Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder other imaging findings: Difference between revisions
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Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{HW}} {{ADHD}} ==Overview== There are no other imaging findings associated with ADHD. {{WH}} {{WS}} Category:Disease Category:Psychiatry ..." |
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{HW}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HW}}, {{DN}} | ||
{{ADHD}} | {{ADHD}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The diagnosis of ADHD is mostly clinical, based on a thorough history and physical exam. Imaging studies should not be routinely done, but rather be guided by pertinent findings in the history and physical exam.<ref name="pmid15322953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor E, Döpfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Rothenberger A, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Zuddas A |title=European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder -- first upgrade |journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=I7–30 |year=2004 |pmid=15322953 |doi=10.1007/s00787-004-1002-x |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Imaging Findings== | |||
===MRI=== | |||
High resolution [[MRI]] in ADHD shows: | |||
*Decreased overall brain volume | |||
*Decreased gray matter volume | |||
*Decreased cortical thickness | |||
*Increased white matter volume | |||
These effects are most pronounced in the areas of the [[prefrontal]] cortex, [[caudate]] and [[cerebellum]].<ref name="pmid19730275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Narr KL, Woods RP, Lin J, Kim J, Phillips OR, Del'Homme M, Caplan R, Toga AW, McCracken JT, Levitt JG |title=Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=1014–22 |year=2009 |pmid=19730275 |pmc=2891193 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b395c0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15949998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N |title=Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=1263–72 |year=2005 |pmid=15949998 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.019 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24189200">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makris N, Liang L, Biederman J, Valera EM, Brown AB, Petty C, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ |title=Toward Defining the Neural Substrates of ADHD: A Controlled Structural MRI Study in Medication-Naïve Adults |journal=J Atten Disord |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=944–53 |year=2015 |pmid=24189200 |doi=10.1177/1087054713506041 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===SPECT=== | |||
*[[SPECT]] scans in patients with ADHD may reveal orbito-frontal and [[cerebellar]] hypoperfusion.<ref name="pmid26037855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider H, Thornton JF, Freeman MA, McLean MK, van Lierop MJ, Schneider J |title=Conventional SPECT Versus 3D Thresholded SPECT Imaging in the Diagnosis of ADHD: A Retrospective Study |journal=J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=335–43 |year=2014 |pmid=26037855 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110280 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===PET=== | |||
*[[PET]] scan shows decreased activity in the front-straito-cerebellar and limbic networks.<ref name="pmid24163364">{{cite journal |vauthors=del Campo N, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Smith R, Brichard L, Acosta-Cabronero J, Chamberlain SR, Tait R, Izquierdo D, Regenthal R, Dowson J, Suckling J, Baron JC, Aigbirhio FI, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Müller U |title=A positron emission tomography study of nigro-striatal dopaminergic mechanisms underlying attention: implications for ADHD and its treatment |journal=Brain |volume=136 |issue=Pt 11 |pages=3252–70 |year=2013 |pmid=24163364 |pmc=4125626 |doi=10.1093/brain/awt263 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | [[Category:Psychiatry]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:47, 14 January 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haleigh Williams, B.S., Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
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Overview
The diagnosis of ADHD is mostly clinical, based on a thorough history and physical exam. Imaging studies should not be routinely done, but rather be guided by pertinent findings in the history and physical exam.[1]
Imaging Findings
MRI
High resolution MRI in ADHD shows:
- Decreased overall brain volume
- Decreased gray matter volume
- Decreased cortical thickness
- Increased white matter volume
These effects are most pronounced in the areas of the prefrontal cortex, caudate and cerebellum.[2][3][4]
SPECT
- SPECT scans in patients with ADHD may reveal orbito-frontal and cerebellar hypoperfusion.[5]
PET
References
- ↑ Taylor E, Döpfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Rothenberger A, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Zuddas A (2004). "European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder -- first upgrade". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 13 Suppl 1: I7–30. doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1002-x. PMID 15322953.
- ↑ Narr KL, Woods RP, Lin J, Kim J, Phillips OR, Del'Homme M, Caplan R, Toga AW, McCracken JT, Levitt JG (2009). "Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 48 (10): 1014–22. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b395c0. PMC 2891193. PMID 19730275.
- ↑ Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N (2005). "Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Biol. Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1263–72. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.019. PMID 15949998.
- ↑ Makris N, Liang L, Biederman J, Valera EM, Brown AB, Petty C, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ (2015). "Toward Defining the Neural Substrates of ADHD: A Controlled Structural MRI Study in Medication-Naïve Adults". J Atten Disord. 19 (11): 944–53. doi:10.1177/1087054713506041. PMID 24189200.
- ↑ Schneider H, Thornton JF, Freeman MA, McLean MK, van Lierop MJ, Schneider J (2014). "Conventional SPECT Versus 3D Thresholded SPECT Imaging in the Diagnosis of ADHD: A Retrospective Study". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 26 (4): 335–43. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110280. PMID 26037855.
- ↑ del Campo N, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Smith R, Brichard L, Acosta-Cabronero J, Chamberlain SR, Tait R, Izquierdo D, Regenthal R, Dowson J, Suckling J, Baron JC, Aigbirhio FI, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Müller U (2013). "A positron emission tomography study of nigro-striatal dopaminergic mechanisms underlying attention: implications for ADHD and its treatment". Brain. 136 (Pt 11): 3252–70. doi:10.1093/brain/awt263. PMC 4125626. PMID 24163364.