Brucellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview ==
Brucellosis is not very common in the United States, but brucellosis can be very common within countries that do not have good standardized and effective [[public health]] and domestic [[Animals|animal]] health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/areas.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>
The [[incidence]] of brucellosis is estimated to vary from 0.01 to 200 per 100,000 individuals in endemic countries. The [[case fatality rate]] of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated. The majority of disease is reported in Mediterranean basin, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East. Patients of age group 20 and 45 years are affected. [[Men]] are more affected then [[women]].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
[[Image:Us-brucellosis.gif|thumb|left|250px|Number of reported cases - United States and U.S. territories, 2010]]
[[Epidemiology]] and [[Demographics]] of [[Brucellosis]] include:<ref name="c">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid27717526">{{cite journal| author=Mailles A, Garin-Bastuji B, Lavigne JP, Jay M, Sotto A, Maurin M et al.| title=Human brucellosis in France in the 21st century: Results from national surveillance 2004-2013. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 411-418 | pmid=27717526 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2016.08.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27717526  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9204307" /><ref name="ccc" /><ref name="abc" />
[[Image:BrucellosisGraph.png|thumb|left|250px|Cases of Brucellosis in humans in the United States from the years 1993-2010 surveyed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System]]
 
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] in different [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals
*The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] in different [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals.
*The low [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] reported in known brucellosis-[[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting<ref name="pmid9204307">{{cite journal| author=Corbel MJ| title=Brucellosis: an overview. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 213-21 | pmid=9204307 | doi=10.3201/eid0302.970219 | pmc=PMC2627605 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204307  }} </ref>
*The low [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] reported in known Brucellosis-endemic areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting.<ref name="pmid9204307">{{cite journal| author=Corbel MJ| title=Brucellosis: an overview. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 213-21 | pmid=9204307 | doi=10.3201/eid0302.970219 | pmc=PMC2627605 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204307  }} </ref>
*Areas currently listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa), South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/areas.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>


====Case Fatality Rate====
*The [[case fatality rate]] of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated.<ref name="ccc">Brucelosis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/disease-reporting/guide/brucellosis.pdf. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>


===Case Fatality Rate===
==== Developed countries ====
*The [[case fatality rate]] of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated.<ref name="g">Brucelosis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/disease-reporting/guide/brucellosis.pdf. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>
Developed countries like the Unites States (0.02-0.09/100,000), Italy (1.40/100,000), Germany (0.03/100,000) and Greece (4.00/100,00) with strict pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and [[brucellosis]] surveillance programs have reported low [[incidence]] of brucellosis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001865|title=Global burden of brucellosis|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>


===Age===
==== Developing countries ====
*Brucellosis most commonly affects individuals 20 and 45 years old.<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016  </ref>
Developing countries like Iraq (53.29-268.81/100,000), Iran (0.73-141.60/100,000), Jordon (25.70-130/100,000), Kyrgyzstan (88/100,000) and Mexico (26.60/100,000) due to lack of strict [[pasteurization]] laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and brucellosis surveillance programs have reported much higher [[incidence]] of [[brucellosis]].<ref name=":0" />


===Gender===
=== Demographics ===
*[[Men]] are more commonly affected with brucellosis than [[women]].<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016  </ref>


===Race===
====[[Age]]====
*There is no [[racial]] predilection to brucellosis
*[[Brucellosis]] most commonly affects individuals 20 and 45 years old.<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016  </ref>


===Developed Countries===
====Gender====
*Dairy herds in the USA to be certified brucellosis-free are tested at least once a year with the Brucella milk ring test. Many countries such as the US have good surveillance programs.
*Men are more commonly affected with [[Brucellosis]] than women.<ref name="abc">FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016 </ref>
*Australia, Canada, France, Belgium, Germany, and many other countries are considered to be brucellosis-free.<ref name="b">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis#In_popular_culture. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>
 
===Developing Countries===
*Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help [[Prevention (medical)|prevent]] or monitor possible outbreaks, such as [[pasteurization]] laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and brucellosis surveillance programs.<ref name="f">Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/unpasteurized-dairy-products.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016</ref>


==== [[Race]] ====
*There is no racial predilection to [[Brucellosis]].


==Reference==
==Reference==
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Latest revision as of 20:44, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

The incidence of brucellosis is estimated to vary from 0.01 to 200 per 100,000 individuals in endemic countries. The case fatality rate of brucellosis is less than 2% when untreated. The majority of disease is reported in Mediterranean basin, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East. Patients of age group 20 and 45 years are affected. Men are more affected then women.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Epidemiology and Demographics of Brucellosis include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Incidence

  • The incidence in different endemic countries varies between 0.01 and 200 per 100,000 individuals.
  • The low incidence reported in known Brucellosis-endemic areas may reflect low levels of surveillance and reporting.[3]

Case Fatality Rate

Developed countries

Developed countries like the Unites States (0.02-0.09/100,000), Italy (1.40/100,000), Germany (0.03/100,000) and Greece (4.00/100,00) with strict pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and brucellosis surveillance programs have reported low incidence of brucellosis.[6]

Developing countries

Developing countries like Iraq (53.29-268.81/100,000), Iran (0.73-141.60/100,000), Jordon (25.70-130/100,000), Kyrgyzstan (88/100,000) and Mexico (26.60/100,000) due to lack of strict pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations and brucellosis surveillance programs have reported much higher incidence of brucellosis.[6]

Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Reference

  1. ↑ Brucellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/index.html.html. Accessed on February 3, 2016
  2. ↑ Mailles A, Garin-Bastuji B, Lavigne JP, Jay M, Sotto A, Maurin M; et al. (2016). "Human brucellosis in France in the 21st century: Results from national surveillance 2004-2013". Med Mal Infect. 46 (8): 411–418. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2016.08.007. PMID 27717526.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Corbel MJ (1997). "Brucellosis: an overview". Emerg Infect Dis. 3 (2): 213–21. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970219. PMC 2627605. PMID 9204307.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Brucelosis. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/disease-reporting/guide/brucellosis.pdf. Accessed on February 3, 2016
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 FAO/WHO/OIE Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO (2006). http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf Accessed on February 3, 2016
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Global burden of brucellosis".
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