Paracoccidioidomycosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease | Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease include: age, gender, poor hygiene, occupation, [[malnutrition]], [[Cigarette smoking|tabacco]] and alcohol consumption.<ref name="pmid26635779">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F et al.| title=Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 1319 | pmid=26635779 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319 | pmc=PMC4658449 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26635779 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are: | Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are: | ||
=== '''Age | === '''Age''' === | ||
* Only 5% | * Only 5% of all paracoccidioidomycosis cases are among children and young adults from 6-16 years.<ref name="?">Manns B.J, Baylis B.W, Urbanski S.J, Gibb A.P, Rabin H.R. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Review. ''CID''. 1996; 23: 1026-1032 </ref> The majority of cases affect men from 30-60 years.<ref name="paper">Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009;1:49-56</ref> | ||
=== '''Gender | === '''Gender''' === | ||
* Men have a higher incidence than women. ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides spp]].'' has 17-b [[estradiol receptor]], this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution.<ref name="paper">Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009;1:49-56</ref> | * Men have a higher incidence than women. ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides spp]].'' has 17-b [[estradiol receptor]], this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution.<ref name="paper">Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009;1:49-56</ref> | ||
=== '''Poor hygiene''' === | === '''Poor hygiene''' === | ||
=== '''Occupation''' | === '''Occupation''' === | ||
*Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides spp]].'' is know to be found in soil and cattle.<ref name="paper">Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref> | *Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides spp]].'' is know to be found in soil and cattle.<ref name="paper">Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref> | ||
=== '''Malnutrition and immunodeficiency | === '''Malnutrition and immunodeficiency''' === | ||
*Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic infection in endemic areas.<ref name="aaa">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev''.1993;6(2):89-117''</ref> Some studies suggest that [[malnutrition]] is not only a risk factor, it also is due to the disease.<ref name="ttt">Pereira R, Bucaretchi F, Barison E, Hessel G, Tresoldi A. Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. ''Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo''. 2004;46(3): 127-131</ref> | *Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic infection in endemic areas.<ref name="aaa">Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev''.1993;6(2):89-117''</ref> Some studies suggest that [[malnutrition]] is not only a risk factor, it also is due to the disease.<ref name="ttt">Pereira R, Bucaretchi F, Barison E, Hessel G, Tresoldi A. Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. ''Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo''. 2004;46(3): 127-131</ref> | ||
=== ''' | === '''Tobacco consumption''' === | ||
* | *Tobacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the development of the infection.<ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426 }} </ref> | ||
=== '''Alcohol consumption | === '''Alcohol consumption''' === | ||
*Alcohol is a | *Alcohol is thought to be a risk factor. However the associated about the alcohol consumption and PCM is unconfirmed and could be confunded by with smoking.<ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease include: age, gender, poor hygiene, occupation, malnutrition, tabacco and alcohol consumption.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are:
Age
- Only 5% of all paracoccidioidomycosis cases are among children and young adults from 6-16 years.[3] The majority of cases affect men from 30-60 years.[4]
Gender
- Men have a higher incidence than women. Paracoccidioides spp. has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution.[4]
Poor hygiene
Occupation
- Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. Paracoccidioides spp. is know to be found in soil and cattle.[4]
Malnutrition and immunodeficiency
- Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic infection in endemic areas.[5] Some studies suggest that malnutrition is not only a risk factor, it also is due to the disease.[6]
Tobacco consumption
- Tobacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the development of the infection.[2]
Alcohol consumption
- Alcohol is thought to be a risk factor. However the associated about the alcohol consumption and PCM is unconfirmed and could be confunded by with smoking.[2]
References
- ↑ de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F; et al. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Front Microbiol. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 56 (4): 281–5. PMC 4131811. PMID 25076426.
- ↑ Manns B.J, Baylis B.W, Urbanski S.J, Gibb A.P, Rabin H.R. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Review. CID. 1996; 23: 1026-1032
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.2009;1:49-56
- ↑ Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev.1993;6(2):89-117
- ↑ Pereira R, Bucaretchi F, Barison E, Hessel G, Tresoldi A. Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo. 2004;46(3): 127-131