B'''rachiocephalic trunk left
* '''C'''ommon Carotid left Subclavian
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
| style="text-align: center;" | Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
| style="text-align: center;" | '''HILT'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''HILT'''
| '''H'''eaving  
|
'''I'''mpalpable  
* '''H'''eaving  
'''L'''aterally displaced  
* '''I'''mpalpable  
'''T'''hrusting/ Tapping.
* '''L'''aterally displaced  
* '''T'''hrusting/ Tapping
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Atrial Fibrillation causes
| style="text-align: center;" | Atrial Fibrillation causes
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PIRATES'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PIRATES'''
| '''P'''ulmonary: PE, COPD  
|  
'''R'''heumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation, '''A'''therosclerotic: MI, CAD , '''T'''hyroid: hyperthyroid '''E'''ndocarditis, '''S'''ick sinus syndrome
* '''P'''ulmonary: PE, COPD
* '''I'''schemia (ACS)
* '''R'''heumatic heart: mitral regurgitation
* '''A'''therosclerotic: MI, CAD
* '''T'''hyroid: hyperthyroid  
* '''E'''ndocarditis
* '''S'''ick sinus syndrome
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Atrial fibrillation management
| style="text-align: center;" | Atrial fibrillation management
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABCD'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABCD'''
| '''A'''nti-co'''B'''eta-block to control rate '''C'''ardiovert '''D'''igoxin
|
* '''A'''nti-cogulant
* '''B'''eta-block to control rate
* '''C'''ardiovert  
* '''D'''igoxin
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)| style="text-align: center;" | '''3 D's'''
| style="text-align: center;" | Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)
| '''D'''istant heart sounds,'''D'''istended jugular veins, '''D'''ecreased arterial pressure
| style="text-align: center;" | '''3 D's'''
|
* '''D'''istant heart sounds
* '''D'''istended jugular veins
* '''D'''ecreased arterial pressure
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
| style="text-align: center;" | Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
| style="text-align: center;" | '''B'''etablockers '''A'''cting '''E'''xclusively At '''M'''yocardium:
| style="text-align: center;" | '''B'''etablockers '''A'''cting '''E'''xclusively At '''M'''yocardium:
| '''B'''etaxolol
|
'''A'''cebutelol '''E'''smolol, '''A'''tenolol, '''M'''etoprolol
* '''B'''etaxolol
* '''A'''cebutelol  
* '''E'''smolol
* '''A'''tenolol
* '''M'''etoprolol
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | CHF Treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | CHF Treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LMNOP'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LMNOP'''
| '''L'''asix '''M'''orphine '''N'''itrites '''O'''xygen Vasso'''P'''ressors
|
* '''L'''asix  
* '''M'''orphine  
* '''N'''itrites  
* '''O'''xygen  
* Vasso'''P'''ressors
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | CHF: causes of exacerbation
| style="text-align: center;" | CHF: causes of exacerbation
| style="text-align: center;" | '''FAILURE'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''FAILURE'''
| '''F'''orgot medication '''A'''rrhythmia/ '''A'''naemia Ischemia/ '''I'''nfarction/ '''I'''nfection Lifestyle: taken too much salt '''U'''pregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism '''R'''enal failure '''E'''mbolism: pulmonary
|
* '''F'''orgot medication
* '''A'''rrhythmia/ '''A'''naemia Ischemia
* '''I'''nfarction/ '''I'''nfection
* '''L'''ifestyle: taken too much salt
* '''U'''pregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
* '''R'''enal failure  
* '''E'''mbolism: pulmonary
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Complications of Myocardial Infarction
| style="text-align: center;" | Complications of Myocardial Infarction
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Darth Vader'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Darth Vader'''
| '''D'''eath '''A'''rrythmia '''R'''upture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)'''T'''amponade '''H'''eart failure (acute or chronic)'''V'''alve disease '''A'''neurysm of Ventricles '''D'''ressler's Syndrome Thrombo'''E'''mbolism (mural thrombus) '''R'''ecurrence/ mitral '''R'''egurgitation
|  
* '''D'''eath  
* '''A'''rrythmia  
* '''R'''upture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)
* '''T'''amponade
* '''H'''eart failure (acute or chronic)
* '''V'''alve disease
* '''A'''neurysm of Ventricles  
* '''D'''ressler's Syndrome
* Thrombo'''E'''mbolism (mural thrombus)  
* '''R'''ecurrence/ mitral '''R'''egurgitation
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
| style="text-align: center;" | Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
| style="text-align: center;" | '''DUST'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''DUST'''
| '''D'''epressed ventricular function '''U'''nstable angina '''S'''tenosis of the left main stem '''T'''riple vessel disease
|
* '''D'''epressed ventricular function  
* '''U'''nstable angina  
* '''S'''tenosis of the left main stem
* '''T'''riple vessel disease
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ECG: left vs. right bundle block
| style="text-align: center;" | ECG: left vs. right bundle block
| style="text-align: center;" | '''W'''i'''LL'''ia'''M''' '''M'''a'''RR'''o'''W'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''W'''i'''LL'''ia'''M''' '''M'''a'''RR'''o'''W'''
| '''W pattern''' in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is '''Left bundle block'''
|
'''M pattern''' in V1-V2 and '''W''' in V3-V6 is '''Right bundle block'''
*  '''W pattern''' in V1-V2 and '''M''' pattern in V3-V6 is '''Left bundle block'''
* '''M pattern''' in V1-V2 and '''W''' in V3-V6 is '''Right bundle block'''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
| style="text-align: center;" | Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
| style="text-align: center;" | '''RAMP'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''RAMP'''
| '''R'''ecent MI '''A'''ortic stenosis '''MI''' in the last 7 days '''P'''ulmonary hypertension
|
* '''R'''ecent MI  
* '''A'''ortic stenosis
* '''MI''' in the last 7 days  
* '''P'''ulmonary hypertension
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Heart valve sequence
| style="text-align: center;" | Heart valve sequence
| style="text-align: center;" | '''T'''ry '''P'''uling '''M'''y '''A'''orta
| style="text-align: center;" | '''T'''ry '''P'''uling '''M'''y '''A'''orta
| '''T'''ricuspid '''P'''ulmonary '''M'''itral (bicuspid) '''A'''orta
|
* '''T'''ricuspid  
* '''P'''ulmonary  
* '''M'''itral (bicuspid)  
* '''A'''orta
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Infarctions
| style="text-align: center;" | Infarctions
| style="text-align: center;" | Infarctions
| style="text-align: center;" | INFRACTIONS
| '''I'''V access '''N'''arcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine) '''F'''acilities for defibrillation (DF) '''A'''spirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin) '''R'''est '''C'''onverting enzyme inhibitor '''T'''hrombolysis IV beta blocker '''O'''xygen 60% '''N'''itrates '''S'''tool Softeners
|
* '''I'''V access  
* '''N'''arcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine)  
* '''F'''acilities for defibrillation (DF)  
* '''A'''spirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)  
* '''R'''est  
* '''C'''onverting enzyme inhibitor  
* '''T'''hrombolysis IV beta blocker  
* '''O'''xygen 60%  
* '''N'''itrates
* '''S'''tool Softeners
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | JVP: wave form
| style="text-align: center;" | JVP: wave form
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ASK ME'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ASK ME'''
| '''A'''trial contraction '''S'''ystole (ventricular contraction) '''K'''losure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling '''M'''aximal atrial filling '''E'''mptying of atrium
|
* '''A'''trial contraction  
* '''S'''ystole (ventricular contraction)
* '''K'''losure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling  
* '''M'''aximal atrial filling  
* '''E'''mptying of atrium
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: basic management
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: basic management
| style="text-align: center;" | '''BOOMAR'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''BOOMAR'''
| '''B'''ed rest '''O'''xygen '''O'''piate '''M'''onitor '''A'''nticoagulate '''R'''educe clot size
|
* '''B'''ed rest  
* '''O'''xygen  
* '''O'''piate
* '''M'''onitor  
* '''A'''nticoagulate
* '''R'''educe clot size
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: signs and symptoms
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: signs and symptoms
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PULSE'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PULSE'''
| '''P'''ersistent chest pains '''U'''pset stomach '''L'''ight headedness '''S'''hortness of breath '''E'''xcessive sweating
|
* '''P'''ersistent chest pains
* '''U'''pset stomach
* '''L'''ight headedness
* '''S'''hortness of breath
* '''E'''xcessive sweating
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: therapeutic treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: therapeutic treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | '''O BATMAN!'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''O BATMAN!'''
| '''O'''xygen '''B'''eta-blocker '''A'''SA/Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin) '''M'''orphine Ace PRN Nitroglycerin
|
* '''O'''xygen  
* '''B'''eta-blocker
* '''A'''SA
* '''T'''hrombolytics (e.g. heparin)
* '''M'''orphine
* '''A'''ce PRN
* '''N'''itroglycerin
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: treatment of acute MI
| style="text-align: center;" | MI: treatment of acute MI
| style="text-align: center;" | '''COAG'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''COAG'''
| '''C'''yclomorph '''O'''xygen '''A'''spirin '''G'''lycerol trinitrate
|
* '''C'''yclomorph
* '''O'''xygen  
* '''A'''spirin  
* '''G'''lycerol trinitrate
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmur attributes
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmur attributes
| style="text-align: center;" | '''IL PQRST'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''IL PQRST'''
| '''I'''ntensity '''L'''ocation '''P'''itch '''Q'''uality '''R'''adiation '''S'''hape '''T'''iming
|
* '''I'''ntensity
* '''L'''ocation  
* '''P'''itch  
* '''Q'''uality  
* '''R'''adiation  
* '''S'''hape  
* '''T'''iming
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: innocent murmur features
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: innocent murmur features
| style="text-align: center;" | '''8 S's'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''8 S's'''
| '''S'''oft '''S'''ystolic '''S'''hort '''S'''ounds (S1 & S2) normal '''S'''ymptomless '''S'''pecial tests normal (X-ray, EKG) '''S'''tanding/ '''S'''itting (vary with position) '''S'''ternal depression
|
* '''S'''oft
* '''S'''ystolic  
* '''S'''hort  
* '''S'''ounds (S1 & S2) normal
* '''S'''ymptomless  
* '''S'''pecial tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
* '''S'''tanding
* '''S'''itting (vary with position)
* '''S'''ternal depression
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LEft  = E  Right = I'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LEft  = E  Right = I'''
| '''LE'''ft sided murmurs louder with Expiration '''RI'''ght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
|
* '''LE'''ft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
* '''RI'''ght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: questions to ask
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: questions to ask
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SCRIPT'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SCRIPT'''
| '''S'''ite '''C'''haracter (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing) '''R'''adiation '''I'''ntensity '''P'''itch '''T'''iming
|
* '''S'''ite  
* '''C'''haracter (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing)
* '''R'''adiation
* '''I'''ntensity
* '''P'''itch  
* '''T'''iming
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic
| style="text-align: center;" | Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic
| style="text-align: center;" | PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PASS and PAID'''
| PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic  Stenosis=Systolic     PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic  Insufficiency=Diastolic.
|
* '''PASS''':Pulmonic & Aortic  Stenosis=Systolic  
* '''PAID''': Pulmonic & Aortic  Insufficiency=Diastolic.
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Pericarditis: causes
| style="text-align: center;" | Pericarditis: causes
| style="text-align: center;" | '''CARDIAC RIND'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''CARDIAC RIND'''
| '''C'''ollagen vascular disease '''A'''ortic aneurysm '''R'''adiation '''D'''rugs (such as hydralazine) '''I'''nfections '''A'''cute renal failure '''C'''ardiac infarction '''R'''heumatic fever '''I'''njury '''N'''eoplasms '''D'''ressler's syndrome
|
* '''C'''ollagen vascular disease
* '''A'''ortic aneurysm  
* '''R'''adiation  
* '''D'''rugs (such as hydralazine)
* '''I'''nfections  
* '''A'''cute renal failure  
* '''C'''ardiac infarction  
* '''R'''heumatic fever  
* '''I'''njury  
* '''N'''eoplasms  
* '''D'''ressler's syndrome
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Pericarditis: EKG
| style="text-align: center;" | Pericarditis: EKG
| style="text-align: center;" | '''P'''ericarditi'''S'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''P'''ericarditi'''S'''
| '''PR''' depression in precordial leads. '''ST''' elevation
|
* '''PR''' depression in precordial leads. '''ST''' elevation
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria
| style="text-align: center;" | Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SICVD'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SICVD'''
| '''S'''ymmetry of leg musculature '''I'''ntegrity of skin '''C'''olor of toenails '''V'''aricose veins Distribution of hair
|
* '''S'''ymmetry of leg musculature
* '''I'''ntegrity of skin
* '''C'''olor of toenails  
* '''V'''aricose veins
* '''D'''istribution of hair
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Pulseless electrical activity: causes
| style="text-align: center;" | Pulseless electrical activity: causes
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PATCH MED'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''PATCH MED'''
| '''P'''ulmonary embolus '''A'''cidosis '''T'''ension pneumothorax '''C'''ardiac tamponade '''H'''ypokalemia/ '''H'''yperkalemia/ '''H'''ypoxia/ '''H'''ypothermia/ '''H'''ypovolemia '''M'''yocardial infarction '''E'''lectrolyte derangements '''D'''rug
|
* '''P'''ulmonary embolus  
* '''A'''cidosis  
* '''T'''ension pneumothorax  
* '''C'''ardiac tamponade  
* '''H'''ypokalemia/ '''H'''yperkalemia/ '''H'''ypoxia/ '''H'''ypothermia/ '''H'''ypovolemia
* '''M'''yocardial infarction  
* '''E'''lectrolyte derangements  
* '''D'''rug
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ST elevation causes in ECG
| style="text-align: center;" | ST elevation causes in ECG
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ELEVATION'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ELEVATION'''
| '''E'''lectrolytes '''L'''BBB '''E'''arly repolarization '''V'''entricular hypertrophy '''A'''neurysm '''T'''reatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis) '''I'''njury (AMI, contusion) '''O'''sborne waves (hypothermia) '''N'''on-occlusive vasospasm
|
* '''E'''lectrolytes
* '''L'''BBB  
* '''E'''arly repolarization
* '''V'''entricular hypertrophy
* '''A'''neurysm  
* '''T'''reatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis)
* '''I'''njury (AMI, contusion)
* '''O'''sborne waves (hypothermia)
* '''N'''on-occlusive vasospasm
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABCDE'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ABCDE'''
| '''A'''denosine '''B'''eta-blocker '''C'''alcium channel antagonist '''D'''igoxin '''E'''xcitation (vagal stimulation)
|
* '''A'''denosine
* '''B'''eta-blocker
* '''C'''alcium channel antagonist  
* '''D'''igoxin
* '''E'''xcitation (vagal stimulation)
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Ventricular tachycardia: treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | Ventricular tachycardia: treatment
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LAMB'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LAMB'''
| '''L'''idocaine '''A'''miodarone '''M'''exiltene/ '''M'''agnesium '''B'''eta-blocker
|
* '''L'''idocaine  
* '''A'''miodarone
* '''M'''exiltene/ '''M'''agnesium
* '''B'''eta-blocker
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 14:03, 15 December 2015

Cardiology

Mnemonic Acronym Description
Aortic regurgitation: causes CREAM
  • Congenital
  • Rheumatic damage
  • Endocarditis
  • Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
  • Marfan’s
Aortic stenosis characteristics SAD
  • Syncope
  • Angina
  • Dyspnea
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left Aorta=Right

Vena Cava=Left

  • Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right
  • Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left
Aortic to left Subclavian path ABC'S
  • Aortic arch gives rise to:
  • Brachiocephalic trunk left
  • Common Carotid left Subclavian
Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable HILT
  • Heaving
  • Impalpable
  • Laterally displaced
  • Thrusting/ Tapping

If it's impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia

Atrial Fibrillation causes PIRATES
  • Pulmonary: PE, COPD
  • Ischemia (ACS)
  • Rheumatic heart: mitral regurgitation
  • Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
  • Thyroid: hyperthyroid
  • Endocarditis
  • Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial fibrillation management ABCD
  • Anti-cogulant
  • Beta-block to control rate
  • Cardiovert
  • Digoxin
Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) 3 D's
  • Distant heart sounds
  • Distended jugular veins
  • Decreased arterial pressure
Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:
  • Betaxolol
  • Acebutelol
  • Esmolol
  • Atenolol
  • Metoprolol
CHF Treatment LMNOP
  • Lasix
  • Morphine
  • Nitrites
  • Oxygen
  • VassoPressors
CHF: causes of exacerbation FAILURE
  • Forgot medication
  • Arrhythmia/ Anaemia Ischemia
  • Infarction/ Infection
  • Lifestyle: taken too much salt
  • Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
  • Renal failure
  • Embolism: pulmonary
Complications of Myocardial Infarction Darth Vader
  • Death
  • Arrythmia
  • Rupture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)
  • Tamponade
  • Heart failure (acute or chronic)
  • Valve disease
  • Aneurysm of Ventricles
  • Dressler's Syndrome
  • ThromboEmbolism (mural thrombus)
  • Recurrence/ mitral Regurgitation
Coronary artery bypass graft: indications DUST
  • Depressed ventricular function
  • Unstable angina
  • Stenosis of the left main stem
  • Triple vessel disease
ECG: left vs. right bundle block WiLLiaM MaRRoW
  • W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block
  • M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block
Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications RAMP
  • Recent MI
  • Aortic stenosis
  • MI in the last 7 days
  • Pulmonary hypertension
Heart valve sequence Try Puling My Aorta
  • Tricuspid
  • Pulmonary
  • Mitral (bicuspid)
  • Aorta
Infarctions INFRACTIONS
  • IV access
  • Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine)
  • Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
  • Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
  • Rest
  • Converting enzyme inhibitor
  • Thrombolysis IV beta blocker
  • Oxygen 60%
  • Nitrates
  • Stool Softeners
JVP: wave form ASK ME
  • Atrial contraction
  • Systole (ventricular contraction)
  • Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
  • Maximal atrial filling
  • Emptying of atrium
MI: basic management BOOMAR
  • Bed rest
  • Oxygen
  • Opiate
  • Monitor
  • Anticoagulate
  • Reduce clot size
MI: signs and symptoms PULSE
  • Persistent chest pains
  • Upset stomach
  • Light headedness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Excessive sweating
MI: therapeutic treatment O BATMAN!
  • Oxygen
  • Beta-blocker
  • ASA
  • Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin)
  • Morphine
  • Ace PRN
  • Nitroglycerin
MI: treatment of acute MI COAG
  • Cyclomorph
  • Oxygen
  • Aspirin
  • Glycerol trinitrate
Murmur attributes IL PQRST
  • Intensity
  • Location
  • Pitch
  • Quality
  • Radiation
  • Shape
  • Timing
Murmurs: innocent murmur features 8 S's
  • Soft
  • Systolic
  • Short
  • Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
  • Symptomless
  • Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
  • Standing
  • Sitting (vary with position)
  • Sternal depression
Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration LEft = E Right = I
  • LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
  • RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
Murmurs: questions to ask SCRIPT
  • Site
  • Character (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing)
  • Radiation
  • Intensity
  • Pitch
  • Timing
Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic PASS and PAID
  • PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic
  • PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.
Pericarditis: causes CARDIAC RIND
  • Collagen vascular disease
  • Aortic aneurysm
  • Radiation
  • Drugs (such as hydralazine)
  • Infections
  • Acute renal failure
  • Cardiac infarction
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Injury
  • Neoplasms
  • Dressler's syndrome
Pericarditis: EKG PericarditiS
  • PR depression in precordial leads. ST elevation
Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria SICVD
  • Symmetry of leg musculature
  • Integrity of skin
  • Color of toenails
  • Varicose veins
  • Distribution of hair
Pulseless electrical activity: causes PATCH MED
  • Pulmonary embolus
  • Acidosis
  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Electrolyte derangements
  • Drug
ST elevation causes in ECG ELEVATION
  • Electrolytes
  • LBBB
  • Early repolarization
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Aneurysm
  • Treatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis)
  • Injury (AMI, contusion)
  • Osborne waves (hypothermia)
  • Non-occlusive vasospasm
Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment ABCDE
  • Adenosine
  • Beta-blocker
  • Calcium channel antagonist
  • Digoxin
  • Excitation (vagal stimulation)
Ventricular tachycardia: treatment LAMB
  • Lidocaine
  • Amiodarone
  • Mexiltene/ Magnesium
  • Beta-blocker
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