Syphilis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(49 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}} {{AA}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{AA}}; {{NRM}}
{{Syphilis}}
{{Syphilis}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
The rate of primary and secondary syphilis reported in the United States decreased during the 1990s; in 2000, the rate was the lowest since reporting began in 1941. The low rate of infectious syphilis and the concentration of the majority of syphilis cases in a small number of geographic areas in the United States led to the development of the CDCs National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis, which was announced by Surgeon General David Satcher in October 1999 and revised in May 2006.[http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/plan.htm 2]
In 2012, the incidence of syphilis was estimated to be 6 million cases worldwide. From year 2005 to 2014, the incidence of syphilis in the United States increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year. The rate of reported cases increased by 15.1% between 2013 and 2014 in the United States.<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref> Syphilis incidence increased in every region of the Untied States in 2014, with the highest rate in the West and lowest rate in the Midwest. In 2012, the [[prevalence]] of syphilis was estimated to be approximately 18 million cases in men and women aged 15-29 worldwide.<ref name="pmid26646541">{{cite journal| author=Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N et al.| title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 12 | pages= e0143304 | pmid=26646541 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | pmc=4672879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26646541  }} </ref> The incidence and prevalence of syphilis may be affected by age, gender, race, sexual behavior and geographical distribution.<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23403598">{{cite journal| author=Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MC et al.| title=Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 187-93 | pmid=23403598 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23403598  }} </ref><ref name=WHO2012>http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85376/1/9789241505895_eng.pdf?=1 Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23049658">{{cite journal| author=Purcell DW, Johnson CH, Lansky A, Prejean J, Stein R, Denning P et al.| title=Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates. | journal=Open AIDS J | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 98-107 | pmid=23049658 | doi=10.2174/1874613601206010098 | pmc=3462414 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23049658  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17463387">{{cite journal| author=Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS| title=Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 2007 | volume= 97 | issue= 6 | pages= 1076-83 | pmid=17463387 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.070417 | pmc=1874206 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17463387  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6893897">{{cite journal| author=Judson FN, Penley KA, Robinson ME, Smith JK| title=Comparative prevalence rates of sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual and homosexual men. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1980 | volume= 112 | issue= 6 | pages= 836-43 | pmid=6893897 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6893897  }} </ref>


==Epidemiology ==
==Epidemiology ==
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*In 2008, the incidence of syphilis was estimated to be 10.9 million cases worldwide.
*Worldwide incidence of syphilis:
*From year 2005 to 2014, the incidence of syphilis in USA has increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year.  
**2004: approximately 12 million cases<ref name="pmid15247352">{{cite journal| author=Hook EW, Peeling RW| title=Syphilis control--a continuing challenge. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 2 | pages= 122-4 | pmid=15247352 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048126 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15247352  }} </ref>
*The incidence of syphilis in USA in the year 2014 is described below:
**2008: approximately 10.9 million cases<ref name="WHO">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75181/1/9789241503839_eng.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23198131">{{cite journal| author=Herbert LJ, Middleton SI| title=An estimate of syphilis incidence in Eastern Europe. | journal=J Glob Health | year= 2012 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 010402 | pmid=23198131 | doi=10.7189/jogh.02.010402 | pmc=3484754 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23198131  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27167068">{{cite journal| author=Kenyon CR, Osbak K, Tsoumanis A| title=The Global Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Past Century - A Systematic Review Based on Antenatal Syphilis Prevalence. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 10 | issue= 5 | pages= e0004711 | pmid=27167068 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004711 | pmc=4864207 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27167068  }} </ref>
::*Increase in the rate of reported cases compared with 2013 is 15.1%.
**2012: approximately 6 million cases<ref name="pmid26646541">{{cite journal| author=Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N et al.| title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 12 | pages= e0143304 | pmid=26646541 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | pmc=4672879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26646541  }} </ref>
::*Increased incidence in every region of the country with highest reported cases in the west and lowest cases in the midwest.
*Incidence of syphilis in the United States:
[[Image:Syphliscdcgraph2.jpg|800px]]
**From 2005 to 2014, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year.
 
**From 2009 to 2014, the incidence of late and latent syphilis increased from 5.6 to 7.4 cases/100,000/year.
†Data from CDC
**The rate of reported cases increased by 15.1% between 2013 and 2014.<ref name="CDC">https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref>
This graph is property of wikidoc, must be redistributed.
**Syphilis incidence increased in every region of the Untied States in 2014, with the highest rate in the West and lowest rate in the Midwest.  
[[Image:Syphliscdcgraph2.jpg|800px|center|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*In 2008, the prevalence of syphilis was estimated to be 36.4 million cases worldwide.
*In 2008, the [[prevalence]] of syphilis was estimated to be 36.4 million cases worldwide.<ref name=WHO>http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75181/1/9789241503839_eng.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref>
*In 2014, the prevalence of syphilis in USA was estimated to be 20 cases/100,000 individuals.
*In 2012, the prevalence of syphilis is estimated to be 18 million cases in men and women aged 15-29 worldwide.<ref name="pmid26646541">{{cite journal| author=Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N et al.| title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 12 | pages= e0143304 | pmid=26646541 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | pmc=4672879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26646541  }} </ref>
*In 2014, the prevalence of syphilis in the United States was estimated to be 20 cases/100,000 individuals.<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref>


==Demographic factors==  
==Demographics ==  
The incidence and prevalence of syphilis may be affected by the following demographic factors:  
The incidence and prevalence of syphilis may be affected by the following demographic factors:<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name=WHO2012>http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85376/1/9789241505895_eng.pdf?ua=1 Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
In 2014, the highest rate of primary and secondary syphilis in USA was seen in age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years.
In 2014, the highest rate of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States was seen in age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years.<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23403598">{{cite journal| author=Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MC et al.| title=Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 187-93 | pmid=23403598 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23403598  }} </ref>
 
[[Image:Syphilis Age and sex.jpg|center|500px|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Gender===
===Gender===
*There is increased incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in men who have sex with men compared with women. However, there is no significant difference in incidence of syphilis among men who have sex with women compared with women.
*There is increased [[incidence]] of primary and secondary syphilis in men who have sex with men (MSM).
*In 2014, out of 19,999 total reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis, 61% were estimated to be among males who have sex with males.
**In 2014, 61% of 19,999 total reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis were estimated to be among MSM.<ref name="CDC">https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="WHO2012">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85376/1/9789241505895_eng.pdf?=1 Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid23049658">{{cite journal| author=Purcell DW, Johnson CH, Lansky A, Prejean J, Stein R, Denning P et al.| title=Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates. | journal=Open AIDS J | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 98-107 | pmid=23049658 | doi=10.2174/1874613601206010098 | pmc=3462414 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23049658  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17463387">{{cite journal| author=Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS| title=Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 2007 | volume= 97 | issue= 6 | pages= 1076-83 | pmid=17463387 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.070417 | pmc=1874206 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17463387  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6893897">{{cite journal| author=Judson FN, Penley KA, Robinson ME, Smith JK| title=Comparative prevalence rates of sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual and homosexual men. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1980 | volume= 112 | issue= 6 | pages= 836-43 | pmid=6893897 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6893897  }} </ref>
   
===Race===
*Syphilis is more prevalent in the african population as compared to other racial groups.  
*In 2014, the highest incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in USA was reported to be in african american poulation and lowest incidence was observed in whites, asians and mutiracial groups.


====Primary and Secondary Syphilis — Reported Cases by Stage, Sex, and Sexual Behavior, 2014====


[[File:Primary and secondary syphilis rates.gif|thumb|Note: The Healthy People 2010 target for primary & secondary syphilis is 0.2 case per 100,000 population.|left|650px]]<br clear="left"/>
[[Image:Syphilis 3.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Race===
*Syphilis is more prevalent in the African American population as compared to other racial groups.<ref name="pmid26646541">{{cite journal| author=Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N et al.| title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 12 | pages= e0143304 | pmid=26646541 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | pmc=4672879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26646541  }} </ref>
*In 2014, the highest incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States was reported to be in the African American population and the lowest incidence was observed in Caucasisans, Asians and multiracial groups.<ref name=CDC>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016</ref>


[[File:Primary and secondary syphilis rates by region.gif|thumb|Note: The Healthy People 2010 target for primary & secondary syphilis is 0.2 case per 100,000 population.|left|650px]]<br clear="left"/>
====Primary and Secondary Syphilis — Reported Cases by Sex, Sexual Behavior, and Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2014====
 
====By State====
In 2007, primary and secondary syphilis rates in three states were less than or equal to the HP 2010 target of 0.2 case per 100,000 population [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/24.htm 5]. Four states and one outlying area reported five or fewer cases of P&S syphilis in 2007 [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/24.htm 5].
 
[[File:Primary and secondary syphilis rates by state.gif|thumb|Note: The total rate of primary & secondary syphilis for the United States and outlying areas (Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 3.8 per 100,000 population. The Healthy People 2010 target is 0.2 case per 100,000 population.|left|650px]]<br clear="left"/>
 
===By Country===
In 2007, 2,275 of 3,140 counties (72.4%) in the United States reported no cases of primary and secondary syphilis compared with 2,360 (75.2%) in 2006. Of 865 counties reporting at least one case of primary and secondary syphilis in 2007, five (0.6%) had rates at or below the HP2010 target of 0.2 cases per 100,000 population. Rates of primary and secondary syphilis were above the HP2010 target for 860 counties in 2007. These 860 counties (27.4% of the total number of counties in the United States) accounted for 99.9% of the total primary and secondary syphilis cases reported in 2007. In 2007, half of the total number of P&S syphilis cases were reported from 23 counties and two cities [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/31.htm 7].
 
Although the rate of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States declined 89.7% between 1990 and 2000, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis increased annually between 2001 and 2007. Overall increases in rates between 2001 and 2007 were observed primarily among men (from 3.0 cases per 100,000 population to 6.6 cases per 100,000 population). After persistent declines from 1992 to 2003, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis among women increased from 0.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2004 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2005 to 1.0 case per 100,000 population in 2006, to 1.1 case per 100,000 population in 2007.
 
Syphilis remains an important problem in the South and in urban areas in other regions of the country. Increases in cases among MSM have occurred and have been characterized by high rates of HIV co-infection and high-risk sexual behavior.3-7 The estimated proportion of primary and secondary syphilis cases attributable to MSM increased from 4% in 2000 to 62% in 2004. In 2005, CDC requested that all state health departments report sex of sex partners for persons with syphilis. In 2007, 65% of those primary and secondary syphilis cases in 44 states and Washington D.C. with available information were among MSM. Of reported male cases with primary and secondary syphilis, sex of partner information in 2007 was available for 79%.
 
Syphilis, a genital ulcerative disease, causes significant complications if untreated and facilitates the transmission of [[HIV]]. Untreated early syphilis in pregnant women results in perinatal death in up to 40% of cases and, if acquired during the four years preceding pregnancy, may lead to infection of the fetus in 80% of cases.<ref name="pmid14829195">{{cite journal |author=INGRAHAM NR |title=The value of penicillin alone in the prevention and treatment of congenital syphilis |journal=[[Acta Dermato-venereologica. Supplementum]] |volume=31 |issue=Suppl. 24 |pages=60–87 |year=1950 |pmid=14829195 |doi= |url=|accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref>
[[File:Primary and secondary syphilis rates by county.gif|thumb|Note: The Healthy People 2010 target for primary and secondary syphilis is 0.2 case per 100,000 population. In 2007, 2,274 (72.4%) of 3,140 counties in the U.S. reported no cases of primary and secondary syphilis.|left|650px]]<br clear="left"/>
 
===Age===
In 2007, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis was highest in persons in the 25- to 29-year-old age group (8.9 cases per 100,000 population)[http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/32.htm 8].
 
Between 2006 and 2007, primary and secondary syphilis rates in most age groups among men and women increased [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/32.htm 8].
 
<gallery perRow="3">
File:CDC Syphilis- Figure 33.gif
 
File:CDC Syphilis- Figure 34.gif


File:CDC Syphilis- Figure 35.gif
[[Image:Syphilis 4.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
</gallery>


===Gender===
===Geographical distribution===
*There i
The rate of primary and secondary syphilis increased 17.9% among men (from 5.6 cases to 6.6 cases per 100,000 men) between 2006 and 2007 [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/27.htm 9]. During this time, the rate increased 10.0% among women from 1.0 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 women [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/26.htm 10].


=====By Sex & Sex Behavior=====
Worldwide, the highest [[incidence]] and [[prevalence]] of syphilis was seen in Africa and South East Asia, while the lowest was seen in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean region in 2012.<ref name="pmid26646541">{{cite journal| author=Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N et al.| title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 12 | pages= e0143304 | pmid=26646541 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | pmc=4672879 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26646541  }} </ref>
The male to female rate ratio for primary and secondary syphilis has risen steadily since 1996 when it was 1.2, suggesting an increase among MSM. In 2007, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis in males was 6.0 times that in females, an increase from 5.7 in 2006.


In 2005, CDC began collecting information on the sexual orientation of patients with primary and secondary syphilis. In 2007, this information was available for 79% of male cases.
'''United States'''


In 2007, the stage of disease was reported as follows: among heterosexual men with primary and secondary syphilis, 43.0% had primary syphilis and 57% had secondary syphilis. Among female patients, 17.9% had primary syphilis and 82.1% had secondary syphilis. Among men who had sex with men with primary and secondary syphilis, 24.3% had primary syphilis and 75.7% had secondary syphilis.
:*Rates of reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis by state for 2014 is shown in the map below:


Of females with primary and secondary syphilis, 21.9% were white, 63.5% were black, 9.6% were Hispanic, and 5.0% were of other races/ethnicities. Of heterosexual men, 19.3% were white, 59.8% were black, 16.1% were Hispanic, and 4.8% were of other race/ethnicities. Of men who had sex with men, 40.8% were white, 33.2% were black, 19.3% were Hispanic, and 6.7% were of other races/ethnicities.
:[[Image:Syphilis 7.jpg|500px|thumb|center|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Race===
:*Rates of reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis by region for 2014 is shown in the map below:
From 2006 to 2007, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis increased in all racial and ethnic groups except Asian/Pacific Islanders. The rate increased 5.3% among non-Hispanic whites (from 1.9 to 2.0), 25% among blacks (from 11.2 to 14.0), 22.9% among Hispanics (from 3.5 to 4.3), and 6.3% among American Indian/Alaska Natives (from 3.2 to 3.4).  The rate remained the same at 1.2 cases per 100,000 population among Asian/Pacific Islanders [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/33b.htm 11].


====By Race/Ethnicity and Sex====
:[[Image:Syphilis 6.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
From 2006 to 2007, the primary and secondary syphilis rate among non-Hispanic white males increased 5.7% (from 3.5 to 3.7), and increased among non-Hispanic white females as well (from 0.3 to 0.4). The rate increased 28.2% among black males (from 18.1 to 23.2) and 14.3% among black females (from 4.9 to 5.6). The rate increased 25.0% among Hispanic males (from 6.0 to 7.5), but remained unchanged among Hispanic females (0.8). The rate remained unchanged for both Asian/Pacific Island males (2.4), and Asian/Pacific Island females (0.1). The rate increased 36.8% among American Indian/Alaska Native females (from 1.9 to 2.6), but decreased 8.5% among American Indian/Alaska Native males (from 4.7 to 4.3) [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/33b.htm 11].
 
====By Race/Ethnicity, Age, and Sex====
In 2007, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis among blacks was highest among women aged 20 to 24 years (16.0) and among men aged 20 to 24 years (57.5) and 25 to 29 years (57.4). For non-Hispanic whites, the rate was highest among women aged 20 to 24 years (1.1) and among men aged 40 to 44 years (10.4). For Hispanics, the rate was highest among women aged 20 to 24 years (2.3) and among men aged 40 to 44 years (15.5). For Asian/Pacific Islanders, the rate was highest among women aged 20 to 24 years and 30 to 34 years (both 0.4) and among men aged 25 to 29 years (5.8). For American Indian/Alaska Natives, the rate was highest among women aged 25 to 29 years (7.8) and among men aged 30 to 34 years (18.2) [http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/tables/33b.htm 11].


==References==
==References==
Line 97: Line 67:
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases]]

Latest revision as of 00:23, 30 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]; Nate Michalak, B.A.

Sexually transmitted diseases Main Page

Syphilis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Syphilis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary and Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Neurosyphilis
HIV-Infected Patients
Pregnancy
Management of Sexual Partners

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Syphilis epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Syphilis epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Syphilis epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Syphilis epidemiology and demographics

Syphilis epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Syphilis epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Syphilis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Syphilis epidemiology and demographics

Overview

In 2012, the incidence of syphilis was estimated to be 6 million cases worldwide. From year 2005 to 2014, the incidence of syphilis in the United States increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year. The rate of reported cases increased by 15.1% between 2013 and 2014 in the United States.[1] Syphilis incidence increased in every region of the Untied States in 2014, with the highest rate in the West and lowest rate in the Midwest. In 2012, the prevalence of syphilis was estimated to be approximately 18 million cases in men and women aged 15-29 worldwide.[2] The incidence and prevalence of syphilis may be affected by age, gender, race, sexual behavior and geographical distribution.[1][3][4][5][6][7]

Epidemiology

Incidence

  • Worldwide incidence of syphilis:
    • 2004: approximately 12 million cases[8]
    • 2008: approximately 10.9 million cases[9][10][11]
    • 2012: approximately 6 million cases[2]
  • Incidence of syphilis in the United States:
    • From 2005 to 2014, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year.
    • From 2009 to 2014, the incidence of late and latent syphilis increased from 5.6 to 7.4 cases/100,000/year.
    • The rate of reported cases increased by 15.1% between 2013 and 2014.[1]
    • Syphilis incidence increased in every region of the Untied States in 2014, with the highest rate in the West and lowest rate in the Midwest.
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Prevalence

  • In 2008, the prevalence of syphilis was estimated to be 36.4 million cases worldwide.[9]
  • In 2012, the prevalence of syphilis is estimated to be 18 million cases in men and women aged 15-29 worldwide.[2]
  • In 2014, the prevalence of syphilis in the United States was estimated to be 20 cases/100,000 individuals.[1]

Demographics

The incidence and prevalence of syphilis may be affected by the following demographic factors:[1][4]

Age

In 2014, the highest rate of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States was seen in age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years.[1][3]

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Gender

  • There is increased incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in men who have sex with men (MSM).
    • In 2014, 61% of 19,999 total reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis were estimated to be among MSM.[1][4][5][6][7]

Primary and Secondary Syphilis — Reported Cases by Stage, Sex, and Sexual Behavior, 2014

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Race

  • Syphilis is more prevalent in the African American population as compared to other racial groups.[2]
  • In 2014, the highest incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States was reported to be in the African American population and the lowest incidence was observed in Caucasisans, Asians and multiracial groups.[1]

Primary and Secondary Syphilis — Reported Cases by Sex, Sexual Behavior, and Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2014

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Geographical distribution

Worldwide, the highest incidence and prevalence of syphilis was seen in Africa and South East Asia, while the lowest was seen in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean region in 2012.[2]

United States

  • Rates of reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis by state for 2014 is shown in the map below:
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/
  • Rates of reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis by region for 2014 is shown in the map below:
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/surv-2014-print.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N; et al. (2015). "Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting". PLoS One. 10 (12): e0143304. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143304. PMC 4672879. PMID 26646541.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MC; et al. (2013). "Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (3): 187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53. PMID 23403598.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85376/1/9789241505895_eng.pdf?=1 Accessed on September 16, 2016
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Purcell DW, Johnson CH, Lansky A, Prejean J, Stein R, Denning P; et al. (2012). "Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates". Open AIDS J. 6: 98–107. doi:10.2174/1874613601206010098. PMC 3462414. PMID 23049658.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS (2007). "Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States". Am J Public Health. 97 (6): 1076–83. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070417. PMC 1874206. PMID 17463387.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Judson FN, Penley KA, Robinson ME, Smith JK (1980). "Comparative prevalence rates of sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual and homosexual men". Am J Epidemiol. 112 (6): 836–43. PMID 6893897.
  8. ↑ Hook EW, Peeling RW (2004). "Syphilis control--a continuing challenge". N Engl J Med. 351 (2): 122–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048126. PMID 15247352.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75181/1/9789241503839_eng.pdf Accessed on September 16, 2016
  10. ↑ Herbert LJ, Middleton SI (2012). "An estimate of syphilis incidence in Eastern Europe". J Glob Health. 2 (1): 010402. doi:10.7189/jogh.02.010402. PMC 3484754. PMID 23198131.
  11. ↑ Kenyon CR, Osbak K, Tsoumanis A (2016). "The Global Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Past Century - A Systematic Review Based on Antenatal Syphilis Prevalence". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10 (5): e0004711. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004711. PMC 4864207. PMID 27167068.


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Syphilis_epidemiology_and_demographics&oldid=1643790"