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==Overview==
==Overview==
Trichinosis must be differentiated from influenza virus, salmonella, shigella, eosinophilia-myalgia syndromes, tissular parasitosis, glomerulonephritis, serum sickness, infectious meningitis and encephalitis, leptospirosis, bacterial endocarditis and typhus exanthematicus.<ref name=abc>FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. FAO (2007). http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/61e00fb1-87e8-5b89-8be1-50481e43eed1/ Accessed on January 28, 2016  </ref>
Trichinosis must be differentiated from [[influenza virus]], [[salmonella]], [[shigella]], eosinophilia-myalgia syndromes, tissular parasitosis, [[glomerulonephritis]], [[serum sickness]], infectious [[meningitis]] and [[encephalitis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[bacterial endocarditis]] and typhus exanthematicus.<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. FAO (2007). http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/61e00fb1-87e8-5b89-8be1-50481e43eed1/ Accessed on January 28, 2016  </ref>


==Differentiating Paracoccidioidomycosis from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases==
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+ '''Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases'''<ref name=abc>FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. FAO (2007). http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/61e00fb1-87e8-5b89-8be1-50481e43eed1/ Accessed on January 28, 2016  </ref>
|+ '''Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases'''<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. FAO (2007). http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/61e00fb1-87e8-5b89-8be1-50481e43eed1/ Accessed on January 28, 2016  </ref>
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Differential Diagnosis}}
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Differential Diagnosis}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Similar Signs & Symptoms}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Similar Clinical Features}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Distinguishing Clinical Features}}
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Influenza virus
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |
* Influenza virus
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | High fever + myalgia
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | High fever + myalgia
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | No eosinophilia
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | (Salmonella  
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |
* Salmonella
 
*Shigella
*Shigella
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Protracted diarrhoea
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Protracted diarrhoea
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | No eosinophilia
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndromes:
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndromes:
**Toxic Oil Syndrome
:*Toxic Oil Syndrome


**Tryptophan Intake
:*Tryptophan Intake


**Eosinophilic Fasciitis
:*Eosinophilic Fasciitis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eosinophilia + myalgia + inflammatory response
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eosinophilia + myalgia + inflammatory response
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | History of L-tryptophan ingestion
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Fascioliasis  
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |
**Toxocariasis
* Fascioliasis
*Toxocariasis


Invasive Schistosomiasis
* Invasive Schistosomiasis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eosinophilia + fever
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eosinophilia + fever
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:left" |
* Fascioliasis: Latent phase after symptoms start
*Toxocariasis: Elevation of anti-A, anti–B isohaemagglutinins
* Invasive Schistosomiasis: Itchy + papular rash
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Glomerulonephritis
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |
* Glomerulonephritis
 
*Serum Sickness  
*Serum Sickness  


*Allergic reactions to drugs or allergens Polymyositis  
*Allergic reactions to drugs or allergens  
*Polymyositis  


*Dermatomyositis  
*Dermatomyositis  
Line 42: Line 58:
*Periarteritis Nodosa
*Periarteritis Nodosa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Periorbital or facial edema + fever
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Periorbital or facial edema + fever
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:left" |
* Glomerulonephritis: Hematuria + foamy urine
*Serum Sickness: Due to an antiserum derived from an animal source
*Polymyositis: Weakness and/or loss of muscle mass in the proximal musculature + dysphagia + foot drop
*Dermatomyositis: Symmetric proximal muscle weakness + Gottron's sign + heliotrope + Shawl (or V-) sign + Erythroderma
*Periarteritis Nodosa: Nodules in the lower legs + nerve involvement (numbness, pain, burning, and weakness) + Livedo reticularis
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Infectious Meningitis
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |
*Encephalitis
* Leptospirosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Intense headaches + stiff neck + confusion + drowsiness + irritability + neurological symptoms
 
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | *Leptospirosis
*Bacterial Endocarditis   
*Bacterial Endocarditis   
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Haemorrhages of the conjunctiva or haemorrhagic skin petechiae + fever
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:left" |
* Leptospirosis: Jaundice + asymptomatic phase (3–4 days) after symptoms start


*Typhus Exanthematicus
*Bacterial Endocarditis: Osler nodes, Janeway lesion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Haemorrhages of the conjunctiva or haemorrhagic skin petechiae + fever
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 19:01, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Trichinosis must be differentiated from influenza virus, salmonella, shigella, eosinophilia-myalgia syndromes, tissular parasitosis, glomerulonephritis, serum sickness, infectious meningitis and encephalitis, leptospirosis, bacterial endocarditis and typhus exanthematicus.[1]

Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases

Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases[1]
Differential Diagnosis Similar Clinical Features Distinguishing Clinical Features
  • Influenza virus
 High fever + myalgia No eosinophilia
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
 Protracted diarrhoea No eosinophilia
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndromes:
  • Toxic Oil Syndrome
  • Tryptophan Intake
  • Eosinophilic Fasciitis
 Eosinophilia + myalgia + inflammatory response History of L-tryptophan ingestion
  • Fascioliasis
  • Toxocariasis
  • Invasive Schistosomiasis
 Eosinophilia + fever
  • Fascioliasis: Latent phase after symptoms start
  • Toxocariasis: Elevation of anti-A, anti–B isohaemagglutinins
  • Invasive Schistosomiasis: Itchy + papular rash
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Serum Sickness
  • Allergic reactions to drugs or allergens
  • Polymyositis
  • Dermatomyositis
  • Periarteritis Nodosa
 Periorbital or facial edema + fever
  • Glomerulonephritis: Hematuria + foamy urine
  • Serum Sickness: Due to an antiserum derived from an animal source
  • Polymyositis: Weakness and/or loss of muscle mass in the proximal musculature + dysphagia + foot drop
  • Dermatomyositis: Symmetric proximal muscle weakness + Gottron's sign + heliotrope + Shawl (or V-) sign + Erythroderma
  • Periarteritis Nodosa: Nodules in the lower legs + nerve involvement (numbness, pain, burning, and weakness) + Livedo reticularis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Bacterial Endocarditis
 Haemorrhages of the conjunctiva or haemorrhagic skin petechiae + fever
  • Leptospirosis: Jaundice + asymptomatic phase (3–4 days) after symptoms start
  • Bacterial Endocarditis: Osler nodes, Janeway lesion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. FAO (2007). http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/61e00fb1-87e8-5b89-8be1-50481e43eed1/ Accessed on January 28, 2016
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