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==Overview==
==Overview==
Bursitis is characterized by [[acute]] or [[chronic]] [[inflammation]] of a [[bursa]] and buildup of fluid in the bursa sac. A [[bursa]] is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a [[bone]] and other moving parts: [[muscles]], [[tendons]], or [[skin]]. Over 160 bursa are found throughout the [[body]] and only few of them can cause bursitis.
Bursitis is characterized by [[acute]] or [[chronic]] [[inflammation]] of a [[bursa]] and buildup of fluid in the bursal sac. A [[bursa]] is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a [[bone]] and other moving parts: [[muscles]], [[tendons]], or [[skin]]. Over 160 bursae are found throughout the [[body]], though relatively few of them can cause bursitis.
Aseptic bursitis can be caused by overused and repetitive injuries to the joint, abnormal bony structure and crystal deposit in the bursa. It commonly affects [[knee]] or [[elbow]], from kneeling or leaning on the elbows longer than usual. Moreover, septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa through the skin injury following repetitive trauma.<ref name=Harrison-rheumatology> Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.</ref><ref name=Musculoskeletal> Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.</ref><ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
Aseptic bursitis can be caused by overuse and repetitive injuries to the joint, abnormal bony structure, and crystal deposit in the bursa. It commonly affects the [[knee]] or the [[elbow]] as a result of kneeling or leaning on the elbows for a longer period of time than usual. Moreover, septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa through skin injury following repetitive trauma.<ref name=Harrison-rheumatology> Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.</ref><ref name=Musculoskeletal> Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.</ref><ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Bursitis is characterized by [[acute]] or [[chronic]] [[inflammation]] of a [[bursa]] and buildup of fluid in the bursa sac. A [[bursa]] is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a [[bone]] and other moving parts: [[muscles]], [[tendons]], or [[skin]]. Over 160 bursa are found throughout the [[body]] and only few of them can cause bursitis.
Bursitis is characterized by [[acute]] or [[chronic]] [[inflammation]] of a [[bursa]] and buildup of fluid in the bursal sac. A [[bursa]] is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a [[bone]] and other moving parts: [[muscles]], [[tendons]], or [[skin]]. Over 160 bursae are found throughout the [[body]], though relatively few of them can cause bursitis.
===Aseptic===
===Aseptic===
* Bursitis commonly affect [[knee]] or [[elbow]], from kneeling or leaning on the elbows longer than usual on a hard surface.
*Bursitis commonly affects a [[knee]] or [[elbow]], from kneeling or leaning on the elbows longer than usual on a hard surface.
*Aseptic bursitis can be caused by following mechanism:<ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
*Aseptic bursitis can be caused by the following factors:<ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
**Injuries, overuse, and repetitive stress to the [[joint]]
**Injuries, overuse, and repetitive stress to the [[joint]]
**Abnormal bony structures or soft-tissue changes that affect the movement of the joint.
**Abnormal bony structures or soft-tissue changes that affect the movement of the joint
**Bursitis commonly affect [[knee]] or [[elbow]], from kneeling or leaning on the elbows longer than usual on a hard surface.
**Crystal deposit in the bursa in patients with [[gout]] and [[pseudogout]]
**Crystal deposit in the bursa in patient with [[gout]] and [[pseudogout]]


===Septic===
===Septic===
*Septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa by following routes:<ref name=Harrison-rheumatology> Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.</ref><ref name=Musculoskeletal> Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.</ref><ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
*Septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa via the following routes:<ref name=Harrison-rheumatology> Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.</ref><ref name=Musculoskeletal> Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.</ref><ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
**Through the skin injury following repetitive trauma
**Through a skin injury following repetitive trauma
**Via [[fistula]] (vascular access) in chronic hemodialysis patients
**Via [[fistula]] (vascular access) in chronic [[hemodialysis]] patients
*Bursa close to the surface of the skin are the most likely to get infected with bacteria. Common location of septic bursitis include:<ref name=Harrison-rheumatology> Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.</ref><ref name=Musculoskeletal> Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.</ref><ref name="pmid10090179">{{cite journal| author=García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ| title=The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study. | journal=J Rheumatol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-7 | pmid=10090179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10090179  }} </ref>
*Bursa close to the surface of the skin are the most likely to become infected with bacteria. Common locations of septic bursitis include:
**Olecranon bursitis (in carpenters, athletes, or hemodialysis patients)  
**[[Olecranon]] bursitis (in carpenters, athletes, or [[hemodialysis]] patients)  
**Prepatellar or infrapatellar septic bursitis (in athletes and those with kneeling occupations)
**Prepatellar or infrapatellar septic bursitis (in athletes and those whose occupations involve regular kneeling)
**Ischiogluteal bursitis (in weavers and patients with spinal cord injury)
**Ischiogluteal bursitis (in weavers and patients with spinal cord injuries)
**A bursa on medial aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (due to skin breakdown in patients with hallux valgus and inappropriate shoes)
**A bursa on medial aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (due to skin breakdown in patients with [[hallux valgus]] and inappropriate shoes)


==Gross Pathology==
==Gross Pathology==
*On gross pathology, thickened, erythematous and shaggy bursal wall with fibrinous exudates are characteristic finding of bursitis.<ref name=Bursitis-pic> Wikimedia Commons. Bursitis. (2012) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bursitis Accessed on August 31, 2016</ref>
On gross pathology, characteristic findings of bursitis include a thickened, erythematous, and shaggy bursal wall with fibrinous exudates.<ref name=Bursitis-pic> Wikimedia Commons. Bursitis. (2012) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bursitis Accessed on August 31, 2016</ref>
<gallery>
[[Image:Tuberculous_bursitis_(6539934061).jpg|thumb|center|Thickened wall of the bursa result of chronic tuberculous infection - By Yale Rosen from USA - Tuberculous bursitisUploaded by CFCF, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31127387]]
Image:Tuberculous_bursitis_(6539934061).jpg|Thickened wall of the bursa result of chronic tuberculous infection
</gallery>


==Microscopic histopathological analysis==
==Microscopic histopathological analysis==
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, chronic inflammation and scarring are characteristic findings of bursitis.
On microscopic histopathological analysis, chronic [[inflammation]] and [[scarring]] are characteristic findings of bursitis.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 20:46, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Bursitis is characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa and buildup of fluid in the bursal sac. A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts: muscles, tendons, or skin. Over 160 bursae are found throughout the body, though relatively few of them can cause bursitis. Aseptic bursitis can be caused by overuse and repetitive injuries to the joint, abnormal bony structure, and crystal deposit in the bursa. It commonly affects the knee or the elbow as a result of kneeling or leaning on the elbows for a longer period of time than usual. Moreover, septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa through skin injury following repetitive trauma.[1][2][3]

Pathophysiology

Bursitis is characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa and buildup of fluid in the bursal sac. A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts: muscles, tendons, or skin. Over 160 bursae are found throughout the body, though relatively few of them can cause bursitis.

Aseptic

  • Bursitis commonly affects a knee or elbow, from kneeling or leaning on the elbows longer than usual on a hard surface.
  • Aseptic bursitis can be caused by the following factors:[3]
    • Injuries, overuse, and repetitive stress to the joint
    • Abnormal bony structures or soft-tissue changes that affect the movement of the joint
    • Crystal deposit in the bursa in patients with gout and pseudogout

Septic

  • Septic bursitis can be caused by bacterial infection of the bursa via the following routes:[1][2][3]
    • Through a skin injury following repetitive trauma
    • Via fistula (vascular access) in chronic hemodialysis patients
  • Bursa close to the surface of the skin are the most likely to become infected with bacteria. Common locations of septic bursitis include:
    • Olecranon bursitis (in carpenters, athletes, or hemodialysis patients)
    • Prepatellar or infrapatellar septic bursitis (in athletes and those whose occupations involve regular kneeling)
    • Ischiogluteal bursitis (in weavers and patients with spinal cord injuries)
    • A bursa on medial aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (due to skin breakdown in patients with hallux valgus and inappropriate shoes)

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, characteristic findings of bursitis include a thickened, erythematous, and shaggy bursal wall with fibrinous exudates.[4]

Thickened wall of the bursa result of chronic tuberculous infection - By Yale Rosen from USA - Tuberculous bursitisUploaded by CFCF, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31127387

Microscopic histopathological analysis

On microscopic histopathological analysis, chronic inflammation and scarring are characteristic findings of bursitis.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fauci, Anthony S., and Carol Langford. Harrison's rheumatology. McGraw Hill Professional, 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hellmann DB, Imboden JB., Jr. Musculoskeletal and immunologic disorders. In: McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill Lange; 2010. pp. 2056–2061.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Ibañez D, García-País MJ (1999). "The clinical spectrum of severe septic bursitis in northwestern Spain: a 10 year study". J Rheumatol. 26 (3): 663–7. PMID 10090179.
  4. ↑ Wikimedia Commons. Bursitis. (2012) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bursitis Accessed on August 31, 2016

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