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==Overview==
==Overview==
[Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
Acute stress disorder may be caused by either experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with one or more traumatic events.<ref>Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.</ref><ref>Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).</ref><ref>Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).</ref><ref>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.</ref>
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
Experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with one or more traumatic events can cause ASD. Traumatic events that can cause ASD include:
Traumatic events that can cause acute stress disorder include the following:<ref>Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.</ref><ref>Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).</ref><ref>Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).</ref><ref>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.</ref>
 
*Directly experiencing the traumatic event,
death
*Witnessing the traumatic event
a threat of death to oneself or others
*Being confronted with one or more traumatic events
a threat of serious injury to oneself or others
a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others
Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation
Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 800px" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Traumatic event}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Type of traumatic event}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Example of traumatic event}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" rowspan="5" | Traumatic events experienced directly, but not limited to
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Exposure to  war as a combatant or civilian
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|  style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Threatened or actual violent personal assault
|  style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sexual violence, physical attack , active combat, mugging, childhood physical and/or sexual violence, being kidnapped being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture
For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Natural or humanmade disasters
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Earthquake, airplane crash, hurricane
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Medical incidents
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Sudden, catastrophic events such as waking during surgery, [[anaphylactic shock]]
A severe life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe accident
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe motor vehicle, industrial accident
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" rowspan="8" | Traumatic events witnessed, but not limited to
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Observing threatened or serious injury
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Unnatural death
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Physical or sexual violence inflicted on another individual as a result of violent assault
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe domestic violence
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Severe accident
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | War
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Disaster
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Witnessing a medical catastrophe involving one's child
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | A life-threatening haemorrhage
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Being confronted with one or more traumatic events
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" colspan="2" |
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Traumatic events experienced indirectly through learning about the event are limited to close relatives or close friends
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Events must have been violent or accidental
Death due to natural causes does not qualify
When the stressor is interpersonal or intentional ( e.g, torture, rape), the disorder may be especially severe
The likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | violent personal assault, suicide , serious accident, or serious injury
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold"| Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Child abuse]], death
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | First responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse
|}


Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, exposure to war as a combatant or civilian, threatened or actual violent personal assault (e.g., sexual violence, physical attack, active combat, mugging, childhood physical and/or sexual violence, being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture), natural or humanmade disasters (e.g., earthquake, hurricane, airplane crash), and severe accident (e.g., severe motor vehicle, industrial accident). For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury. A life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event. Medical incidents that qualify as traumatic events involve sudden, catastrophic events (e.g., waking during surgery, anaphylactic shock). Stressful events that do not possess the severe and traumatic components of events encompassed by Criterion A may lead to an adjustment disorder but not to acute stress disorder.
The clinical presentation of acute stress disorder may vary by individual but typically involves an anxiety response that includes some form of reexperiencing of or reactivity to the traumatic event(Bryant 2011b). In some individuals, a dissociative or detached presentation can predominate, although these individuals typically will also display strong emotional or physiological reactivity in response to trauma reminders. In other individuals, there can be a strong anger response in which reactivity is characterized by irritable or possibly aggressive responses. The full symptom picture must be present for at least 3 days after the traumatic event and can be diagnosed only up to 1 month after the event. Symptoms that occur immediately after the event but resolve in less than 3 days would not meet criteria for acute stress disorder.
Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing threatened or serious injury, unnatural death, physical or sexual violence inflicted on another individual as a result of violent assault, severe domestic violence, severe accident, war, and disaster; it may also include witnessing a medical catastrophe (e.g., a life-threatening hemorrhage) involving one’s child. Events experienced indirectly through learning about the event are limited to close relatives or close friends. Such events must have been violent or accidental—death due to natural causes does not qualify—and include violent personal assault, suicide, serious accident, or serious injury(Bryant et al. 2011b). The disorder may be especially severe when the stressor is interpersonal and intentional (e.g., torture, rape). The likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase(Classen et al. 1998; Elklit and Christiansen 2010).
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Abnormal psychology]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
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Latest revision as of 18:53, 16 February 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

Acute stress disorder may be caused by either experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with one or more traumatic events.[1][2][3][4]

Causes

Traumatic events that can cause acute stress disorder include the following:[5][6][7][8]

  • Directly experiencing the traumatic event,
  • Witnessing the traumatic event
  • Being confronted with one or more traumatic events

Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic event develop ASD. This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation

Traumatic event Type of traumatic event Example of traumatic event
Traumatic events experienced directly, but not limited to Exposure to war as a combatant or civilian
Threatened or actual violent personal assault Sexual violence, physical attack , active combat, mugging, childhood physical and/or sexual violence, being kidnapped being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture

For children, sexually traumatic events may include inappropriate sexual experiences without violence or injury

Natural or humanmade disasters Earthquake, airplane crash, hurricane
Medical incidents Sudden, catastrophic events such as waking during surgery, anaphylactic shock

A severe life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event

Severe accident Severe motor vehicle, industrial accident
Traumatic events witnessed, but not limited to Observing threatened or serious injury
Unnatural death
Physical or sexual violence inflicted on another individual as a result of violent assault
Severe domestic violence
Severe accident
War
Disaster
Witnessing a medical catastrophe involving one's child A life-threatening haemorrhage
Being confronted with one or more traumatic events
Traumatic events experienced indirectly through learning about the event are limited to close relatives or close friends Events must have been violent or accidental

Death due to natural causes does not qualify When the stressor is interpersonal or intentional ( e.g, torture, rape), the disorder may be especially severe The likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase

violent personal assault, suicide , serious accident, or serious injury
Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events Child abuse, death First responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse

References

  1. ↑ Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.
  2. ↑ Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).
  3. ↑ Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).
  4. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.
  5. ↑ Bryant, Richard A., et al. "A review of acute stress disorder in DSM‐5." Depression and anxiety 28.9 (2011): 802-817.
  6. ↑ Classen, Catherine, et al. "Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms." American Journal of Psychiatry (1998).
  7. ↑ Elklit, Ask, and Dorte M. Christiansen. "ASD and PTSD in rape victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2010).
  8. ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Print.

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