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__NOTOC__
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{{Typhoid fever}}
{{Typhoid fever}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AA}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AAA}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified based on duration of illness, serologic type causing disease, severity of illness and [[virulence]] factors.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and [[virulence]] factors.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified as follows.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
 
===Duration of illness===
===Duration of illness===
'''Acute disease'''  
'''Acute disease''' <ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510  }} </ref>
*Sudden in onset  
*Sudden-onset  
*Severe by nature
*Severe in nature
*Lasts < 12 months
*Lasts < 12 months
*Mostly symptomatic
*Mostly symptomatic


'''Chronic disease'''
'''Chronic disease''' <ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510  }} </ref>
*Lasts > 12 months<ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref>
*Lasts > 12 months
*Less severe  
*Less severe  
*Asymptomatic
*Asymptomatic
*Spread infection to others<ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510  }} </ref>
*Spread infection to others


===Severity of illness===
===Severity of illness===
'''Mild disease'''
'''Mild disease'''<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref>
:*Early diagnosis and treatment
*Early diagnosis and treatment
:*Antibiotic susceptibility<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref>
*[[Antibiotic]] susceptibility
:*Absence of complications
*Absence of [[complications]]


'''Moderate to severe disease'''
'''Moderate to severe disease'''<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref>
:*Late presentation
*Late presentation
:*Presence of complications<ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref>
*Presence of [[complications]]
:*Antibiotic resistance
*[[Antibiotic]] resistance


===Virulence factors===
===Virulence factors===
'''High virulence factors'''
'''High virulence factors'''<ref name="pmid8648213">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI| title=phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 173 | issue= 6 | pages= 1408-14 | pmid=8648213 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8648213  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18191792">{{cite journal| author=Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE| title=Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment. | journal=Cell Host Microbe | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-8 | pmid=18191792 | doi=10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18191792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
:*PhoP/phoQ genes<ref name="pmid8648213">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI| title=phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 173 | issue= 6 | pages= 1408-14 | pmid=8648213 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8648213  }} </ref>
*PhoP/phoQ genes
:*CdtB protein<ref name="pmid18191792">{{cite journal| author=Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE| title=Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment. | journal=Cell Host Microbe | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-8 | pmid=18191792 | doi=10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18191792  }} </ref>
*CdtB protein
:*Vi antigen positive strains<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
*Vi antigen-positive strains


'''Low virulence factors'''
'''Low virulence factors'''<ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26394303">{{cite journal| author=Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P et al.| title=Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= e0004029 | pmid=26394303 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029 | pmc=4578949 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26394303  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192769">{{cite journal| author=Weinberg ED| title=Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation. | journal=Perspect Biol Med | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 98-102 | pmid=18192769 | doi=10.1353/pbm.2008.0001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192769  }} </ref>
:*Absence of above factors
*Absence of above factors
:*Presence of following host factors<ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26394303">{{cite journal| author=Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P et al.| title=Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= e0004029 | pmid=26394303 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029 | pmc=4578949 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26394303  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192769">{{cite journal| author=Weinberg ED| title=Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation. | journal=Perspect Biol Med | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 98-102 | pmid=18192769 | doi=10.1353/pbm.2008.0001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192769  }} </ref>
*Presence of following host factors
::*C282 mutation
:*C282 mutation
::*CFTR mutation
:*CFTR mutation


== References ==  
== References ==  
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 02:39, 18 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.[1]

Classification

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.[1]

Duration of illness

Acute disease [2][3][4]

  • Sudden-onset
  • Severe in nature
  • Lasts < 12 months
  • Mostly symptomatic

Chronic disease [2][3][4]

  • Lasts > 12 months
  • Less severe
  • Asymptomatic
  • Spread infection to others

Severity of illness

Mild disease[5][6]

Moderate to severe disease[7][6]

Virulence factors

High virulence factors[8][9][1]

  • PhoP/phoQ genes
  • CdtB protein
  • Vi antigen-positive strains

Low virulence factors[3][10][11]

  • Absence of above factors
  • Presence of following host factors
  • C282 mutation
  • CFTR mutation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). "Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). "Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state". J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). "Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers". Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
  5. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
  7. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  8. ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). "phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers". J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
  9. ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). "Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment". Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
  10. ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). "Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
  11. ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). "Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation". Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.


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