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__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name          = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image          = Syringoma.jpg
| Caption        = Syringomas highlighted by white circles.
| DiseasesDB    = 31358
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|D|23|9|d|10}}
| ICD9          = {{ICD9|216}}
| ICDO          = M8407/0
| OMIM          = 186600
| MedlinePlus    =
| MeshID        = D018252
}}
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}                                                                 
{{SI}}                                                                 
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Simrat}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Simrat}}; {{TarekNafee}}
{{SK}} Synonym 1; Synonym 2; Synonym 3
{{SK}} Clear cell syringoma
==Overview==
==Overview==
Syringomas are [[eccrine sweat glands|eccrine sweat]] duct tumors, typically found clustered on [[eyelids]]. However, they may also be found in the [[axilla]], [[abdomen]], [[chest]], neck, [[scalp]] or groin area. Syringomas are symmetrically distributed, usually multiple, and sometimes arranged in clusters. Syringoma is a benign [[adnexal]] neoplasm which is formed by well-differentiated ductal elements.<ref name="wiki">syringoma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringoma Accessed on April 26, 2016</ref>


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
The name syringoma is derived from the Greek word [[Syrinx (medicine)|syrinx]], which means pipe or tube.
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
 
*In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
==Classification==
==Classification==
*Syringoma may be classified according to Friedman and Butler's classification into four subtypes:
Syringoma may be classified according to Friedman and Butler's classification into four subtypes:
:*A localized form
*A localized form
:*A form associated with Down syndrome
*A form associated with [[Down syndrome]]
:*A generalized form that encompasses multiple and eruptive syringomas
*A generalized form that encompasses multiple and eruptive syringomas
:*Familial form
*A familial form
===Location===
The majority of syringomas are located on the upper parts of the cheeks and lower [[eyelids]]. Other common sites for syringomas include:
*[[Axilla]]
*[[Chest]]
*[[Abdomen]]
*[[Penis]]
*[[Vulva]]
Syringomas limited to the dorsa of the hands have also been described. In the variant of eruptive syringoma, multiple lesions appear simultaneously on the chest and lower abdomen. However, rarely syringomas may appear as unilateral, linear, or nevoid lesions. The eruptive variant may involve the intertriginous areas and penis.<ref name="pmid19663846">{{cite journal| author=Koh MJ| title=Multiple acral syringomas involving the hands. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e438 | pmid=19663846 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03462.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19663846  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19542916">{{cite journal| author=Petersson F, Mjörnberg PA, Kazakov DV, Bisceglia M| title=Eruptive syringoma of the penis. A report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2009 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 436-8 | pmid=19542916 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181930d93 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19542916  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24393317">{{cite journal| author=Sakiyama M, Maeda M, Fujimoto N, Satoh T| title=Eruptive syringoma localized in intertriginous areas. | journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | year= 2014 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-3 | pmid=24393317 | doi=10.1111/ddg.12203 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24393317  }} </ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Location===
===Pathogenesis===
The majority of syringomas are located on the upper parts of the cheeks and lower eyelids. The other characteristic sites for syringomas include the following:
The pathophysiology of syringomas is largely unknown. However, it is hypothesized that syringomas are benign hyperplastic growths that arise from the intraepidermal portion of [[eccrine]] ducts in response to an inflammatory reaction rather than a true adnexal neoplasm. It has also been suggested that a [[hamartoma]] of pluripotent [[stem cells]] could precede the pathological process of eruptive syringomas. Additionally, syringomas may be under hormonal influence, which may explain its female predominance. An alternate hypothesis suggests that phosphorylase deficiency, resulting from [[hyperglycemia]] seen in [[diabetes]] leads to an accumulation of [[glycogen]] in the skin and within the clear cells of syringomas.<ref name="pmid4286059">{{cite journal| author=Hashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF| title=Syringoma. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 1966 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-66 | pmid=4286059 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4286059 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12641781">{{cite journal| author=Guitart J, Rosenbaum MM, Requena L| title='Eruptive syringoma': a misnomer for a reactive eccrine gland ductal proliferation? | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 3 | pages= 202-5 | pmid=12641781 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12641781 }} </ref>
*The axilla
 
*Chest
===Genetics===
*Abdomen
A mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial [[autosomal dominant]] syringoma.
*Penis
===Gross Pathology===
*Vulva.  
On gross pathology, syringoma may have the following appearance:
Syringomas limited to the dorsa of the hands have also been described. In the variant of eruptive syringoma, multiple lesions appear simultaneously on the chest and lower abdomen. However, rarely syringomas may appear as unilateral, linear, or nevoid lesions. The eruptive variant may involve the intertriginous areas and penis.<ref name="pmid19663846">{{cite journal| author=Koh MJ| title=Multiple acral syringomas involving the hands. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e438 | pmid=19663846 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03462.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19663846 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19542916">{{cite journal| author=Petersson F, Mjörnberg PA, Kazakov DV, Bisceglia M| title=Eruptive syringoma of the penis. A report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2009 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 436-8 | pmid=19542916 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181930d93 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19542916 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24393317">{{cite journal| author=Sakiyama M, Maeda M, Fujimoto N, Satoh T| title=Eruptive syringoma localized in intertriginous areas. | journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | year= 2014 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-3 | pmid=24393317 | doi=10.1111/ddg.12203 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24393317  }} </ref>
<gallery>
Image: Syringoma 01.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 02.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 03.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 04.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 05.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 06.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Syringoma 07.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
</gallery>
===Microscopic Pathology===
*On '''immunohistochemical tests''', the presence of eccrine enzymes such as leucine aminopeptidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and [[phosphorylase]] and the immunohistochemical pattern of [[cytokeratin]] expression which indicates differentiation toward both the uppermost part of the dermal duct and the lower intraepidermal duct are characteristic findings of syringoma.
*On '''microscopic histopathological analysis''', the histogenesis of syringomas is most likely related to eccrine or pluripotential [[stem cells]].
*On '''electron microscopy''', ductal cells with numerous short [[microvilli]], [[desmosomes]], luminal tonofilaments, and [[lysosomes]] are characteristic findings of syringoma.
 
 
===Associated Conditions===
===Associated Conditions===
*Syringomas can be found in association with other symptoms as part of a syndrome such as Hailey-Hailey disease also known as familial benign chronic pemphigus, diabetes mellitus, Down syndrome, Brooke-Spiegler, and Nicolau-Balus. Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with clear cell syringoma consisting of nests of clear cells containing glycogen. It is hypothesized that phosphorylase deficiency, resulting from elevated glucose levels seen in diabetes leads to an accumulation of glycogen in the skin and within the clear cells.
Syringomas may be found in association with other disorders such as:
*Syringoma is a benign neoplasm that differentiates along eccrine lines.
*[[Hailey-Hailey disease]] also known as chronic[[familial benign pemphigus]]
*The pathophysiology of syringomas is largely unknown;however, the scientists propose that syringomas are benign growths that arise from the intraepidermal portion of eccrine ducts. It has also been suggested that a hamartoma of pluripotent stem cells could precede the pathological process of eruptive syringomas. Syringomas may also be under hormonal influence which may explain its female predominance.
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*The mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial autosomal dominant syringoma.
*[[Down syndrome]]
*On immunohistochemical tests, the presence of eccrine enzymes such as leucine aminopeptidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and phosphorylase and the immunohistochemical pattern of cytokeratin expression which indicates differentiation toward both the uppermost part of the dermal duct and the lower intraepidermal duct are characteristic findings of syringoma.
*Brooke-Spiegler
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, the histogenesis of syringomas is most likely related to eccrine or pluripotential stem cells.
*Nicolau-Balus
*On electron microscopy, ductal cells with numerous short microvilli, desmosomes, luminal tonofilaments, and lysosomes are characteristic findings of syringoma.
===Pathogenesis===
The pathogenesis of syringoma is characterized by a hyperplastic response of the eccrine duct to an inflammatory reaction rather than a true adnexal neoplasm. Some authors have proposed the term "syringomatous dermatitis" for such cases. The scalp "syringomas" seen in scarring alopecia may represent a reactive proliferation in response to the fibrosis.


==Causes==
==Causes==
*Syringoma may be caused by either sporadic mutation or in the setting of certain genetic disorders.
*Syringoma may be caused by either sporadic mutation or occur in the setting of certain genetic disorders.
*The mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial autosomal dominant syringoma..
*A mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial autosomal dominant syringoma..
*Usually, syringomas are sporadic. Familial syringomas are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, tend to occur in adolescence or preadolescence, and most commonly affect the face.<ref name="pmid19335690">{{cite journal| author=Marzano AV, Fiorani R, Girgenti V, Crosti C, Alessi E| title=Familial syringoma: report of two cases with a published work review and the unique association with steatocystoma multiplex. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 154-8 | pmid=19335690 | doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00613.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335690  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7949476">{{cite journal| author=Schepis C, Siragusa M, Palazzo R, Ragusa RM, Massi G, Fabrizi G| title=Palpebral syringomas and Down's syndrome. | journal=Dermatology | year= 1994 | volume= 189 | issue= 3 | pages= 248-50 | pmid=7949476 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7949476  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6454394">{{cite journal| author=Urban CD, Cannon JR, Cole RD| title=Eruptive syringomas in Down's syndrome. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1981 | volume= 117 | issue= 6 | pages= 374-5 | pmid=6454394 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6454394  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20358144">{{cite journal| author=Ong GC, Lim KS, Chian LY| title=Eruptive syringoma in a patient with trisomy 21. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 2010 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= e46-7 | pmid=20358144 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20358144  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19508481">{{cite journal| author=Jeon EK, Cho AY, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Park JK, Lee JH| title=Multiple yellow-brown papules on the neck and anterior trunk of a patient with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 5 | pages= 643-4 | pmid=19508481 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02847.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19508481  }} </ref>  
*Usually, syringomas are sporadic. Familial syringomas are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, tend to occur in adolescence or preadolescence, and most commonly affect the face.<ref name="pmid19335690">{{cite journal| author=Marzano AV, Fiorani R, Girgenti V, Crosti C, Alessi E| title=Familial syringoma: report of two cases with a published work review and the unique association with steatocystoma multiplex. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 154-8 | pmid=19335690 | doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00613.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19335690  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7949476">{{cite journal| author=Schepis C, Siragusa M, Palazzo R, Ragusa RM, Massi G, Fabrizi G| title=Palpebral syringomas and Down's syndrome. | journal=Dermatology | year= 1994 | volume= 189 | issue= 3 | pages= 248-50 | pmid=7949476 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7949476  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6454394">{{cite journal| author=Urban CD, Cannon JR, Cole RD| title=Eruptive syringomas in Down's syndrome. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1981 | volume= 117 | issue= 6 | pages= 374-5 | pmid=6454394 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6454394  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20358144">{{cite journal| author=Ong GC, Lim KS, Chian LY| title=Eruptive syringoma in a patient with trisomy 21. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 2010 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= e46-7 | pmid=20358144 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20358144  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19508481">{{cite journal| author=Jeon EK, Cho AY, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Park JK, Lee JH| title=Multiple yellow-brown papules on the neck and anterior trunk of a patient with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 5 | pages= 643-4 | pmid=19508481 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02847.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19508481  }} </ref>  
*If the syringoma is associated with Down syndrome, it is usually located in the periorbital region. However, some rare cases of eruptive syringomas associated with Down syndrome have also been reported. Clear-cell syringoma may be associated with diabetes mellitus.
*If the syringoma is associated with [[Down syndrome]], it is usually located in the periorbital region. However, some rare cases of eruptive syringomas associated with[[Down syndrome]] have also been reported. Clear-cell syringoma may be associated with [[diabetes mellitus]].


==Differentiating Syringoma from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Syringoma from other Diseases==
*Syringoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as:
*Syringoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as:
:*Acne Vulgaris
:*[[Acne Vulgaris]]
:*Apocrine Hydrocystoma
:*Apocrine Hydrocystoma
:*Basal Cell Carcinoma
:*[[Basal Cell Carcinoma]]
:*Colloid Milium  
:*Colloid Milium  
:*Cowden Disease(Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome)
:*Cowden Disease ([[Multiple hamartoma syndrome]])
:*Favre-Racouchot Syndrome(Nodular Elastosis With Cysts and Comedones)
:*[[Favre-Racouchot syndrome]] (Nodular Elastosis With Cysts and Comedones)
:*Granuloma Annulare
:*[[Granuloma annulare]]
:*Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
:*Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
:*Milia
:*[[Milia]]
:*Sebaceous Hyperplasia
:*Sebaceous hyperplasia
:*Steatocystoma Multiplex
:*Steatocystoma multiplex
:*Trichoepithelioma
:*[[Trichoepithelioma]]
:*Tuberculosis
:*[[Tuberculosis]]
:*Xanthelasma  
:*[[Xanthelasma]]
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Syringomas affect approximately 1% of the population.
Syringomas affect approximately 1% of the population.
Syringomas are benign lesions and are largely of cosmetic significance.
===Age===
===Age===
*Syringomas are more commonly observed at puberty. However, additional lesions can be observed later.
Syringomas are more commonly observed at puberty. However, patients of all ages may be affected by syringomas.
===Gender===
===Gender===
*Females are more commonly affected with syringoma than males.
Females are more commonly affected with syringoma than males.
===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection for syringoma.
There is no racial predilection for syringoma.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
There are no established risk factors for syringoma.
 
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
The majority of patients with syringomas remain asymptomatic and suffer no sequelae or complications. Prognosis is generally excellent and with treatment, syringomas usually resolve with minimal scarring and no recurrence.
*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
 
*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10¬year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
:*[criterion 1]
:*[criterion 2]
:*[criterion 3]
:*[criterion 4]
===History===
===History===
*A positive family history of syringoma may be present.
A positive family history of syringoma may be present.
*The majority of patients with  syringoma are asymptomatic.


=== Symptoms ===
=== Symptoms ===
*Syringoma is usually asymptomatic.
Syringomas are most commonly asymptomatic. In some cases, patients with syringoma may present with [[pruritis]].
*Symptoms of syringoma may include the following:
:*Pruritis


=== Physical Examination ===
=== Physical Examination ===
*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
Physical examination may be remarkable for:
:*Skin-colored or yellowish, small dermal papules
*Skin-colored or yellowish, small dermal [[papules]]
:*Eruptive syringomas appear as hyperpigmented papules on the chest, penile, shaft, or vulva
*Eruptive syringomas appear as hyperpigmented [[papules]] on the [[chest]], [[penis|penile shaft]], or [[vulva]]
:*Lesions may appear translucent or cystic
*Lesions may appear translucent or [[cystic]]
:*Usually, syringomas are smaller than 3mm in diameter<ref name="pmid22439306">{{cite journal| author=Chan S, Millett C, Heymann WR| title=Giant syringomas: a case report. | journal=Cutis | year= 2012 | volume= 89 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-4 | pmid=22439306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22439306  }} </ref>
*Syringomas are commonly smaller than 3mm in diameter<ref name="pmid22439306">{{cite journal| author=Chan S, Millett C, Heymann WR| title=Giant syringomas: a case report. | journal=Cutis | year= 2012 | volume= 89 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-4 | pmid=22439306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22439306  }} </ref>


=== Laboratory Findings ===
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
There are no specific laboratory findings associated with syringoma.


*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
===Imaging Findings===
===Imaging Findings===
*There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
There are no imaging findings associated with syringoma.
*[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
 
*On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
*Syringoma may also be diagnosed using skin biopsy.
*Syringoma may be diagnosed by skin biopsy.
*An adequate deep biopsy is usually required to rule out microcystic adnexal carcinoma.
*An adequate deep biopsy is usually required to rule out microcystic adnexal carcinoma.
*Consideration of rebiopsy for persistent or recurrent lesions is indicated.
*Consideration of rebiopsy for persistent or recurrent lesions is indicated.
Line 131: Line 127:
== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
=== Medical Therapy ===
=== Medical Therapy ===
*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
The mainstay of medical therapy for syringoma is oral isotretinoin, topical atropine, topical tretinoin, and oral tranilast.
*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
 
*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
=== Surgery ===
=== Surgery ===
*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for syringomas. The main reason for treatment is cosmetic; patients commonly seek treatment for syringomas of the cheeks and eyelids. The goal of surgical therapy for syringomas should be the destruction of the tumor with minimal scarring and no recurrence. However, complete removal of syringomas is often unsuccessful and recurrence is common because syringomas are embedded within the dermis. Possible surgical treatment options available for syringomas include:<ref name="pmid20049275">{{cite journal| author=Jamalipour M, Heidarpour M, Rajabi P| title=Generalized eruptive syringomas. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 54 | issue= 1 | pages= 65-7 | pmid=20049275 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.48992 | pmc=PMC2800876 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20049275  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17034373">{{cite journal| author=Al Aradi IK| title=Periorbital syringoma: a pilot study of the efficacy of low-voltage electrocoagulation. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2006 | volume= 32 | issue= 10 | pages= 1244-50 | pmid=17034373 | doi=10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32284.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17034373  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17338688">{{cite journal| author=Park HJ, Lee DY, Lee JH, Yang JM, Lee ES, Kim WS| title=The treatment of syringomas by CO(2) laser using a multiple-drilling method. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 310-3 | pmid=17338688 | doi=10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33065.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17338688  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10037521">{{cite journal| author=Wang JI, Roenigk HH| title=Treatment of multiple facial syringomas with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-9 | pmid=10037521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10037521  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19207646">{{cite journal| author=Cho SB, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Lee JE, Kim DH| title=Syringoma treated with pinhole method. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 852-3 | pmid=19207646 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03051.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19207646  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21414069">{{cite journal| author=Cho SB, Kim HJ, Noh S, Lee SJ, Kim YK, Lee JH| title=Treatment of syringoma using an ablative 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser: a prospective analysis of 35 patients. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 433-8 | pmid=21414069 | doi=10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01915.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21414069  }} </ref>
*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
*Surgical excision with primary suturing
*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
*Scissor excision with secondary intention healing
*Electrocautery
*Electrodesiccation and curettage
*Carbon dioxide laser using the pinhole method of application or Er:YAG laser ablation
*Fractionated carbon dioxide laser ablation
*Cryotherapy
*Dermabrasion
*Trichloroacetic acid
 
=== Prevention ===
=== Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
There are no primary preventive measures available for syringoma. However, clinical follow-up with consideration of repeat biopsy for persistent or recurrent lesions is indicated.
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].


*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pick One of 28 Approved]]


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]




==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image: Syringoma 01.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 02.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 03.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 04.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 05.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 06.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Syringoma 07.jpeg| Syringoma <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
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{{WS}}
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
{{Epithelial neoplasms}}
[[Category:Human appearance]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[de:Syringom]]

Latest revision as of 15:02, 8 September 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]; Tarek Nafee, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Clear cell syringoma

Overview

Syringomas are eccrine sweat duct tumors, typically found clustered on eyelids. However, they may also be found in the axilla, abdomen, chest, neck, scalp or groin area. Syringomas are symmetrically distributed, usually multiple, and sometimes arranged in clusters. Syringoma is a benign adnexal neoplasm which is formed by well-differentiated ductal elements.[1]

Historical Perspective

The name syringoma is derived from the Greek word syrinx, which means pipe or tube.

Classification

Syringoma may be classified according to Friedman and Butler's classification into four subtypes:

  • A localized form
  • A form associated with Down syndrome
  • A generalized form that encompasses multiple and eruptive syringomas
  • A familial form

Location

The majority of syringomas are located on the upper parts of the cheeks and lower eyelids. Other common sites for syringomas include:

Syringomas limited to the dorsa of the hands have also been described. In the variant of eruptive syringoma, multiple lesions appear simultaneously on the chest and lower abdomen. However, rarely syringomas may appear as unilateral, linear, or nevoid lesions. The eruptive variant may involve the intertriginous areas and penis.[2][3][4]

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

The pathophysiology of syringomas is largely unknown. However, it is hypothesized that syringomas are benign hyperplastic growths that arise from the intraepidermal portion of eccrine ducts in response to an inflammatory reaction rather than a true adnexal neoplasm. It has also been suggested that a hamartoma of pluripotent stem cells could precede the pathological process of eruptive syringomas. Additionally, syringomas may be under hormonal influence, which may explain its female predominance. An alternate hypothesis suggests that phosphorylase deficiency, resulting from hyperglycemia seen in diabetes leads to an accumulation of glycogen in the skin and within the clear cells of syringomas.[5][6]

Genetics

A mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial autosomal dominant syringoma.

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, syringoma may have the following appearance:

Microscopic Pathology

  • On immunohistochemical tests, the presence of eccrine enzymes such as leucine aminopeptidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and phosphorylase and the immunohistochemical pattern of cytokeratin expression which indicates differentiation toward both the uppermost part of the dermal duct and the lower intraepidermal duct are characteristic findings of syringoma.
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, the histogenesis of syringomas is most likely related to eccrine or pluripotential stem cells.
  • On electron microscopy, ductal cells with numerous short microvilli, desmosomes, luminal tonofilaments, and lysosomes are characteristic findings of syringoma.


Associated Conditions

Syringomas may be found in association with other disorders such as:

Causes

  • Syringoma may be caused by either sporadic mutation or occur in the setting of certain genetic disorders.
  • A mutation in chromosome 16q22 has been associated with the development of familial autosomal dominant syringoma..
  • Usually, syringomas are sporadic. Familial syringomas are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, tend to occur in adolescence or preadolescence, and most commonly affect the face.[8][9][10][11][12]
  • If the syringoma is associated with Down syndrome, it is usually located in the periorbital region. However, some rare cases of eruptive syringomas associated withDown syndrome have also been reported. Clear-cell syringoma may be associated with diabetes mellitus.

Differentiating Syringoma from other Diseases

  • Syringoma must be differentiated from other diseases such as:

Epidemiology and Demographics

Syringomas affect approximately 1% of the population.

Age

Syringomas are more commonly observed at puberty. However, patients of all ages may be affected by syringomas.

Gender

Females are more commonly affected with syringoma than males.

Race

There is no racial predilection for syringoma.

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for syringoma.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The majority of patients with syringomas remain asymptomatic and suffer no sequelae or complications. Prognosis is generally excellent and with treatment, syringomas usually resolve with minimal scarring and no recurrence.

Diagnosis

History

A positive family history of syringoma may be present.

Symptoms

Syringomas are most commonly asymptomatic. In some cases, patients with syringoma may present with pruritis.

Physical Examination

Physical examination may be remarkable for:

  • Skin-colored or yellowish, small dermal papules
  • Eruptive syringomas appear as hyperpigmented papules on the chest, penile shaft, or vulva
  • Lesions may appear translucent or cystic
  • Syringomas are commonly smaller than 3mm in diameter[13]

Laboratory Findings

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with syringoma.

Imaging Findings

There are no imaging findings associated with syringoma.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Syringoma may be diagnosed by skin biopsy.
  • An adequate deep biopsy is usually required to rule out microcystic adnexal carcinoma.
  • Consideration of rebiopsy for persistent or recurrent lesions is indicated.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of medical therapy for syringoma is oral isotretinoin, topical atropine, topical tretinoin, and oral tranilast.

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for syringomas. The main reason for treatment is cosmetic; patients commonly seek treatment for syringomas of the cheeks and eyelids. The goal of surgical therapy for syringomas should be the destruction of the tumor with minimal scarring and no recurrence. However, complete removal of syringomas is often unsuccessful and recurrence is common because syringomas are embedded within the dermis. Possible surgical treatment options available for syringomas include:[14][15][16][17][18][19]

  • Surgical excision with primary suturing
  • Scissor excision with secondary intention healing
  • Electrocautery
  • Electrodesiccation and curettage
  • Carbon dioxide laser using the pinhole method of application or Er:YAG laser ablation
  • Fractionated carbon dioxide laser ablation
  • Cryotherapy
  • Dermabrasion
  • Trichloroacetic acid

Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures available for syringoma. However, clinical follow-up with consideration of repeat biopsy for persistent or recurrent lesions is indicated.

References

  1. ↑ syringoma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringoma Accessed on April 26, 2016
  2. ↑ Koh MJ (2009). "Multiple acral syringomas involving the hands". Clin Exp Dermatol. 34 (7): e438. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03462.x. PMID 19663846.
  3. ↑ Petersson F, Mjörnberg PA, Kazakov DV, Bisceglia M (2009). "Eruptive syringoma of the penis. A report of 2 cases and a review of the literature". Am J Dermatopathol. 31 (5): 436–8. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181930d93. PMID 19542916.
  4. ↑ Sakiyama M, Maeda M, Fujimoto N, Satoh T (2014). "Eruptive syringoma localized in intertriginous areas". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 12 (1): 72–3. doi:10.1111/ddg.12203. PMID 24393317.
  5. ↑ Hashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF (1966). "Syringoma. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies". J Invest Dermatol. 46 (2): 150–66. PMID 4286059.
  6. ↑ Guitart J, Rosenbaum MM, Requena L (2003). "'Eruptive syringoma': a misnomer for a reactive eccrine gland ductal proliferation?". J Cutan Pathol. 30 (3): 202–5. PMID 12641781.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".
  8. ↑ Marzano AV, Fiorani R, Girgenti V, Crosti C, Alessi E (2009). "Familial syringoma: report of two cases with a published work review and the unique association with steatocystoma multiplex". J Dermatol. 36 (3): 154–8. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00613.x. PMID 19335690.
  9. ↑ Schepis C, Siragusa M, Palazzo R, Ragusa RM, Massi G, Fabrizi G (1994). "Palpebral syringomas and Down's syndrome". Dermatology. 189 (3): 248–50. PMID 7949476.
  10. ↑ Urban CD, Cannon JR, Cole RD (1981). "Eruptive syringomas in Down's syndrome". Arch Dermatol. 117 (6): 374–5. PMID 6454394.
  11. ↑ Ong GC, Lim KS, Chian LY (2010). "Eruptive syringoma in a patient with trisomy 21". Singapore Med J. 51 (2): e46–7. PMID 20358144.
  12. ↑ Jeon EK, Cho AY, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Park JK, Lee JH (2009). "Multiple yellow-brown papules on the neck and anterior trunk of a patient with diabetes mellitus". Clin Exp Dermatol. 34 (5): 643–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02847.x. PMID 19508481.
  13. ↑ Chan S, Millett C, Heymann WR (2012). "Giant syringomas: a case report". Cutis. 89 (1): 23–4. PMID 22439306.
  14. ↑ Jamalipour M, Heidarpour M, Rajabi P (2009). "Generalized eruptive syringomas". Indian J Dermatol. 54 (1): 65–7. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.48992. PMC 2800876. PMID 20049275.
  15. ↑ Al Aradi IK (2006). "Periorbital syringoma: a pilot study of the efficacy of low-voltage electrocoagulation". Dermatol Surg. 32 (10): 1244–50. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32284.x. PMID 17034373.
  16. ↑ Park HJ, Lee DY, Lee JH, Yang JM, Lee ES, Kim WS (2007). "The treatment of syringomas by CO(2) laser using a multiple-drilling method". Dermatol Surg. 33 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33065.x. PMID 17338688.
  17. ↑ Wang JI, Roenigk HH (1999). "Treatment of multiple facial syringomas with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser". Dermatol Surg. 25 (2): 136–9. PMID 10037521.
  18. ↑ Cho SB, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Lee JE, Kim DH (2009). "Syringoma treated with pinhole method". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 23 (7): 852–3. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03051.x. PMID 19207646.
  19. ↑ Cho SB, Kim HJ, Noh S, Lee SJ, Kim YK, Lee JH (2011). "Treatment of syringoma using an ablative 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser: a prospective analysis of 35 patients". Dermatol Surg. 37 (4): 433–8. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01915.x. PMID 21414069.


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