Rhinosinusitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]

Overview

The causes of rhinosinusitis can be divided according to the infectious group that causes it: bacterial, viral, and fungal.

Causes

Infectious Causes

Infectious causes of rhinosinusitis include viruses, bacteria, and fungi:

• Viruses
  • Rhinovirus
  • Influenza virus
  • Parainfluenza virus

• Bacteria
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Staphylococcus aureus: common in chronic sinusitis
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: common in nosocomial sinusitis, cystic fibrosis patients and the immunocompromised
  • Anaerobes: Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus: common in chronic sinusitis
• Fungi
  • Aspergillus species
  • Fusarium species
  • The Mucorales

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Obstructive sleep apnea
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	Eagle syndrome, infected tooth socket, tooth abscess
Dermatologic	Chediak-Higashi syndrome, erythema annulare centrifugum, leukocytoclastic angiitis, lymphedema, scarlet fever, vasculitis hypersensitivity, yellow nail syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Acetylcysteine, alfuzosin, antibiotic resistance, azelastine, azithromycin (ophthalmic), beclomethasone dipropionate (inhalation), bicalutamide, cefalexin, cefmenoxime, cefpodoxime, ciclesonide, cidofovir, cyclosporine injection, ezetimibe/simvastatin, faropenem, fluvastatin, lamotrigine, metronidazole topical, mifepristone, naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, nuvaring, olopatadine, omalizumab, oxaprozin, pentamidine isethionate, pioglitazone, pirfenidone, salicylate sensitivity, secukinumab, serrapeptase, sertraline, sulfamethoxazole, sumatriptan, tamsulosin, topiramate, travoprost, zanamivir, zileuton
Ear Nose Throat	Acute sinusitis, adenoid hypertrophy, catarrh, chronic fungal sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic sinusitis, concha bullosa, deviated nasal septum, Eagle syndrome, empty nose syndrome, eustachian tube dysfunction, maxillary sinus carcinoma, maxillofacial trauma, nasal bone spur, nasal congestion, nasal foreign body, nasal irrigation, nasal obstruction, nasal polyp, palatine tonsil, perforated eardrum, post-nasal drip, Pott's puffy tumor, rhinitis, rhinolith, rhinorrhea, vasomotor rhinitis
Endocrine	Acromegaly, diabetes, exophthalmos
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease
Genetic	Chediak-Higashi syndrome, cystic fibrosis, immotile cilia syndrome, Kartagener syndrome, primary ciliary dyskinesia, WHIM syndrome
Hematologic	Acute erythroleukemia
Iatrogenic	Computed tomography, cranial surgery, nasogastric intubation, sinus-lift procedure
Infectious Disease	Acinetobacter, acute sinusitis, acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, aerosinusitis, aspergillosis, aspergillus, aureobasidium pullulans exposure, biofilm, botulinum toxin, brain abscess, chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, chronic fungal sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic sinusitis, cladosporiosis, common cold, coronavirus, coxsackievirus, diffuse panbronchiolitis, echovirus, encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, enterovirus, entomophthoramycosis, feline viral rhinotracheitis, fusarium, group A streptococcal infection, haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex, HIV, immotile cilia syndrome, influenza virus, Kartagener syndrome, Lemierre's syndrome, microsporidiosis, moraxella catarrhalis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, mucormycosis, orbital cellulitis, orthomyxovirus, parainfluenza virus, paramyxovirus, periorbital cellulitis, pneumococcus, preseptal cellulitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinitis, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scedosporium apiospermum, septic dural sinus thrombosis, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, tooth abscess, upper respiratory tract infection, zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Penetrating wound
Neurologic	Brain abscess, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, fatigue (medical), meningismus, obstructive sleep apnea, septic dural sinus thrombosis
Nutritional/Metabolic	Cystic fibrosis, food intolerance, food allergy, mucin
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acute erythroleukemia, maxillary sinus carcinoma, nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Pott's puffy tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma
Ophthalmologic	Orbital cellulitis, periorbital cellulitis, preseptal cellulitis
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Chronic fatigue syndrome
Pulmonary	Acute rhinitis, acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), asthma, catarrh, Churg-Strauss syndrome, common cold, cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, immotile cilia syndrome, Kartagener syndrome, nasal congestion, obstructive sleep apnea, post-nasal drip, primary ciliary dyskinesia, Samter's triad, sarcoidosis, upper respiratory tract infection, Wegener's granulomatosis, yellow nail syndrome, Young's syndrome
Renal/Electrolyte	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, allergy, chronic fatigue syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency, Felty's syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hay fever, hyper IgM syndrome, IgG deficiency, immune deficiency disease, Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency , Nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Samter's triad, sarcoidosis, selective immunoglobulin A deficiency, Sjögren's syndrome, vasculitis hypersensitivity, Wegener's granulomatosis, WHIM syndrome, x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Sexual	Young's syndrome
Trauma	Maxillofacial trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes