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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] |
| {{Taxobox
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| | color = lightgrey
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| | name = ''Gardnerella''
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| | regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
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| | phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
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| | ordo = [[Bifidobacteriales]]
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| | familia = [[Bifidobacteriaceae]]
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| | genus = '''''Gardnerella'''''
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| | species = '''''G. vaginalis'''''
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| | binomial = ''Gardnerella vaginalis''
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| | binomial_authority = ([[George Gardner|Gardner]] and Dukes 1955) Greenwood and [[Fermen Layton Pickett|Pickett]] 1980
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| }}
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| {{SI}}
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| {{CMG}};
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| == Overview ==
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| '''Gardnerella''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram staining|gram-variable]] [[bacteria]] of which '''Gardnerella vaginalis''' is the only species. Gardnerella vaginalis can cause [[bacterial vaginosis]] in some women.
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| Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly known as Haemophilus vaginalis and Corynebacterium vaginale, is a facultative anaerobic, nonmotile, pleomorphic gram-negative to gram-variable rod bacteria. It is a well-recognized colonizer of the female genital tract and survives high pH.<ref name="pmid1624577">{{cite journal| author=Smith SM, Ogbara T, Eng RH| title=Involvement of Gardnerella vaginalis in urinary tract infections in men. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1992 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 1575-7 | pmid=1624577 | doi= | pmc=265332 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1624577 }} </ref>
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| It also survives poorly in human urine at 37 degrees C.<ref name="pmid1992615">{{cite journal| author=Lam MH, Birch DF| title=Survival of Gardnerella vaginalis in human urine. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1991 | volume= 95 | issue= 2 | pages= 234-9 | pmid=1992615 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1992615 }} </ref>
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| G. vaginalis was first recognized by Leopold and named Haemophilus vaginalis by Gardner and Dukes in 1955 because it was isolated on human blood bilayer agar media.<ref name="pmid1498765">{{cite journal| author=Catlin BW| title=Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1992 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 213-37 | pmid=1498765 | doi= | pmc=358241 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1498765 }} </ref>
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| This method of isolation did not yield great amounts of bacteria and therefore, was introduced with Tween 80 (HBT medium) or without Tween 80 (HB medium). HB medium consists of a basal layer of Columbia agar base containing colistin and naladixic acid with added amphotericin B and an overlayer of the same composition plus 5% human blood. HBT agar also contains Proteose Peptone No. 3 (Difco Laboratories) and Tween 80 in the basal layer and the overlayer. Both Tween 80 and the bilayer composition enhanced G. vaginalis production of human blood hemolysis, permitting detection of this organism even in the presence of heavy growth of other vaginal flora. G. vaginalis is resistant to lactobacillus and many antibiotics such as tetracycline. Thus, it is important to sequence its genome to find out what makes it resistant and what genes are expressed in the genome that makes it resistant.<ref name=Isolation-of-Gardnerella> Totten PA, R Amsel, J Hale, PPiot, KK Holmes. "Selective differential human blood bilayer media for isolation of Gardnerella (Haemophilus) vaginalis." J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jan ;15 (1):141-7</ref>
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| ====Culture====
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| Once classified as a species of [[Haemophilus]], G. vaginalis grows as small, circular, convex, gray colonies on chocolate [[Agar plate|agar]]; it will also grow on HBT agar. A selective medium for ''G. vaginalis'' is [[colistin]]-oxolinic acid blood agar.
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| While typically isolated in [[Sex organ|genital]] cultures, it may also be detected from other sources, such as [[blood]], [[urine]] and [[pharynx]]. Although a chief cause of bacterial vaginosis, it may be isolated from women without any signs or symptoms of infection.
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| ====Microscopy====
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| Under the [[microscope]] it appears as a [[gram-negative]] rod, although it has been reported to have a [[gram-positive]] cell wall. It is associated microscopically with [[clue cell]]s, which are [[epithelial cell]]s covered in bacteria.
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| ----
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| Shown below is an image of clue cells
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| [[Image:Clue_cells_(Gardnerella_Vaginalis).jpg|thumb|left|Clue cells (Gardnerella Vaginalis)]] | |
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| ====Reactions====
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| Infections with ''G. vaginalis'' go along with [[proteolysis]], giving nitrous products such as [[cadaverine]]s and [[putrescine]]s, which can cause a bad smell and loss of water.
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Medical Therapy===
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| One method of treatment is [[metronidazole]].
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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| [[de:Gardnerella vaginalis]]
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| [[es:Gardnerella vaginalis]]
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| [[fr:Gardnerella vaginalis]]
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| [[Category:Actinobacteria]]
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| [[Category:Bacteria]]
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