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| {{SI}} | | {{Parathyroid adenoma}} |
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| '''For patient information, click [[Insert page name here (patient information)|Insert page name here]]'''
| | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma overview|Overview]]== |
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| | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma classification|Classification]]== |
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| == Overview == | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma differential diagnosis|Differentiating Vulvar cancer from other Diseases]]== |
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| == Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| A parathyroid adenoma is a [[adenoma|benign tumor]] of the [[parathyroid gland]]. It generally causes [[hyperparathyroidism]]; there are very few reports of parathyroid adenomas that were not associated with hyperparathyroidism.<ref name=sekine>{{cite journal |author=Sekine O, Hozumi Y, Takemoto N, Kiyozaki H, Yamada S, Konishi F |title=Parathyroid adenoma without hyperparathyroidism |journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=155–8 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15078912 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyh028}}</ref>
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| A human being usually has four parathyroid glands located on the back surface of the [[thyroid]] in the neck. The parathyroids secrete [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH), which increases the concentration of [[calcium]] in the blood by inducing the [[bone]]s to release calcium into the blood and the [[kidney]]s to reabsorb it from the urine into the blood. When a parathyroid adenoma causes hyperparathyroidism, more parathyroid hormone is secreted, causing the calcium concentration of the blood to rise, resulting in [[Hypercalcaemia|hypercalcemia]].<ref name=fel>{{cite journal |author=Felsenfeld AJ, Rodríguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E |title=Dynamics of parathyroid hormone secretion in health and secondary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1283–305 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17942777 |doi=10.2215/CJN.01520407}}</ref>
| | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| === Genetics === | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma screening|Screening]]== |
| * Parathyroid adenoma can be associated with overexpression of the [[cyclin D1]] gene.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A |title=Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1736–9 |date=May 1996 |pmid=8626826 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826}}</ref>
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| === Associated Conditions=== | | ==[[Parathyroid adenoma natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural history, complications and prognosis]]== |
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| ===Gross Pathology===
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Parathyroid adenoma history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma physical examination|Physical Examination]] [[Parathyroid adenoma CT|CT]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma MRI|MRI]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| ===Microscopic Pathology===
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| ==Causes==
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| ===Life Threatening Causes===
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| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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| ===Common Causes===
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| ==Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases==
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| == Epidemiology and Demographics ==
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| ===Age===
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| ===Gender===
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| ===Race===
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| ===Developed Countries===
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| ===Developing Countries===
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| == Risk Factors ==
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| == Screening ==
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| == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
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| == Diagnosis == | |
| ===Diagnostic Criteria===
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| If available, the diagnostic criteria are provided here.
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| ===History===
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| A directed history should be obtained to ascertain
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| === Symptoms ===
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| "Type symptom here" is pathognomonic of the "type disease name here".
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| "Type non specific symptoms" may be present.
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| ===Past Medical History===
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| ===Family History===
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| ===Social History===
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| ====Occupational====
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| ====Alcohol====
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| The frequency and amount of alcohol consumption should be characterized.
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| ====Drug Use====
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| ====Smoking====
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| ===Allergies===
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| === Physical Examination ===
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| ==== Appearance of the Patient ====
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| ====Vital Signs====
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| ====Skin====
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| ====Head====
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| ==== Eyes ====
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| ==== Ear ====
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| ====Nose====
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| ====Mouth====
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| ====Throat ====
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| ==== Heart ====
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| ==== Lungs ====
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| ==== Abdomen ====
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| ==== Extremities ====
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| ==== Neurologic ====
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| ====Genitals====
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| ==== Other ====
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| ==== Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies ====
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| ==== Electrocardiogram ====
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| ==== Chest X Ray ====
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| ====CT ====
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| ==== MRI ====
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| ==== Echocardiography or Ultrasound ====
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| ==== Other Imaging Findings ====
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| '''Patient #1'''
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| <gallery>
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| Image:
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| Parathyroid-adenoma-001.jpg | |
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| Image:
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| Parathyroid-adenoma-002.jpg | |
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| </gallery>
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| '''Patient #2'''
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| <gallery>
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| Image:
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| Parathyroid-adenoma-101.jpg
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| Image:
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| Parathyroid-adenoma-102.jpg
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| Image:
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| Parathyroid-adenoma-103.jpg
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| </gallery>
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Pharmacotherapy ===
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| ==== Acute Pharmacotherapies ====
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| ==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====
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| === Surgery and Device Based Therapy ===
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| ==== Indications for Surgery ====
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| ==== Pre-Operative Assessment ====
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| ==== Post-Operative Management ====
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| ==== Transplantation ====
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| === Primary Prevention ===
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| === Secondary Prevention ===
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| === Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy ===
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| === Future or Investigational Therapies ===
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Help]] | |
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| ==Related Chapters==
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| *[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
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