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==Overview==
==Overview==
In 1887, [[David Bruce (microbiologist)|David Bruce]], a Scottish [[pathologist]] and [[microbiologist]], was the first to discover the association between [[Brucella]] and the development of brucellosis.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 1, 2016</ref>
[[Brucellosis]] is an ancient disease. According to some studies, there is evidence that [[Brucellosis]] occurred in animals 60 million years ago and 3 million years ago in human beings. In 450 BC, Hippocrates described a disease similar to [[Brucellosis]].
 
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
* Under the name "Malta fever", the [[disease]] now called brucellosis, first came to the attention of British medical officers in Malta during the Crimean War in the 1850s. The causal relationship between [[organism]] and [[disease]] was first established by [[David Bruce (microbiologist)|Dr. David Bruce]] in 1887.  
Brucellosis is an ancient disease. In 450 BC, Hippocrates described a disease similar to [[brucellosis]]. Few of the important events in understanding the nature of disease are:<ref name="pmid27031903">{{cite journal| author=Akpinar O| title=Historical perspective of brucellosis: a microbiological and epidemiological overview. | journal=Infez Med | year= 2016 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 77-86 | pmid=27031903 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031903  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8813991">{{cite journal| author=Vassallo DJ| title=The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk. | journal=Lancet | year= 1996 | volume= 348 | issue= 9030 | pages= 804-8 | pmid=8813991 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8813991  }}</ref><ref>Wright A.E., Smith F. On the application of the serum test to the differential diagnosis of typhoid fever and Malta fever. Lancet. 1, 656-659,1897</ref>
* In 1897 Danish [[veterinarian]] [[Bernhard Lauritz Frederik Bang|Bernhard Bang]] isolated ''[[Brucella abortus]]'' as the agent and the additional name '''Bang's disease''' was assigned. In modern usage "Bang's disease" is often shortened to just "'''bangs'''" when ranchers discuss the [[disease]] or [[vaccine]].
* In 1860, Jeffery Allen Marston, surgical assistant in Royal Academy of Medicine, described [[brucellosis]] as “gastric remittent fever”.
 
* In 1887, Sir David Bruce, Scottish physician, isolated [[gram negative]] coccobacilli from [[Spleen (Zang)|spleens]] of five british soldiers, termed it as micrococcus.  
* Maltese doctor and archaeologist Sir Temi Zammit identified [[unpasteurized milk]] as the major source of the [[pathogen]] in 1905, and it has since become known as Malta Fever, or ''deni rqiq'' locally. In cattle this [[disease]] is also known as '''contagious abortion''' and '''infectious abortion'''.
* In 1895, the Danish veterinarian Bernard Lauritz Frederik Bang isolated microorganisms from cattle, termed it as Bacillus abortus
 
* In 1897, Wright and Smith described [[brucellosis]] as a [[zoonotic]] disease, after detecting specific [[antibodies]] of [[Brucella melitensis]] in human and animal [[serum]].
* The popular name "undulant fever" originates from the characteristic undulance (or "wave-like" nature) of the [[fever]] which rises and falls over weeks in untreated patients. In the 20th Century, this name, along with "brucellosis" (after ''[[Brucella]]'', named for [[David Bruce (microbiologist)|Dr Bruce]]), gradually replaced the 19th Century names "Mediterranean fever" and "Malta fever".
* In 1897,  Bernhard Bang and Danish veterinarian  isolated ''[[Brucella abortus]]'' as the agent and the additional name ''Bang's disease'' was assigned. In modern usage "Bang's disease" is often shortened to just "''bangs''" when ranchers discuss the disease or vaccine.
* In 1989, [[neurologists]] in Saudi Arabia discovered "neurobrucellosis", a [[neurological]] involvement in brucellosis.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 1, 2016</ref>
* In 1905, Maltese doctor and archaeologist Sir Temi Zammit identified [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] milk as the major source of the [[pathogen]] and it has since become known as '''Malta Fever''' (or '''Deni Rqiq''' locally). In cattle this disease is also known as ''contagious [[abortion]]'' or ''[[infectious]] abortion''.
 
* The popular name '''undulant fever''' originates from the characteristic undulance (or wave-like nature) of the [[fever]] which rises and falls over weeks in untreated patients. In the 20th Century, this name, along with "[[Brucellosis]]" (after ''[[Brucella]]'', named for Dr Bruce), gradually replaced the 19th Century names "Mediterranean fever" and "Malta fever".
===Biological warfare===
* In 1989, neurologists in Saudi Arabia discovered "Neurobrucellosis", a [[Neurology|neurological]] involvement in [[Brucellosis]].
* ''[[Brucella]]'' species were weaponized by several advanced countries by the mid-20th century.
* In 1954, ''B. suis'' became the first agent weaponized by the U.S. at its Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas.
* ''[[Brucella]]'' species survive well in [[aerosols]] and resist drying.
* ''[[Brucella]]'' and all other remaining biological weapons in the US arsenal were destroyed in 1971-72 when the U.S. offensive biological weapons (BW) program was discontinued.
 
* The United States BW program focused on three agents of the ''[[Brucella]]'' group:
** Porcine Brucellosis (Agent US)
** Bovine Brucellosis (Agent AB)
** Caprina Brucellosis (Agent AM)
 
* Agent US was in advanced development by the end of the Second World War. 
** When the USAF wanted a biological warfare capability, the Chemical Corps offered agent US in the M114 bomblet, based after the 4-pound bursting bomblet developed for [[anthrax]] in the Second World War.
** Though the capability was developed, operational testing indicated that the weapon was less than desirable, and the USAF termed it an interim capability until replaced by a more effective biological weapon.
** The main drawbacks of the M114 with agent US was that it was incapacitating (the USAF wanted "killer" agents), the storage stability was too low to allow for storing at forward air bases, and the logistical requirements to neutralize a target were far higher than originally anticipated, requiring unreasonable logistical air support.
 
* Agents US and AB:
** Had a median infective dose of 500 org/person.
** The rate-of-action was believed to be 2 weeks, with a duration of action of several months.
** The lethality estimate was based on [[epidemiological]] information at 1- 2%. 
* Agent AM:
** Has a median infective dose of 300 org/person.
** AM was always believed to be a more virulent disease.
** The lethality estimate was based on [[epidemiological]] information at 3%.<ref name="a">Brucellosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis. Accessed on February 1, 2016</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs overview]]
 
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
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[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:44, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

Brucellosis is an ancient disease. According to some studies, there is evidence that Brucellosis occurred in animals 60 million years ago and 3 million years ago in human beings. In 450 BC, Hippocrates described a disease similar to Brucellosis.

Historical Perspective

Brucellosis is an ancient disease. In 450 BC, Hippocrates described a disease similar to brucellosis. Few of the important events in understanding the nature of disease are:[1][2][3]

  • In 1860, Jeffery Allen Marston, surgical assistant in Royal Academy of Medicine, described brucellosis as “gastric remittent fever”.
  • In 1887, Sir David Bruce, Scottish physician, isolated gram negative coccobacilli from spleens of five british soldiers, termed it as micrococcus.
  • In 1895, the Danish veterinarian Bernard Lauritz Frederik Bang isolated microorganisms from cattle, termed it as Bacillus abortus
  • In 1897, Wright and Smith described brucellosis as a zoonotic disease, after detecting specific antibodies of Brucella melitensis in human and animal serum.
  • In 1897, Bernhard Bang and Danish veterinarian isolated Brucella abortus as the agent and the additional name Bang's disease was assigned. In modern usage "Bang's disease" is often shortened to just "bangs" when ranchers discuss the disease or vaccine.
  • In 1905, Maltese doctor and archaeologist Sir Temi Zammit identified unpasteurized milk as the major source of the pathogen and it has since become known as Malta Fever (or Deni Rqiq locally). In cattle this disease is also known as contagious abortion or infectious abortion.
  • The popular name undulant fever originates from the characteristic undulance (or wave-like nature) of the fever which rises and falls over weeks in untreated patients. In the 20th Century, this name, along with "Brucellosis" (after Brucella, named for Dr Bruce), gradually replaced the 19th Century names "Mediterranean fever" and "Malta fever".
  • In 1989, neurologists in Saudi Arabia discovered "Neurobrucellosis", a neurological involvement in Brucellosis.

References

  1. Akpinar O (2016). "Historical perspective of brucellosis: a microbiological and epidemiological overview". Infez Med. 24 (1): 77–86. PMID 27031903.
  2. Vassallo DJ (1996). "The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk". Lancet. 348 (9030): 804–8. PMID 8813991.
  3. Wright A.E., Smith F. On the application of the serum test to the differential diagnosis of typhoid fever and Malta fever. Lancet. 1, 656-659,1897