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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Asplenia}} | {{Asplenia}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Hippocrates made the first description of the [[gross anatomy]] of the [[spleen]] in 421 BC. In 1899, Chauffard described that increased [[splenic]] activity is linked to [[hemolysis]], and in 1910, Sutherland and Brughard performed the first [[therapeutic splenectomy]] in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis. In 1919, Morris and Bullock provided initial experimental evidence of the protective role of the [[spleen]] against [[infections]]. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*In 421 BC, Hippocrates made the first description of the [[gross anatomy]] of the [[spleen]].<ref name="pmid17364987">{{cite journal| author=William BM, Corazza GR| title=Hyposplenism: a comprehensive review. Part I: basic concepts and causes. | journal=Hematology | year= 2007 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-13 | pmid=17364987 | doi=10.1080/10245330600938422 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17364987 }} </ref> | |||
*In 360 BC, Plato, described the [[spleen]] as been constructed "with a view of keeping the [[liver]] bright and pure. | |||
*In 1899, Chauffard described that increased [[splenic]] activity is linked to [[hemolysis]], and in 1910, Sutherland and Brughard performed the first [[therapeutic splenectomy]] in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis. | |||
*In 1913, Eppinger was the first to introduced the term [[hyposplenism]] to describe the [[post-splenectomy state]]. | |||
*In 1916, Kaznelson performed [[therapeutic splenectomy]] in a patient with [[idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]. | |||
*In 1919, Morris and Bullock provided initial experimental evidence of the protective role of the [[spleen]] against [[infections]].<ref name="pmid21474172">{{cite journal| author=Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR| title=Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 86-97 | pmid=21474172 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21474172 }} </ref> | |||
*In 1935, Diggs provide a [[histological]] description of the [[spleen]] in [[sickle cell anemia]].<ref name="pmid17364987">{{cite journal| author=William BM, Corazza GR| title=Hyposplenism: a comprehensive review. Part I: basic concepts and causes. | journal=Hematology | year= 2007 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-13 | pmid=17364987 | doi=10.1080/10245330600938422 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17364987 }} </ref> | |||
*In 1952, King and Schumacker reported a series of cases of overwhelming [[post-splenectomy]] [[infections]] (OPSI) caused by [[encapsulated bacteria]].<ref name="pmid21474172">{{cite journal| author=Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR| title=Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 86-97 | pmid=21474172 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21474172 }} </ref> | |||
*In 1955, Rowley has demonstrated that [[splenectomized]] human beings fail to respond with a significant rise in [[antibody]] [[titer]] when an [[antigen]] is given intravenously.<ref name="pmid1228266">{{cite journal| author=Fachet J, Foris G| title=Enodotoxin-induced non-specific resistance to Trypanosoma equiperdum in neonatally thymectomized or splenectomized Wistar rats. | journal=Keio J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 347-53 | pmid=1228266 | doi=10.2302/kjm.24.347 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1228266 }} </ref> | |||
*In 1955, Dameshek coined the term [[hyposplenism]] to describe a patient with [[celiac disease]].<ref name="pmid21474172">{{cite journal| author=Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR| title=Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 86-97 | pmid=21474172 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21474172 }} </ref> | |||
*In 1969, Pearson et al, from USA, was the first to [[discover]] the term [[functional hypoplasia]], a few decades ago when he identified some children suffering from [[sickle cell disease]], who presented with the same clinical course as in [[splenectomised]] patients.<ref name="pmid25125944">{{cite journal| author=Kirkineska L, Perifanis V, Vasiliadis T| title=Functional hyposplenism. | journal=Hippokratia | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-11 | pmid=25125944 | doi= | pmc=4103047 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25125944 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Immunology]] | [[Category:Immunology]] | ||
[[Category:Hematology]] | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalpana Giri, MBBS[2]
Overview
Hippocrates made the first description of the gross anatomy of the spleen in 421 BC. In 1899, Chauffard described that increased splenic activity is linked to hemolysis, and in 1910, Sutherland and Brughard performed the first therapeutic splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis. In 1919, Morris and Bullock provided initial experimental evidence of the protective role of the spleen against infections.
Historical Perspective
- In 421 BC, Hippocrates made the first description of the gross anatomy of the spleen.[1]
- In 360 BC, Plato, described the spleen as been constructed "with a view of keeping the liver bright and pure.
- In 1899, Chauffard described that increased splenic activity is linked to hemolysis, and in 1910, Sutherland and Brughard performed the first therapeutic splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis.
- In 1913, Eppinger was the first to introduced the term hyposplenism to describe the post-splenectomy state.
- In 1916, Kaznelson performed therapeutic splenectomy in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
- In 1919, Morris and Bullock provided initial experimental evidence of the protective role of the spleen against infections.[2]
- In 1935, Diggs provide a histological description of the spleen in sickle cell anemia.[1]
- In 1952, King and Schumacker reported a series of cases of overwhelming post-splenectomy infections (OPSI) caused by encapsulated bacteria.[2]
- In 1955, Rowley has demonstrated that splenectomized human beings fail to respond with a significant rise in antibody titer when an antigen is given intravenously.[3]
- In 1955, Dameshek coined the term hyposplenism to describe a patient with celiac disease.[2]
- In 1969, Pearson et al, from USA, was the first to discover the term functional hypoplasia, a few decades ago when he identified some children suffering from sickle cell disease, who presented with the same clinical course as in splenectomised patients.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 William BM, Corazza GR (2007). "Hyposplenism: a comprehensive review. Part I: basic concepts and causes". Hematology. 12 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/10245330600938422. PMID 17364987.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR (2011). "Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states". Lancet. 378 (9785): 86–97. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6. PMID 21474172.
- ↑ Fachet J, Foris G (1975). "Enodotoxin-induced non-specific resistance to Trypanosoma equiperdum in neonatally thymectomized or splenectomized Wistar rats". Keio J Med. 24 (4): 347–53. doi:10.2302/kjm.24.347. PMID 1228266.
- ↑ Kirkineska L, Perifanis V, Vasiliadis T (2014). "Functional hyposplenism". Hippokratia. 18 (1): 7–11. PMC 4103047. PMID 25125944.