Osteomalacia causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 22:15, 10 January 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by deactivated bone mineralization primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate and calcium, or because of resorption of calcium. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones.

Causes

Common Causes

Insufficient nutritional quantities or faulty metabolism of vitamin D or phosphorus
Renal tubular acidosis
Malnutrition during pregnancy
Malabsorption syndrome
Hypophosphatemia^[1]
Chronic kidney failure
Tumor-induced osteomalacia
Long-term anticonvulsant therapy^[2]
Celiac disease^[3]
Cadmium poisoning, Itai-itai disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Aluminium toxicity, Bisphosphonates, Cadmium poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Adefovir, Ethotoin, Etidronate, Fluoride, Glutethimide, Long-term anticonvulsant therapy, Phenytoin, Tenofovir
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Cystinosis, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypocalcemia, Nephropathic early-onset cystinosis, primary hyperparathyroidism
Environmental	Inadequate sunlight exposure
Gastroenterologic	Celiac disease, Cholestasis, Primary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic	Wilson disease, X-linked hypophosphataemia
Hematologic	Acid phosphatase deficiency, Acid-base imbalance, Hypocalcemia, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Insufficient vitamin d, Malabsorption, Metabolic acidosis, Vitamin d deficiency
Iatrogenic	Long-term anticonvulsant therapy
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, Axial osteomalacia, Mesenchymal tumors
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Insufficient vitamin d, Malabsorption, Malnutrition during pregnancy, Vitamin d deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Malnutrition during pregnancy
Oncologic	Mesenchymal tumors
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Adult hypophosphatasia, Chronic kidney failure, Dent disease, Fanconi renotubular syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphatasia, Hypophosphatemia, Metabolic acidosis, Primary renal phosphate wasting syndromes, Proximal renal tubular acidosis, Renal failure, Renal tubular acidosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, Celiac disease, Fibrogenesis imperfecta
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Dent disease
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ "Autoimmunity research foundation, Science behind Vitamin D". Retrieved 2011-07-19.
↑ Pack, Alison (2008). "Bone health in people with epilepsy: is it impaired and what are the risk factors". Seizure. 17 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2007.11.020. PMID 18187347.
↑ Albany, Costantine; Servetnyk, Zhanna (2009). "Disabling osteomalacia and myopathy as the only presenting features of celiac disease: a case report". Cases Journal. 2 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-20. PMC 2626577. PMID 19128487.

Template:WS Template:WH

[1] "Autoimmunity research foundation, Science behind Vitamin D". Retrieved 2011-07-19.

[2] Pack, Alison (2008). "Bone health in people with epilepsy: is it impaired and what are the risk factors". Seizure. 17 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2007.11.020. PMID 18187347.

[3] Albany, Costantine; Servetnyk, Zhanna (2009). "Disabling osteomalacia and myopathy as the only presenting features of celiac disease: a case report". Cases Journal. 2 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-20. PMC 2626577. PMID 19128487.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Osteomalacia}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{LRO}}
 ==Overview==
 '''Osteomalacia''' is the softening of the [[bone]]s caused by deactivated [[bone mineralization]] primarily due to inadequate levels of available [[phosphate]] and [[calcium]], or because of [[bone resorption|resorption]] of calcium. Osteomalacia in children is known as [[rickets]], and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones.
-==Causes==
-The causes of adult osteomalacia are varied, but ultimately result in a vitamin D deficiency:
+==Causes==
+<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
+===Common Causes===
 *Insufficient nutritional quantities or faulty metabolism of [[vitamin D]] or [[phosphorus]]
 *[[Renal tubular acidosis]]
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 *[[Celiac disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albany |first1=Costantine |last2=Servetnyk |first2=Zhanna |title=Disabling osteomalacia and myopathy as the only presenting features of celiac disease: a case report |journal=Cases Journal |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=20 |year=2009 |pmid=19128487 |pmc=2626577 |doi=10.1186/1757-1626-2-20}}</ref>
 *[[Cadmium poisoning]], [[Itai-itai disease]]
+===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|-
+|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminium toxicity]],  [[Bisphosphonates]],  [[Cadmium poisoning]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Dermatologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adefovir]],  [[Ethotoin]],  [[Etidronate]],  [[Fluoride]],  [[Glutethimide]],  [[Long-term anticonvulsant therapy]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Tenofovir]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Endocrine'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystinosis]],  [[Hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Hypocalcemia]],  [[Nephropathic early-onset cystinosis]], [[Hyperparathyroidism|primary hyperparathyroidism]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Environmental'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inadequate sunlight exposure]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]],  [[Cholestasis]],  [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Genetic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wilson disease]],  [[X-linked hypophosphataemia]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Hematologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid phosphatase deficiency]],  [[Acid-base imbalance]],  [[Hypocalcemia]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Insufficient vitamin d]],  [[Malabsorption]],  [[Metabolic acidosis]],  [[Vitamin d deficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Iatrogenic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Long-term anticonvulsant therapy]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Infectious Disease'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets]],  [[Axial osteomalacia]],  [[Mesenchymal tumors]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Neurologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Insufficient vitamin d]],  [[Malabsorption]],  [[Malnutrition during pregnancy]],  [[Vitamin d deficiency]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malnutrition during pregnancy]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Oncologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mesenchymal tumors]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Psychiatric'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Pulmonary'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adult hypophosphatasia]],  [[Chronic kidney failure]],  [[Dent disease]],  [[Fanconi renotubular syndrome]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphatasia]],  [[Hypophosphatemia]],  [[Metabolic acidosis]],  [[Primary renal phosphate wasting syndromes]],  [[Proximal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets]],  [[Celiac disease]],  [[Fibrogenesis imperfecta]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Sexual'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Trauma'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Urologic'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dent disease]]
+|-
+|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| '''Miscellaneous'''
+|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|-
+|}
+===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{columns-list|
+*[[Acid phosphatase deficiency]]
+*[[Acid-base imbalance]]
+*[[Adefovir]]
+*[[Adult hypophosphatasia]]
+*[[Aluminium toxicity]]
+*[[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets]]
+*[[Axial osteomalacia]]
+*[[Bisphosphonates]]
+*[[Cadmium poisoning]]
+*[[Celiac disease]]
+*[[Cholestasis]]
+*[[Chronic kidney failure]]
+*[[Cystinosis]]
+*[[Dent disease]]
+*[[Ethotoin]]
+*[[Etidronate]]
+*[[Fanconi renotubular syndrome]]
+*[[Fibrogenesis imperfecta]]
+*[[Fluoride]]
+*[[Glutethimide]]
+*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+*[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
+*[[Hypophosphatasia]]
+*[[Hypophosphatemia]]
+*[[Inadequate sunlight exposure]]
+*[[Insufficient vitamin d]]
+*[[Itai-itai disease]]
+*[[Long-term anticonvulsant therapy]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Malnutrition during pregnancy]]
+*[[Mesenchymal tumors]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+*[[Nephropathic early-onset cystinosis]]
+*[[Phenytoin]]
+*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
+*[[Hyperparathyroidism|Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
+*[[Primary renal phosphate wasting syndromes]]
+*[[Proximal renal tubular acidosis]]
+*[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Renal tubular acidosis]]
+*[[Tenofovir]]
+*[[Tumor-induced osteomalacia]]
+*[[Vitamin d deficiency]]
+*[[Wilson disease]]
+*[[X-linked hypophosphataemia]]
+}}
+</div>
 ==References==