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{{Typhoid fever}}
{{Typhoid fever}}


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==Overview==
==Overview==
Other diagnostic studies associated with typhoid fever include microbial culture, serology and PCR. However, microbial culture is the gold standard tests for diagnosing typhoid fever:<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9620400">{{cite journal| author=Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, Walsh AM, Nguyen TT, Parry CM et al.| title=Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiotic resistance. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1998 | volume= 36 |obiological  issue= 6 | pages= 1683-7 | pmid=9620400 | doi= | pmc=104900 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9620400  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3900945">{{cite journal| author=Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E| title=Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 4 | issue= 5 | pages= 496-8 | pmid=3900945 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3900945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8560588">{{cite journal| author=Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Isbandrio BB, Wahyono H, Keuter M, Djokomoeljanto R| title=Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever. | journal=Trop Geogr Med | year= 1995 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 164-7 | pmid=8560588 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8560588  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3900945">{{cite journal| author=Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E| title=Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 4 | issue= 5 | pages= 496-8 | pmid=3900945 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3900945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3089041">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Edman DC, Punjabi NH, Lesmana M, Cholid A, Sundah S et al.| title=Bone marrow aspirate culture superior to streptokinase clot culture and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood culture for diagnosis of typhoid fever. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1986 | volume= 35 | issue= 4 | pages= 836-9 | pmid=3089041 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3089041  }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID:    6421940">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Rockhill RC, Sutomo A, Rivai AR, Pulungsih SP| title=Duodenal string-capsule culture compared with bone-marrow, blood, and rectal-swab cultures for diagnosing typhoid and paratyphoid fever. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1984 | volume= 149 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-61 | pmid=PMID:    6421940 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6421940  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8560588">{{cite journal| author=Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Isbandrio BB, Wahyono H, Keuter M, Djokomoeljanto R| title=Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever. | journal=Trop Geogr Med | year= 1995 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 164-7 | pmid=8560588 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8560588  }} </ref><ref name="pmid48834">{{cite journal| author=Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB| title=Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. | journal=Lancet | year= 1975 | volume= 1 | issue= 7918 | pages= 1211-3 | pmid=48834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=48834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3900945">{{cite journal| author=Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E| title=Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 4 | issue= 5 | pages= 496-8 | pmid=3900945 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3900945  }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID:    6421940">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Rockhill RC, Sutomo A, Rivai AR, Pulungsih SP| title=Duodenal string-capsule culture compared with bone-marrow, blood, and rectal-swab cultures for diagnosing typhoid and paratyphoid fever. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1984 | volume= 149 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-61 | pmid=PMID:    6421940 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6421940  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9055495">{{cite journal| author=Shukla S, Patel B, Chitnis DS| title=100 years of Widal test & its reappraisal in an endemic area. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 1997 | volume= 105 | issue=  | pages= 53-7 | pmid=9055495 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9055495  }} </ref><ref> Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.</ref><ref name="pmid11230418">{{cite journal| author=House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV et al.| title=Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2001 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 1002-7 | pmid=11230418 | doi=10.1128/JCM.39.3.1002-1007.2001 | pmc=87864 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11230418  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8314983">{{cite journal| author=Song JH, Cho H, Park MY, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH| title=Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1993 | volume= 31 | issue= 6 | pages= 1439-43 | pmid=8314983 | doi= | pmc=265558 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8314983  }} </ref>


==Other Diagnostic studies==
==Other Diagnostic studies==
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====Serology====
====Serology====


*'''Widal test'''
*'''Widal Test'''
::*Detection of antibodies against O and H antigen of ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype.<ref name="pmid9055495">{{cite journal| author=Shukla S, Patel B, Chitnis DS| title=100 years of Widal test & its reappraisal in an endemic area. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 1997 | volume= 105 | issue=  | pages= 53-7 | pmid=9055495 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9055495  }} </ref>
::*Detection of antibodies against O and H antigen of ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype.<ref name="pmid9055495">{{cite journal| author=Shukla S, Patel B, Chitnis DS| title=100 years of Widal test & its reappraisal in an endemic area. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 1997 | volume= 105 | issue=  | pages= 53-7 | pmid=9055495 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9055495  }} </ref>
::*Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values varies in various parts of the world.
::*Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values varies in various parts of the world.
::*A fourfold rise in antibody titre may be considered positive  
::*A fourfold rise in antibody titre may be considered positive  


*'''Elisa for chronic carriers'''
*'''Elisa for Chronic Carriers'''
::*Detects agglutinating antibodies against Vi antigen.  
::*Detects agglutinating antibodies against Vi antigen.  
::*May help detects chronic carrier state in endemic areas.<ref name="pmid6192305">{{cite journal| author=Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M et al.| title=Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area. | journal=Lancet | year= 1983 | volume= 2 | issue= 8347 | pages= 441-3 | pmid=6192305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6192305  }} </ref>
::*May help detects chronic carrier state in endemic areas.<ref name="pmid6192305">{{cite journal| author=Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M et al.| title=Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area. | journal=Lancet | year= 1983 | volume= 2 | issue= 8347 | pages= 441-3 | pmid=6192305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6192305  }} </ref>
   
   
*'''Newer antibopdy tests'''
*'''Newer Antibody Tests'''
::*Typhidot test<ref> Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.</ref>
::*Typhidot test<ref> Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.</ref>
::*May be used in areas lacking facilities for culture detection of S.typhi.<ref name="pmid11230418">{{cite journal| author=House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV et al.| title=Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2001 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 1002-7 | pmid=11230418 | doi=10.1128/JCM.39.3.1002-1007.2001 | pmc=87864 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11230418  }} </ref>
::*May be used in areas lacking facilities for culture detection of S.typhi.<ref name="pmid11230418">{{cite journal| author=House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV et al.| title=Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2001 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 1002-7 | pmid=11230418 | doi=10.1128/JCM.39.3.1002-1007.2001 | pmc=87864 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11230418  }} </ref>
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{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 02:42, 18 July 2021


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies associated with typhoid fever include microbial culture, serology and PCR. However, microbial culture is the gold standard tests for diagnosing typhoid fever:[1][2][3][4][3][5][6][4][7][3][6][8][9][10][11]

Other Diagnostic studies

Other diagnostic studies associated with typhoid fever include microbial culture, serology and PCR. However, microbial culture is the gold standard tests for diagnosing typhoid fever:[1][2]

Microscopic diagnosis

Culture

Cultures from the following sites may help establishing the diagnosis.[1][7][3][5][12]

Blood culture

  • Standard means of establishing the diagnosis.[3]
  • May be positive prior to the antibiotic use.[4]
  • Positive in 60 to 80 percent of the cases.

Stool culture

  • Positive in 30 percent of the patients with acute typhoid fever.
  • May be more effective in children.[3]

Bone marrow culture

  • Most sensitive.[5][6]
  • Positive in 80 to 95 percent cases.[4]

Culture from the other sites

  • Urine culture
  • Culture of the skin lesions (rose spots)[7]
  • Culture of the duodenal contents[3][6]

Molecular diagnosis

Serology

  • Widal Test
  • Detection of antibodies against O and H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype.[8]
  • Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values varies in various parts of the world.
  • A fourfold rise in antibody titre may be considered positive
  • Elisa for Chronic Carriers
  • Detects agglutinating antibodies against Vi antigen.
  • May help detects chronic carrier state in endemic areas.[13]
  • Newer Antibody Tests
  • Typhidot test[14]
  • May be used in areas lacking facilities for culture detection of S.typhi.[10]

PCR

  • May help detect S.typhi in culture negative patients with strong clinical suspicion.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, Walsh AM, Nguyen TT, Parry CM; et al. (1998). "Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiotic resistance". J Clin Microbiol. 36: 1683–7. PMC 104900. PMID 9620400. Unknown parameter |obiological issue= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E (1985). "Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children". Pediatr Infect Dis. 4 (5): 496–8. PMID 3900945.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Isbandrio BB, Wahyono H, Keuter M, Djokomoeljanto R (1995). "Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever". Trop Geogr Med. 47 (4): 164–7. PMID 8560588.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hoffman SL, Edman DC, Punjabi NH, Lesmana M, Cholid A, Sundah S; et al. (1986). "Bone marrow aspirate culture superior to streptokinase clot culture and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood culture for diagnosis of typhoid fever". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 35 (4): 836–9. PMID 3089041.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Rockhill RC, Sutomo A, Rivai AR, Pulungsih SP (1984). "Duodenal string-capsule culture compared with bone-marrow, blood, and rectal-swab cultures for diagnosing typhoid and paratyphoid fever". J Infect Dis. 149 (2): 157–61. PMID 6421940 PMID: 6421940 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB (1975). "Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever". Lancet. 1 (7918): 1211–3. PMID 48834.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shukla S, Patel B, Chitnis DS (1997). "100 years of Widal test & its reappraisal in an endemic area". Indian J Med Res. 105: 53–7. PMID 9055495.
  9. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV; et al. (2001). "Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis". J Clin Microbiol. 39 (3): 1002–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.3.1002-1007.2001. PMC 87864. PMID 11230418.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Song JH, Cho H, Park MY, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH (1993). "Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction". J Clin Microbiol. 31 (6): 1439–43. PMC 265558. PMID 8314983.
  12. ↑ Rubin FA, McWhirter PD, Burr D, Punjabi NH, Lane E, Kumala S; et al. (1990). "Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever through identification of Salmonella typhi within 18 hours of specimen acquisition by culture of the mononuclear cell-platelet fraction of blood". J Clin Microbiol. 28 (4): 825–7. PMC 267809. PMID 2332479.
  13. ↑ Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M; et al. (1983). "Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area". Lancet. 2 (8347): 441–3. PMID 6192305.
  14. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.

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