Osteoporosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:28, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British surgeon, in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every bone but bones in people with specific age and diseases, have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.

Historical perspective

The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:

Initial identification of bone resorption
Dowager's hump seen in Egyptian mummies
4000 years ago

Osteoporosis discovered
by: John Hunter, a British surgeon
in: 1800's

Osteoporosis name coined
by: Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist
in: 1830's

Age-related bone loss defined
by: Astley Cooper, an English surgeon
in: 1830's

Postmenopausal bone loss defined
&
Postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with estrogen
by: Fuller Albright, an American endocrinologist
in: 1940's

Bone densitometers developed
by: Norman, an American researcher
in: 1950

Bisphosphonates discovered
by: Herbert Fleisch, a physiologist from Switzerland
in: 1960's

Osteoporosis publicized
by: National Institute of Health (NIH)
in: 1984

Specific cytokines that influence osteoclasts activity discovered
in: 1990's

T-score used to classify and define bone mineral density (BMD)
by: world health organization (WHO)
in: 1994

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) introduced in market
in: 1998

Expert panel for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis assembled
by: National Institute of Health (NIH)
in: 2000

4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of osteoporosis known as "Dowager's hump". Bones with holes, were seen for the first time during this period.
John Hunter found that the bones in the human body turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue is eliminated, it is substituted by new tissue. This process later became to be known as remodeling.
In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist, found that there are holes in every bone; but bones of people of specific age and suffering from certain diseases may have bigger holes than normal. Jean Lobstein named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.^[1]
In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The recognition of the pathological appearance of osteoporosis is attributed to the French pathologist, Lobstein.^[2]
In 1940's, an American endocrinologist, Fuller Albright from Massachusetts General Hospital, established an association between osteoporosis and postmenopausal state. Fuller Albright started the treatment of menopausal women with estrogen in order to prevent bone loss.^[3]
In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early bone loss, such as bone densitometers.
In 1960's, bisphosphonates which inhibit bone resorption, revolutionized the treatment of osteoporosis after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.^[4]
In 1984, the National Institute of Health (NIH) declared osteoporosis as a significant threat to health and the possibility that bone loss may be reduced by estrogen therapy, calcium supplementation, good nutrition, and exercise.^[5]
In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific cytokines which influence the activity of osteoclasts, the components that lead to bone breakdown.^[6]
In 1994, World Health Organization (WHO) first used T-score for classification of various amounts of bone mineral density (BMD). The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and race.^[7]
In 1998, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, were introduced in the market. SERMs also help with the treatment of breast tumors and stimulate the growth of uterine cells.^[8]

References

↑ "History of Osteoporosis".
↑ Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.
↑ Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.
↑ Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.
↑ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".
↑ Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.
↑ "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.
↑ Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.

Template:WS Template:WH

[urlHistory_of_Osteoporosis-1] "History of Osteoporosis".

[2] Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.

[3] Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.

[4] Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.

[urlThe_National_Institutes_of_Health_(NIH)_Consensus_Development_Program:_Osteoporosis-5] "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".

[pmid26491648-6] Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.

[pmid7941614-7] "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.

[raloxifen-8] Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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[7]

[8]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Osteoporosis}}
-{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CP}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
 ==Overview==
+Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]], in 1800's and he was also the first to introduce the process of remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]] during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every [[bones|bone]] but [[bones]] in people with specific age and [[diseases]], have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of [[bone]] as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''osteoporosis''.
+==Historical perspective==
+The historical perspective of osteoporosis has been given below:
+{| align="center"
+|-
+|
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Initial identification of bone resorption'''<br>'''Dowager's hump''' seen in Egyptian mummies<br>4000 years ago}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | |:| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] discovered'''<br>by: John Hunter, a British [[surgeon]]<br>in: 1800's}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
+{{Family tree | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] name coined'''<br>by: Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]]<br>in: 1830's| C02= '''Age-related [[bone loss]] defined'''<br>by: Astley Cooper, an English [[surgeon]]<br>in: 1830's}}
+{{Family tree | |`|-|-|v|-|-|'| | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | d01 | | | |d01= '''[[Postmenopausal]] [[bone loss]] defined''' <br>'''&'''<br> '''[[Postmenopausal]] [[osteoporosis]] treated with [[estrogen]]'''<br>by: Fuller Albright, an American [[endocrinologist]]<br>in: 1940's}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Bone densitometers developed'''<br>by: Norman, an American researcher<br>in: 1950}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Bisphosphonates]] discovered'''<br>by: Herbert Fleisch, a [[physiologist]] from Switzerland <br>in: 1960's}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Osteoporosis]] publicized'''<br>by: [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>in: 1984}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Specific [[cytokines]] that influence [[osteoclasts]] activity discovered'''<br>in: 1990's}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''T-score used to classify and define [[bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]'''<br>by: [[world health organization|world health organization (WHO)]]<br>in: 1994}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''[[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]] introduced in market'''<br>in: 1998}}
+{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Expert panel for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of [[osteoporosis]] assembled'''<br>by: [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]]<br>in: 2000}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
+* 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the first sign of [[osteoporosis]] known as "Dowager's hump". [[Bones]] with holes, were seen for the first time during this period.
+* John Hunter found that the [[bones]] in the [[human body]] turn over continuously. When some old or dysfunctioned [[bone]] tissue is eliminated, it is substituted by new [[tissue]]. This process later became to be known as remodeling.
+* In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French [[pathologist]], found that there are holes in every [[bones|bone]]; but [[bones]] of people of specific age and suffering from certain [[diseases]] may have bigger holes than normal. Jean Lobstein named this kind of [[bones|bone]] <nowiki/>as [[porous|''porous'']]'','' and the [[disease]] was named as ''[[osteoporosis]]''.<ref name="urlHistory of Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=http://reliawire.com/history-osteoporosis/ |title=History of Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* In 1830's, the association between age-related reductions in [[bone]] [[density]] and [[Bone fracture|fracture]] risk was determined by Astley Cooper. The recognition of the [[pathological]] appearance of osteoporosis is attributed to the French [[pathologist]], Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref>
+* In 1940's, an American [[endocrinologist]], Fuller Albright from [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], established an association between [[osteoporosis]] and [[postmenopausal]] state. Fuller Albright started the treatment of [[menopausal]] women with [[estrogen]] in order to prevent [[bone]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref>
+* In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early [[bone loss]], such as bone densitometers.
+* In 1960's, [[bisphosphonates]] which inhibit [[bone]] resorption, revolutionized the treatment of [[osteoporosis]] after they were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref>
+* In 1984, the [[National Institute of Health|National Institute of Health (NIH)]] declared [[osteoporosis]] as a significant threat to [[health]] and the possibility that [[bone loss]] may be reduced by [[estrogen]] therapy, [[calcium]] supplementation, good [[nutrition]], and [[Physical exercise|exercise]].<ref name="urlThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis">{{cite web |url=https://consensus.nih.gov/1984/1984Osteoporosis043html.htm |title=The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific [[cytokines]] which influence the activity of [[osteoclasts]], the components that lead to [[bone]] breakdown.<ref name="pmid26491648">{{cite journal| author=Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R| title=The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis. | journal=Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 434389 | pmid=26491648 | doi=10.1155/2015/434389 | pmc=4605147 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26491648  }} </ref>
+* In 1994, [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] first used T-score for classification of various amounts of [[Bone mineral density|bone mineral density (BMD)]]. The sample population consisted of young, healthy individuals, matched for sex and [[race]].<ref name="pmid7941614">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group |journal=World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser |volume=843 |issue= |pages=1–129 |year=1994 |pmid=7941614 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+* In 1998, [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]], such as [[raloxifene]], were introduced in the market. [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERMs]] also help with the treatment of [[breast tumors]] and stimulate the [[growth]] of [[uterine]] cells.<ref name="raloxifen">{{cite book | last = Macor| first = John| title = Annual reports in medicinal chemistry | publisher = Elsevier/Academic Press | location = London, UK | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780123743442 }}</ref>
-==Historical Perspective==
-The bone disease, osteoporosis, was first seen in Egyptian mummies from over 4000 years ago, which showed the telltale sign of osteoporosis called "Dowager's Hump".  John Hunter, a surgeon from the 1800's, was the first person to recognize that old bone which is resorbed by the body and destroyed, is replaced by new bone being laid down.  In the 1830's, the French pathologist, Jean Georges Chretien Frederic Martin Lobstein noticed that some persons had bones with larger than normal holes in them.  He coined the term "osteoporosis" to describe the porous bone.  Many developments have been made in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis over the years, however osteoporosis remains a significant challenge within the field of medicine.
-* The link between age-related reductions in bone density, and fracture risk goes back to Astley Cooper, and the term "osteoporosis" and recognition of its pathological appearance in the 1830's is generally attributed to the French pathologist Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref>
-* The American endocrinologist Fuller Albright of Massachusetts General Hospital, linked osteoporosis with the postmenopausal state.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH|year=1940 |month= |title= Postmenopausal osteoporosis |journal=Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. |volume=55 |pages=298-305}}</ref>
-* In the 1940's, Fuller Albright started treating menopausal women with estrogen to prevent further bone loss.
-* In the 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early bone loss, such as densitometers.
-* Bisphosponates which inhibit bone resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of osteoporosis, and were discovered in the 1960s by Herbert Fleisch.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patlak M |title=Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=15|issue=10 |pages=1677E–E |year=2001 |pmid=11481214 |doi=}}</ref>
-* In 1984, the National Institute of Health (NIH) publicized this disease, and brought attention to osteoporosis as a significant threat to health, with the emphasis that bone loss could be reduced by estrogen therapy, calcium supplementation, good nutrition, and exercise
-* In the 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific cytokines which influence the activity of osteoclasts, the components that cause bone breakdown.
-* SERM's (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) such as raloxifene entered the market around 1998.  They have been found to also block breast tumors and to stimulate the growth of uterine cells.
 ==References==
@@ Line 23: / Line 66: @@
 {{WH}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Endocrinology]]
-[[Category:Radiology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Orthopedics]]
-[[Category:Primary care]]

Osteoporosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:28, 29 July 2020

Overview

Historical perspective

References

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