Paracoccidioidomycosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Paracoccidioidomycosis has been reported as an autochthonous disease, that tends to affect agriculture workers from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Paracoccidioidomycosis is prevalent in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina, and is classically associated with individuals from rural areas. The typical patient is a man aged 30 to 50 years. <ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref> PCM disease affects men, more commonly than women. However, PCM infection can affect anyone. <ref name="pmid21738969">{{cite journal| author=Fortes MR, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques ME, Marques SA| title=Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-24 | pmid=21738969 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21738969  }} </ref>
Paracoccidioidomycosis has been reported as an autochthonous disease, that tends to affect agriculture workers from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Paracoccidioidomycosis is prevalent in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina, and is classically associated with individuals from rural areas. The typical patient is a man aged 30 to 50 years.<ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref> PCM affects men, more commonly than women. However, latent [[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|''Paracoccidioides'']] infection can affect anyone.<ref name="pmid21738969">{{cite journal| author=Fortes MR, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques ME, Marques SA| title=Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-24 | pmid=21738969 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21738969  }} </ref>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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* It is difficult to establish the true [[prevalence]] and [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis because disease reporting is not always required.
* It is difficult to establish the true [[prevalence]] and [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis because disease reporting is not always required.


*In [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas, the [[prevalence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis may be as high as 1 in 9 people. <ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev''.1993;Vol 6(2):89-117''</ref>
*In endemic areas, the [[prevalence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis may be as high as 1 in 9 people.<ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev''.1993;Vol 6(2):89-117''</ref>


===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*In [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas, the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis is estimated to be 1-3 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>
*In endemic areas, the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of paracoccidioidomycosis is estimated to be 1-3 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>


===Mortality===
===Mortality===
*Paracoccidioidomycosis is associated with approximately 0.14 deaths per 100,000 population. <ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>
*In endemic areas, the mortality rate of paracoccidioidomycosis is estimated to be 0.14 deaths per 100,000 population.<ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
*Paracoccidioidomycosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 60 years old. <ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*Paracoccidioidomycosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 60 years old.<ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*It is rarely diagnosed in children (3%) and young adults (10%). <ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 1993;Vol 6(2):89-117</ref>  
*Paracoccidioidomycosis is rarely diagnosed in children (3%) and young adults (10%).<ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 1993;Vol 6(2):89-117</ref>  


===Gender===
===Gender===
*Men are more commonly affected with paracoccidioidomycosis than women.   
*Men are more commonly affected with paracoccidioidomycosis than women.   
*This is a result of the protection that [[estrogen]] imparts in women. <ref name="pmid21738969">{{cite journal| author=Fortes MR, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques ME, Marques SA| title=Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-24 | pmid=21738969 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21738969  }} </ref>  
*This could be a result of the protection that estrogen imparts in women.<ref name="pmid21738969">{{cite journal| author=Fortes MR, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques ME, Marques SA| title=Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-24 | pmid=21738969 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21738969  }} </ref>  
*The male to female ratio is approximately 13 to 1. <ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref><ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 1993;Vol 6(2):89-117</ref>  
*The male to female ratio is approximately 13 to 1.<ref name="?">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 1993;Vol 6(2):89-117</ref><ref>Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  


===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection for paracoccidioidomycosis. <ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>
*There is no racial predilection for paracoccidioidomycosis.<ref name="aaa">Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. ''Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica''. 2014;31(2):352-7</ref>


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
*Cases have been reported in non-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas among patients who have traveled or lived in Central or South America. <ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>
*Cases have been reported in non-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas among patients who have traveled or lived in Central or South America.<ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
*Paracoccidiodomycosis is an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] disease that tends to affect agriculture workers in South and Central America, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. <ref name=":0">Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*Paracoccidiodomycosis is an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] disease that tends to affect agriculture workers in South and Central America, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.<ref name=":0">Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*No cases have been reported from Belize and Nicaragua in Central America, or from Chile, French Guiana, Guiana, and Suriname in South America. <ref name=":0">Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*No cases have been reported from Belize and Nicaragua in Central America, or from Chile, French Guiana, Guiana, and Suriname in South America.<ref name=":0">Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015</ref>  
*The countries with the greatest number of patients are: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. <ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>
*The countries with the greatest number of patients are: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.<ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>
*The greatest number of cases have been reported in Brazil (approximately 80%). <ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>
*The greatest number of cases have been reported in Brazil.
**Approximately 80% of PCM cases have been reported in Brazil<ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:34, 12 February 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Paracoccidioidomycosis has been reported as an autochthonous disease, that tends to affect agriculture workers from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Paracoccidioidomycosis is prevalent in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina, and is classically associated with individuals from rural areas. The typical patient is a man aged 30 to 50 years.[1] PCM affects men, more commonly than women. However, latent Paracoccidioides infection can affect anyone.[2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • It is difficult to establish the true prevalence and incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis because disease reporting is not always required.
  • In endemic areas, the prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis may be as high as 1 in 9 people.[3]

Incidence

  • In endemic areas, the incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis is estimated to be 1-3 per 100,000 persons.[4]

Mortality

  • In endemic areas, the mortality rate of paracoccidioidomycosis is estimated to be 0.14 deaths per 100,000 population.[4]

Age

  • Paracoccidioidomycosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 60 years old.[5]
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis is rarely diagnosed in children (3%) and young adults (10%).[3]

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected with paracoccidioidomycosis than women.
  • This could be a result of the protection that estrogen imparts in women.[2]
  • The male to female ratio is approximately 13 to 1.[3][6]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for paracoccidioidomycosis.[4]

Developed Countries

  • Cases have been reported in non-endemic areas among patients who have traveled or lived in Central or South America.[7]

Developing Countries

  • Paracoccidiodomycosis is an endemic disease that tends to affect agriculture workers in South and Central America, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.[8]
  • No cases have been reported from Belize and Nicaragua in Central America, or from Chile, French Guiana, Guiana, and Suriname in South America.[8]
  • The countries with the greatest number of patients are: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.[7]
  • The greatest number of cases have been reported in Brazil.
    • Approximately 80% of PCM cases have been reported in Brazil[7]

References

  1. ↑ Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fortes MR, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques ME, Marques SA (2011). "Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis". An Bras Dermatol. 86 (3): 516–24. PMID 21738969.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev.1993;Vol 6(2):89-117
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Macalupú Z. Esporotricosis y paracoccidioidomicosis en Perú: experiencias en prevención y control. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2014;31(2):352-7
  5. ↑ Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015
  6. ↑ Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F; et al. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Front Microbiol. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Paracoccidioidomycosis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis. Accessed on January 12, 2015
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