|
|
| (75 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Taxobox
| | #REDIRECT[[Mycoplasma genitalium infection]] |
| | color = lightgrey
| |
| | name = ''Mycoplasma genitalium''
| |
| | image = Mycoplasma genitalium.gif
| |
| | regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| |
| | divisio = [[Firmicutes]]
| |
| | classis = [[Mollicutes]]
| |
| | ordo = [[Mycoplasmatales]]
| |
| | familia = [[Mycoplasmataceae]]
| |
| | genus = ''[[Mycoplasma]]''
| |
| | species = '''''M. genitalium'''''
| |
| | binomial = ''Mycoplasma genitalium''
| |
| | binomial_authority = Tully et al., 1983
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| __NOTOC__
| |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}}
| |
| {{SI}}
| |
| | |
| ==Overview==
| |
| ==Classification==
| |
| | |
| ==Historical Perspective==
| |
| *'''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is the 11th '''''[[Mycoplasma]]''''' species of human origin.<ref name="pmid21734246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor-Robinson D, Jensen JS |title=Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to multicolored butterfly |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=498–514 |year=2011 |pmid=21734246 |pmc=3131060 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-11 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *In 1980, 13 men were tested for non-gonoccal [[urethritis]] (NGU). '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' was isolated from 2 of those 13 men.<ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26975162">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary of 2015 CDC Treatment Guidelines |journal=J Miss State Med Assoc |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=372–5 |year=2015 |pmid=26975162 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12599082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Dutro SM, Eschenbach DA, Stevens CE, Totten PA |title=Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=650–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12599082 |doi=10.1086/367992 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *In the early 1990s, [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) was developed, which allowed for diagnosis of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'''''.<ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12599082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Dutro SM, Eschenbach DA, Stevens CE, Totten PA |title=Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=650–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12599082 |doi=10.1086/367992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16877571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ross JD, Jensen JS |title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a sexually transmitted infection: implications for screening, testing, and treatment |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=269–71 |year=2006 |pmid=16877571 |pmc=2564705 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017368 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *Since 1993, the role of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' as a cause of non-gonococcal [[urethritis]] has appeared in literature following the advances in [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR).<ref name="pmid16877571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ross JD, Jensen JS |title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a sexually transmitted infection: implications for screening, testing, and treatment |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=269–71 |year=2006 |pmid=16877571 |pmc=2564705 |doi=10.1136/sti.2005.017368 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Pathophysiology==
| |
| ===Pathogenesis===
| |
| ====Mode of Transmission====
| |
| *'''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is recognized as a sexually transmitted disease ([[STD]]) with the mode of transmission being through direct [[genital]]-to-[[genital]] contact and subsequent inoculation of infected secretions. Transmission of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' has also been implicated in [[penis|penile]]-[[anal]] intercourse. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *'''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is less likely to be transmitted via oro-genital contact, as carriage in the [[oropharynx]] is low. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *Whether or not '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is vertically transmitted from mother to [[newborn]] is yet to be studied. However, the [[bacterium]] has been isolated from the respiratory tract of [[newborns]]. <ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Incubation Period====
| |
| The [[incubation period]] of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">PHAChttp://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>
| |
| ====Infectious Dose====
| |
| The [[infectious dose]] of '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' is unknown yet.<ref name="Public Health Agency of Canada">PHAChttp://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/mycoplasma-genitalium-eng.php Accessed on Oct 6, 2016.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Genetics===
| |
| ===Associated Conditions===
| |
| ===Gross Pathology===
| |
| ===Microscopic Pathology===
| |
| ==Causes==
| |
| ==Differentiating Mycoplasma genitalium infection from other diseases==
| |
| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
| |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| There several risk factors that have been identified with '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]''''' infection. These risk factors include:<ref name="pmid27605499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H |title=Background review for the 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27605499 |doi=10.1111/jdv.13850 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12599082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Dutro SM, Eschenbach DA, Stevens CE, Totten PA |title=Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=650–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12599082 |doi=10.1086/367992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20679963">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hancock EB, Manhart LE, Nelson SJ, Kerani R, Wroblewski JK, Totten PA |title=Comprehensive assessment of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women |journal=Sex Transm Dis |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=777–83 |year=2010 |pmid=20679963 |pmc=4628821 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e8087e |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *High risk sexual behavior, defined as having >3 new sexual partners in the past year
| |
| *Being engaged in sexual contact with persons with [[STDs]], particularly '''''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'''''
| |
| *Non-white race
| |
| *Having a black partner
| |
| *Young age (<20 years old)
| |
| *[[Smoking]]
| |
| *Having less than high school education
| |
| *Having an annual income of less than $10,000
| |
| *Risk factors specific to [[females]] includes:
| |
| **Frequent douching
| |
| **Proliferative phase of the [[menstrual cycle]]
| |
| **History of spontaneous [[miscarriage]]
| |
| **Undergoing procedures that breach the [[cervical]] barrier
| |
| **Use of [[Depo-Provera]] for [[contraception]]
| |
| | |
| ==Screening==
| |
| ==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis==
| |
| ==History==
| |
| ==Physical Examination==
| |
| ==Laboratory Findings==
| |
| ==X-Ray==
| |
| ==CT==
| |
| ==Other Imaging Findings==
| |
| ==Other Diagnostic Studies==
| |
| ==Medical Therapy==
| |
| ==Surgical Therapy==
| |
| ==Primary Prevention==
| |
| ==Secondary Prevention==
| |
| ==References==
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| [[Category:Infectious Disease]]
| |
| [[Category:Primary Care]]
| |
| [[Category:Gynecology]]
| |
| [[Category:Urology]]
| |
| | |
| {{WH}}{{WS}}
| |
| | |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |