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==Overview==
==Overview==
The technique and positioning of a patient during many invasive procedures plays a role in the risk of a patient developing air embolism.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of air [[embolism]] are:
*Operative site more that 5cm above the right atrium<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Nissar Shaikh]] & [[Firdous Ummunisa]]
| title = Acute management of vascular air embolism
| journal = [[Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 3
| pages = 180–185
| year = 2009
| month = September
| doi = 10.4103/0974-2700.55330
| pmid = 20009308
}}</ref>
*Numerous uncompressed venous channels in surgical site<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Nissar Shaikh]] & [[Firdous Ummunisa]]
| title = Acute management of vascular air embolism
| journal = [[Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 3
| pages = 180–185
| year = 2009
| month = September
| doi = 10.4103/0974-2700.55330
| pmid = 20009308
}}</ref>
*Pressure gradient during surgery<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. P. Flanagan]], [[I. A. Gradisar]], [[R. J. Gross]] & [[T. R. Kelly]]
| title = Air embolus--a lethal complication of subclavian venipuncture
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 281
| issue = 9
| pages = 488–489
| year = 1969
| month = August
| doi = 10.1056/NEJM196908282810907
| pmid = 5796967
}}</ref>
*Insertion or removal of catheter<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Nissar Shaikh]] & [[Firdous Ummunisa]]
| title = Acute management of vascular air embolism
| journal = [[Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 3
| pages = 180–185
| year = 2009
| month = September
| doi = 10.4103/0974-2700.55330
| pmid = 20009308
}}</ref>
**Fracture/de attachment of catheter
**Failure to occlude needle hub
**Deep inspiration
**Hypovolemia
**Up right position
*Scuba diving<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. Aharon-Peretz]], [[Y. Adir]], [[C. R. Gordon]], [[S. Kol]], [[N. Gal]] & [[Y. Melamed]]
| title = Spinal cord decompression sickness in sport diving
| journal = [[Archives of neurology]]
| volume = 50
| issue = 7
| pages = 753–756
| year = 1993
| month = July
| pmid = 8323480
}}</ref>
**Rapid ascent rate
**Diving too long
**Diving at great depth


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:51, 23 October 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The technique and positioning of a patient during many invasive procedures plays a role in the risk of a patient developing air embolism.

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of air embolism are:
  • Operative site more that 5cm above the right atrium[1]
  • Numerous uncompressed venous channels in surgical site[2]
  • Pressure gradient during surgery[3]
  • Insertion or removal of catheter[4]
    • Fracture/de attachment of catheter
    • Failure to occlude needle hub
    • Deep inspiration
    • Hypovolemia
    • Up right position
  • Scuba diving[5]
    • Rapid ascent rate
    • Diving too long
    • Diving at great depth

References

  1. ↑ Nissar Shaikh & Firdous Ummunisa (2009). "Acute management of vascular air embolism". Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock. 2 (3): 180–185. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.55330. PMID 20009308. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Nissar Shaikh & Firdous Ummunisa (2009). "Acute management of vascular air embolism". Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock. 2 (3): 180–185. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.55330. PMID 20009308. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ J. P. Flanagan, I. A. Gradisar, R. J. Gross & T. R. Kelly (1969). "Air embolus--a lethal complication of subclavian venipuncture". The New England journal of medicine. 281 (9): 488–489. doi:10.1056/NEJM196908282810907. PMID 5796967. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Nissar Shaikh & Firdous Ummunisa (2009). "Acute management of vascular air embolism". Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock. 2 (3): 180–185. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.55330. PMID 20009308. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ J. Aharon-Peretz, Y. Adir, C. R. Gordon, S. Kol, N. Gal & Y. Melamed (1993). "Spinal cord decompression sickness in sport diving". Archives of neurology. 50 (7): 753–756. PMID 8323480. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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